基于逻辑"或"约束优化的实时系统设计

标准约束优化问题的等式或不等式约束之间是逻辑“与”关系，目前已经有很多高效、收敛的优化算法．但是，在实际应用中有很多更一般的约束优化问题，其等式或不等式约束之间不仅包含逻辑“与”关系，而且还包含逻辑“或”关系，现有的针对标准约束优化问题的各种算法不再适用，给出一种新的数学变换方法，把具有逻辑“或”关系的不等式约束转换为一组具有逻辑“与”关系的不等式，并应用到实时单调速率调度算法的可调度性判定充要条件中，把实时系统设计表示成混合布尔型整数规划问题，利用经典的分支定界法求解．实验部分指出了各种方法的优缺点．

针对特定几何语言的句法语义一体化分析方法

提出了一种句法语义一体化的语言分析方法,句法分析和语义理解时采用并行方法,利用两者之间的相互关系实现句法和语义的分析。针对自然语言理解在几何特定领域的约束性,以依存语法为基础,利用标注过的语料库知识,采用规则统计模型,对已经标注好词性语义的句子词串进行句法语义一体化分析,生成符合数学规范的数学表达式。实验证明,建立的系统对100个几何描述的句子进行测试,得到的正确率为98％,在几何领域具有良好的实用性,能够满足实际的需要。

固体生物质气化动力学研究

本文首先对国外有关固体生物质气化动力学的研究方法和主要结论作一全面的综述，在此基础上建立自己的实验方法和装置，并应用这一装置，研究了以木才为代表的生物质的热分解特性，得出了气化温度，停留时间，加热速率等因素对热分解的速率、热分解的产物分布及质量的影响结果，同时，研究了炭的燃烧和水蒸汽的反应速率与温度的关系，最后讨论了生物质分解反应所经过的途径和机理。在这一基础上，通过某些合理的假设和简化，应用化学动力学的基本关系的热力学分析的基本原理，计算出了各种样品在不同的反应温度下的化学动力学参数，总结了这些参数的变

Gas-bearing fluid influx sub-system for gas hydrate geological system in Shenhu Area, Northern South China Sea

Based on the comprehensive interpretation and study of the Neogene fracture system and diapiric structure, it can be concluded that the diapiric structures, high-angle fractures and vertical fissure system are the main gas-bearing fluid influx sub-system for gas hydrate geological system in Shenhu Area, northern South China Sea. The Neogene fractures widely developed in the study area may be classed into two groups: NW (NNW)-trending and NE (NNE)-trending. The first group was active in the Late Miocene, while the second one was active since the Pliocene. The NE (NNE)-trending fractures were characterized by lower activity strength and larger scale, and cut through the sediment layers deposited since the Pliocene. Within the top sediment layers, the high-angle fracture and vertical fissure system was developed. The diapiric structures display various types such as a turtle-back-like arch, weak piercing, gas chimney, and fracture (or crack, fissure). On the seismic profile, some diapiric structures show the vertical chimney pathway whose top is narrow and the bottom is wide, where some ones extend horizontally into pocket or flower-shaped structures and formed the seismic reflection chaotic zones. Within the overlying sediment layers of the diapiric structure, the tree branch, flower-shaped high-angle fractures and vertical fissures were developed and became the pathway and migration system of the gas-bearing fluid influx. In the study area, the diapiric structures indicate a high temperature/over pressure system ever developed. Closely associated and abundant bright-spots show the methane-bearing fluid influx migrated vertically or horizontally through the diapiric structures, high-angle fractures and vertical fissures. In the place where the temperature and pressure conditions were favor for the formation of gas hydrate, the hydrate reservoir deposition sub-system was developed.

铵态氮肥对黄土高原典型土壤氮素激发效应的影响

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类型为对象,采用Bremner淹水培养法,研究铵态氮肥对黄土高原典型土壤氮素的激发效应。结果表明,在测定NH4+-N的激发效应时,只有考虑粘土矿物对有机氮矿化产物或者添加NH4+-N的固定,才可获得可靠结果。在培养20 d和60 d时,NH4+-N对不同土类氮素激发效应存在极显著和显著的影响(P≤0.01和<0.05);培养40 d时,尽管不同土类氮素激发效应也存在很大差异,但统计检验不显著。从整体评价,NH4+-N对土垫旱耕人为土和黄土正常新成土表现出正的激发效应,而对干润砂质新成土表现出负的激发效应,对简育干润均腐土在培养20 d和40 d时无激发效应,而在培养60 d时,表现出显著的负激发效应。结果还看出,在培养40 d和60 d时,NH4+-N对农田土壤表现出负激发效应,对林地和裸地土壤表现出正激发效应,而草地土壤在培养40 d时为正激发效应;培养20 d和60 d时无激发效应。添加有机物料在培养20 d和40 d时对激发效应的影响不显著(P=0.0872和0.1641),培养时间延长至60 d时影响显著(P=0.049)。添加紫花苜蓿(Medicago sati-v...

