973 resultados para Germanies, 1519-1523
Resumo:
Two fundamental processes usually arise in the production planning of many industries. The first one consists of deciding how many final products of each type have to be produced in each period of a planning horizon, the well-known lot sizing problem. The other process consists of cutting raw materials in stock in order to produce smaller parts used in the assembly of final products, the well-studied cutting stock problem. In this paper the decision variables of these two problems are dependent of each other in order to obtain a global optimum solution. Setups that are typically present in lot sizing problems are relaxed together with integer frequencies of cutting patterns in the cutting problem. Therefore, a large scale linear optimizations problem arises, which is exactly solved by a column generated technique. It is worth noting that this new combined problem still takes the trade-off between storage costs (for final products and the parts) and trim losses (in the cutting process). We present some sets of computational tests, analyzed over three different scenarios. These results show that, by combining the problems and using an exact method, it is possible to obtain significant gains when compared to the usual industrial practice, which solve them in sequence. (C) 2010 The Franklin Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Radial glia in the developing optic tectum express the key guidance molecules responsible for topographic targeting of retinal axons. However, the extent to which the radial glia are themselves influenced by retinal inputs and visual experience remains unknown. Using multiphoton live imaging of radial glia in the optic tectum of intact Xenopus laevis tadpoles in conjunction with manipulations of neural activity and sensory stimuli, radial glia were observed to exhibit spontaneous calcium transients that were modulated by visual stimulation. Structurally, radial glia extended and retracted many filopodial processes within the tectal neuropil over minutes. These processes interacted with retinotectal synapses and their motility was modulated by nitric oxide (NO) signaling downstream of neuronal NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation and visual stimulation. These findings provide the first in vivo demonstration that radial glia actively respond both structurally and functionally to neural activity, via NMDAR-dependent NO release during the period of retinal axon ingrowth.
Resumo:
Burst firing is ubiquitous in nervous systems and has been intensively studied in central pattern generators (CPGs). Previous works have described subtle intraburst spike patterns (IBSPs) that, despite being traditionally neglected for their lack of relation to CPG motor function, were shown to be cell-type specific and sensitive to CPG connectivity. Here we address this matter by investigating how a bursting motor neuron expresses information about other neurons in the network. We performed experiments on the crustacean stomatogastric pyloric CPG, both in control conditions and interacting in real-time with computer model neurons. The sensitivity of postsynaptic to presynaptic IBSPs was inferred by computing their average mutual information along each neuron burst. We found that details of input patterns are nonlinearly and inhomogeneously coded through a single synapse into the fine IBSPs structure of the postsynaptic neuron following burst. In this way, motor neurons are able to use different time scales to convey two types of information simultaneously: muscle contraction (related to bursting rhythm) and the behavior of other CPG neurons (at a much shorter timescale by using IBSPs as information carriers). Moreover, the analysis revealed that the coding mechanism described takes part in a previously unsuspected information pathway from a CPG motor neuron to a nerve that projects to sensory brain areas, thus providing evidence of the general physiological role of information coding through IBSPs in the regulation of neuronal firing patterns in remote circuits by the CNS.
Resumo:
Understanding the molecular basis of the binding modes of natural and synthetic ligands to nuclear receptors is fundamental to our comprehension of the activation mechanism of this important class of hormone regulated transcription factors and to the development of new ligands. Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are particularly important targets for pharmaceuticals development because TRs are associated with the regulation of metabolic rates, body weight, and circulating levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in humans. While several high-affinity ligands are known, structural information is only partially available. In this work we obtain structural models of several TR-ligand complexes with unknown structure by docking high affinity ligands to the receptors` ligand binding domain with subsequent relaxation by molecular dynamics simulations. The binding modes of these ligands are discussed providing novel insights into the development of TR ligands. The experimental binding free energies are reasonably well-reproduced from the proposed models using a simple linear interaction energy free-energy calculation scheme.
Resumo:
The first application of enzymes as catalysts to obtain optically pure boron compounds is described. The kinetic resolution of boron-containing chiral alcohols via enantioselective transesterification catalyzed by lipases was studied. Aromatic, allylic, and aliphatic secondary alcohols containing a boronate ester or boronic acid group were resolved by lipase from Candida antartica (CALB), and excellent E values (E > 200) and high enantiomeric excesses (up to >99%) of both remaining substrates and acetylated product were obtained.
Resumo:
A versatile and metal-free approach for the synthesis of molecules bearing seven- and eight-membered rings is described. The strategy is based on the ring expansion of 1-vinylcycloalkanols (or the corresponding silyl or methyl ether) mediated by the hypervalent iodine reagent HTIB (Phl(OH)OTs). The reaction condition can be easily adjusted to give seven-membered rings bearing different functional groups. A route to medium-ring lactones was also developed.
Resumo:
A fast, high-yielding synthesis of diaryl ethers with use of mild and metal-free conditions has been developed. The scope includes bulky ortho-substituted diaryl ethers, which are difficult to obtain by metal-catalyzed protocols. Halo-substituents, racemization-prone amino acid derivatives, and heteroaromatics are also tolerated. The methodology is expected to be of high utility in the synthesis of complex molecules and in the pharmaceutical industry.