线性低密度聚乙烯的官能化及其结构和性能研究

本文利用辐照产生的过氧化物作为引发剂，以丙烯酸（AA）、甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯（GMA）和马来酸酐（MAH）为接枝单体，研制了官能化线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）。利用红外光谱（FT－IR）对接枝物进行了表征。线性低密度聚乙烯接枝丙烯酸在 1712 cm~(-1) 处的羰基吸收峰；线性低密度聚乙烯接枝甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯在 1720 cm~(-1)和840、910cm~(-1) 处的羰基与环氧吸收峰；线性低密度聚乙烯接枝马来酸酐在 1788和 1712cm~(-1)处的酸酐和羰基吸收峰均证明单体已经接枝到线性低密度聚乙烯分子链上。采用化学滴定法测定了官能化线性低密度聚乙烯的接枝率，并提出了其接枝反应的机理。系统研究了单体浓度、预辐照剂量、反应时间、反应温度等对接枝率和熔体流动速率的影响。研究结果表明，在一定工艺条件下，可以得到高接枝率，无凝胶的官能化线性低密度聚乙烯。通过以接枝单体特征基团的吸收峰（AA 1712 cm~(-1)、GMA 1720 cm~(-1)）与内标峰（1738 cm~(-1)）的强度比为纵坐标，以化学滴定法测得的相应单体接枝率为横坐标，得到了用红外光谱法测定接枝率的标准曲线。利用它可以方便、快速、准确地得到某一未知官能化产物的接枝率。用DSC研究了LLDPE及LLDPE-g-AA的热学性能。发现LLDPE-g-AA的ΔH_m下降，结晶温度升高大约4 ℃。这是由于在非极性的线性低密度聚乙烯分了链中引入了极性基团，使聚乙烯分子链的规整性下降，结晶缺陷增多，晶体的完善下降，从而使接枝物的ΔH_m下降，结晶度变小。等温结晶的结果表明，接枝物结晶速率大于纯 LLDPE的结晶速率，并且随接枝率的增加结晶速率加快。说明接枝到 LLDPE 分了链上的AA分子起到了成核剂的作用，从而使接枝物结晶速度加快。利用SEM观察LLDPE-g-AA 的球晶大小，发现 LLDPE-g-AA 的球晶尺寸明显减小，这进一步证实了前面的结论。测定了极性液体在不同接枝率的 LLDPE-g-AA 膜表面的接触角。发现随着接枝率的增加，接触角显著下降。采用 Zisman 作图法和接触角与表面张力的相关关系式得到了不同接枝率LLDPE-g-AA 的临界表面张力。并利用测接触角的方法计算了 LLDPE/LLDPE-g-AA 共混物的表面能。结果表明，共混物表面能随LLDPE-g-AA含量的增加而增加。用毛细管流变仪研究了官能化线性低密度聚乙烯的流变性能。结果表明，在剪切应力大于2.5×10~4 Pa时，其表现粘度比纯 LLDPE的小，流动性明显提高，加工成型性能得到了改善，且其表观粘度随AA含量的增加而减小，这说明接枝到 LLDPE分子链上的 AA 分子起到了内润滑剂的作用。官能化线性低密度聚乙烯的力学性能测试结果表明，其拉伸强度、模量和断裂伸长率没有显著的变化，这对于实际应用有着非常重要的意义。将官能化线性低密度聚乙烯与金属铝进行复合，测定了其剥离强度。结果表明：由于引入了极性基团，其与铝复合的剥离强度大大提高。接枝率、粘合时间、粘合温度和压力等均会对剥离强度产生较大影响。利用SEM 和 XPS对剥离表面进行了研究，发现剥离的铝表面有一个新的Al_(2p)峰，并且其谱图变宽。剥离铝表面O_(1S)结合能与纯铝表面及剥离 LLDPE-g-AA 表面的O_(1S)结合能不同，说明其处于不同的环境中。上述结果证明 LLDPE-g-AA 与铝在界面处可能发生了反应，从而使其剥离强度大大提高。

藏北湖区拉弄蛇绿岩枕状玄武岩地球化学特征及其成因

根据普通病人肠内营养制剂的设计原理，以牡蛎肽为蛋白质来源，麦芽糊精为碳

锗硅合金半导体中无声子参与光跃迁机制研究

研究了Si_1-xGe_x合金半导体中无声子参与光跃迁的产生机制,对由杂质无规分布引起的无声子参与光跃迁给出了一个物理模型.用此模型计算了光跃迁遇极矩,给出了跃迁偶极矩的上限.提出了未掺杂Si_1-xGe_x合金半导体中无声子参与光跃迁的一种跃机制,认为是Ge原子周围波函数畸变的集体行为.