Resumo:
The secreted cochaperone STI1 triggers activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and ERK1/2 signaling by interacting with the cellular prion (PrPC) at the cell surface, resulting in neuroprotection and increased neuritogenesis. Here, we investigated whether STI1 triggers PrPC trafficking and tested whether this process controls PrPC-dependent signaling. We found that STI1, but not a STI1 mutant unable to bind PrPC, induced PrPC endocytosis. STI1-induced signaling did not occur in cells devoid of endogenous PrPC; however, heterologous expression of PrPC reconstituted both PKA and ERK1/2 activation. In contrast, a PrPC mutant lacking endocytic activity was unable to promote ERK1/2 activation induced by STI1, whereas it reconstituted PKA activity in the same condition, suggesting a key role of endocytosis in the former process. The activation of ERK1/2 by STI1 was transient and appeared to depend on the interaction of the two proteins at the cell surface or shortly after internalization. Moreover, inhibition of dynamin activity by expression of a dominant-negative mutant caused the accumulation and colocalization of these proteins at the plasma membrane, suggesting that both proteins use a dynamin-dependent internalization pathway. These results show that PrPC endocytosis is a necessary step to modulate STI1-dependent ERK1/2 signaling involved in neuritogenesis.
Resumo:
A new route to obtain the polyalkylated indole (+/-)-trans-trikentrin A was developed. The synthesis of this natural alkaloid features a thallium(III)mediated ring contraction reaction to obtain the trans-1,3-disubstituted five-membered ring in a diastereoselective manner. Thallium(III) is chemoselective in this rearrangement, reacting with the olefin without oxidation of the indole moiety. Other key transformations are the Bartoli`s reaction to construct the heterocyclic ring and a Heck coupling to add the carbons atom that will originate the nonaromatic cycle.
Resumo:
A partir da célebre imagem bergsoniana do mecanismo cinematográfico da inteligência e da percepção, adentra-se ao mundo das idéias de Platão em busca da distinção entre o contínuo movimento do real e o eidos como representação estável da instabilidade das coisas. Os conceitos de eidos e movimento serão, então, empregados para analisar a concepção, a produção e a recepção de um produto audiovisual. a necessidade de estabilização do movimento real das coisas e dos acontecimentos é presente em vários momentos do processo audiovisual: no roteiro, que usa palavras de uma linguagem que solidifica a fluidez advinda da criação; no storyboard, que representa gráfica e estaticamente as ações mais importantes; no enquadramento das imagens, que separa do fluxo contínuo da realidade, os momentos privilegiados; no fotograma ou nos quadros videográficos, que são imagens imóveis do movimento real; na percepção do espectador, que capta os instantes da realidade para depois alinhá-los; na memória, que seleciona e separa os momentos mais marcantes do que foi percebido; e, finalmente, nos comentários do espectador, que fragmenta e narra as imagens mentais retidas.
Resumo:
Este trabalho teve como motivação buscar as causas e apresentar alternativas de soluções que busquem sanar ou reduzir o problema de desgaste localizado, produzido pela erosão das cinzas, nos tubos do economizador das caldeiras de uma usina termoelétrica a carvão. Para este fim foi construído um modelo em escala de parte da caldeira, reproduzindo o duto curvo de retorno dos gases e, na saída do mesmo, um banco de barras de seção circular, simulando o banco de tubos do economizador. Medições de velocidade, utilizando uma sonda tipo tubo de Pitot e anemômetro de fio quente, medições do campo de pressão nas paredes e visualização do escoamento utilizando fios de lã foram aplicados para a análise do escoamento nas condições existentes na usina e nas configurações modificadas, propostas segundo critérios de controle da camada limite. A análise dos dados, comparada com medições de desgaste localizado na caldeira, levaram à identificação do processo hidrodinâmico existente e os efeitos resultantes nas modificações propostas.
Resumo:
Esta dissertação examina o relacionamento interfirmas e o emprego no âmbito da rede de empresas. Para tanto, selecionou-se o caso da rede de empresas liderada pela Companhia Riograndense de Telecomunicações (CRT). Foram investigadas onze empresas, situadas na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre e distribuídas em diferentes segmentos (instalação de centrais de comutação telefônica, cabeamento óptico e metálico e instalação de terminais telefônicos) e níveis (empresas “terceiras”, “quartas”, “quintas” e “sextas”) de prestação de serviços. Constata-se, na análise dos dados, primeiro, que a interação entre a estratégia competitiva da empresa contratante e os diferentes tipos de serviços prestados pelas empresas contratadas resulta em três tipos de relacionamento interempresas e, segundo, que as diferentes relações interfirmas e a posição das empresas nos níveis da rede implicam a existência de formas restritivas e virtuosas de uso e de gestão da força de trabalho e de condições de emprego precárias e não-precárias, ao longo da rede. A análise evidencia, pois, que a rede de empresas pode conjugar variados padrões de relacionamento interfirmas e de emprego, refutando abordagens homogeneizantes sobre as relações de trabalho - sejam as que argumentam que a externalização origina arranjos empresariais cooperativos e práticas não-precárias de emprego, sejam as que sustentam que a externalização origina arranjos de subordinação interempresas e práticas precárias de emprego, ao longo de toda a rede.
Resumo:
Ilustração componente do jogo “Escola Mágica (http://www.loa.sead.ufscar.br/escola-magica.html)” desenvolvido pela equipe do Laboratório de Objetos de Aprendizagem da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (LOA/UFSCar).
Resumo:
Ilustração componente do jogo “Escola Mágica (http://www.loa.sead.ufscar.br/escola-magica.html)” desenvolvido pela equipe do Laboratório de Objetos de Aprendizagem da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (LOA/UFSCar).