基于双边滤波和双树复小波的图像去噪算法

中国科学院

川西亚高山针叶林主要针叶树种年轮生态学研究

米亚罗地区是四川西部较为典型的亚高山针叶林区域之一。为建立该地区主要针叶树种岷江冷杉、云杉、紫果云杉和红杉的年轮宽度年表资料，了解不同海拔高度岷江冷杉原始林和不同恢复过程的人工针叶林及次生混交林树木径向生长规律，结合样地调查，用生长锥钻取了树木芯样做年轮生态学分析。芯样经过标准化程序固定和打磨抛光后，用WinDENDRO图像分析系统测量年轮宽度序列，用COFECHA程序交叉定年和控制测量数据质量，用ARSTAN程序建立了4个主要针叶树种的地区年表和不同海拔高度岷江冷杉林及人工针叶林和次生混交林针叶树的样地年表。 4个主要针叶树种年轮宽度年表的平均敏感度低于0.2，而其晚材宽度年表都具相对较高的平均敏感度。早材宽度与年轮总宽度标准化年表间的相关系数均在0.9以上；晚材宽度与年轮总宽度标准化年表间的相关系数则种间差异较大，红杉的最高，岷江冷杉的最低。岷江冷杉晚材宽度与年轮总宽度的相关性从1970年以后明显下降，而其他种的相关系数则随时间变化较小。树种之间标准化年表显著正相关，而云杉与紫果云杉和红杉与岷江冷杉之间相关系数明显较高。年表序列的第1主分量表达了4个树种树木共同径向生长变化格局；第2至第4主分量分别表达了云杉属和冷杉属、常绿针叶树种和落叶针叶树种以及云杉和紫果云杉树木径向生长变化差异。 不同海拔高度的8个岷江冷杉样地年轮宽度年表序列敏感度大体上随海拔高度升高而降低。各样地早材宽度与年轮总宽度年表之间的相关系数均在0.9以上，且随海拔高度变化不大；晚材宽度与年轮总宽度之间的相关系数随海拔高度的变化较大，并有随海拔升高而降低的趋势。样地年表序列之间相关系数差异很大，高海拔样地年表间多为显著正相关；低海拔样地年表间的相关系数变化不一；高海拔和低海拔样地年表之间相关性较差，且多不显著。样地年表的第1主分量能解释年表序列总方差的37.5%，反映了不同海拔高度岷江冷杉林木共同的径向生长变化格局；第2和第3主分量分别解释总方差的24.5%和18.2%，表现出明显的高海拔和低海拔样地树木间不同的径向生长变化，除一些样地例外，它们一般与低海拔样地年表有正相关，与高海拔样地年表有负相关。在那些另外的样地，海拔以外的其他因素可能也影响了树木径向生长变化。不同海拔高度样地林木的生长抑制和生长释放频率在不同时期表现出较大的差异，表明了不同的干扰历史和林木补充时间。 人工针叶林和次生混交林各样地林木早材宽度与其年轮总宽度年表之间相关系数均高达0.9以上；晚材宽度与年轮总宽度年表之间也都显著正相关，但人工针叶林样地的明显较高。样地年表序列之间的相关关系表现为，林分起源和经营管理相似的样地年表之间的相关系数明显较高，如人工针叶林与人工针叶林尽管树种不同，但样地年表之间显著正相关，而与次生混交林样地年表间关系不显著；反之亦然。综合比较各项生长参数及不同时期的树木径向生长速率，人工针叶林树木的胸径增长至少在40年以内是优于次生混交林的同种（或不同种）针叶树的。不同样地林木生长释放和生长抑制及人工针叶林树木胸高断面积增长分析表明，除严重的人为干扰外，林分郁闭后林木密度过大是造成高频率生长抑制的主要原因，在林分发育的适当时期通过抚育间伐等措施调控林分密度，是保证林木胸高断面积在一定时期内保持较高的连年增长的关键。日本落叶松作为引进的树种，在海拔3100 m左右种植表现良好，近30年来各项生长指标均高于林龄相近的云杉人工林，因此，适当用其作为川西亚高山针叶林采伐迹地快速恢复是合理的。 Miyaluo area is one of the typical regions covered by subalpine coniferous forests in western Sichuan province of southwestern China. To develop the regional tree-ring width chronology series for the dominant conifers such as Abies faxoniana, Picea asperata, P. purpurea and Larix potaninii, and to understand the radial growth patterns of conifers in Abies faxoniana natural forest stands at different altitudes, and in coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands in their different restoring processes as well, increment cores were sampled in the field together with conventional plots investigations for dendroecological analyses. After the increment cores being prepared according to standard procedures, the ring widths (total-ring and intra-ring widths) were measured with a WinDENDRO image-analysis system, and the measured tree-ring sequences were crossdated and quality-controlled with the software COFECHA. Using the software ARSTAN, we developed tree-ring width based chronology series of the four dominant conifers, eight site-specific Abies faxoniana chronologies, and seven site-specific chronologies of conifers in coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands. Mean sensitivities for total ring width chronologies of the four sampled dominant conifers were all below 0.2, while those for the latewood width chronologies of the same species were relatively much higher. Correlation coefficients between standard earlywood and total ring width chronologies of the four conifers were all above 0.9, but those between standard latewood and total ring width chronologies exhibited differences among species, with the coefficient of Larix potaninii the highest and that of Abies faxoniana the lowest. Correlation coefficients between latewood and total ring width of A. faxoniana obviously decreased from 1920-1970 for successive 50-year segments with 10-years lag analyses, though the same for the other three species changed unnoticeably with time. Tree-ring standard chronologies among species showed significant positive correlations, with the correlation coefficients between chronologies of Picea asperata and P. purpurea, and of Larix potaninii and Abies faxoniana relatively much higher. The first principal component of tree-ring chronologies represented the common radial growth patterns of the four conifers in Miyaluo area. The second, third and fourth PCs expressed the differences in radial growth responses for the genus Picea and Abies, for the evergreen and deciduous confers, and for the two species of the genus Picea, respectively. In general, mean sensitivities of the eight Abies faxoniana site-specific tree-ring width chronologies decreased with increasing altitude. The correlation coefficients between earlywood and total ring width chronologies for all sites reached 0.9, which did not change much with altitude; but those between latewood and total ring width chronologies diversified, with a decreasing tendency from lower altitudinal sites to higher altitudinal sites. Correlation coefficients among site chronologies varied considerably, with significant positive correlations among higher site chronologies, mixed results among lower site chronologies, and poor and insignificant correlations between chronologies of higher site and lower site. The first PC, which represents 37.5% of the total variance, reflected a common radial growth response at sites of different altitudes, and it showed a tendency of explaining more variance with increasing altitude. The second and the third PCs contributed to 24.5% and 18.2% of the total variance, respectively, exhibiting distinctive differences in radial growth responses between low- and high-altitudinal sites. With some exceptions, the radial growth represented by the second and third PCs had a positive correlation with that at the low-altitudinal sites and a negative correlation with that at the high-altitudinal sites. For those exceptional sites, factors other than altitude might also play a role in affecting tree-ring growth variations. Trees in stands of different altitudes showed great differences in frequencies of growth suppressions and releases through times, suggesting different disturbance histories and periods when trees recruiting to the canopy. Correlation coefficients between earlywood and total ring width chronologies for all sites of coniferous plantations and natural regenerated mixed stands were also above 0.9; and the same between latewood width and total ring width chronologies all positively correlated, too, with the coefficients of the coniferous plantations obviously much higher. Correlations among site chronologies showed that the coefficients among sites with similar stand origin and management regimes were much higher than those among sites with different stand origin and management regimes. For example, significant positive correlations were found for chronologies among different coniferous plantations, irrespective of species differences; while insignificant correlations between chronologies of the same conifer from a coniferous plantation and a natural regenerated mixed stand, and vise versa. Integrative comparisons of different tree growth parameters and radial growth rates at different stages indicated that the diameter at breast height (DBH) increments for trees in coniferous plantations were faster than those for trees of the same (or different) species in the natural regenerated mixed stands, at least within their first 40 years of stand development. Analyses of growth releases and suppressions, and basal area increments of trees in different stands demonstrated that over-dense individuals after canopy closure was the main factor resulting in high frequencies of radial growth suppressions, with some exceptions of severe man-made disturbances. Therefore, to ensure a continuous basal area current annual increment in certain periods, tree density controlling through thinning in due time during the stand development process are necessary. It should be mentioned that, as an introduced conifer to Miyaluo area, Larix kaempferi grew quite well at altitude of ca. 3100 m after planting in 1970s. In their near 30 years of stand development, Larix kaempferi trees exhibited faster growth in various parameters than Picea asperata trees of the similar stand age did. Thus we think it reasonable to use Larix kaempferi as a fast restoring species at appropriate sites of cutting blanks of subalpine coniferous forests in western Sichuan.