541 resultados para Evaporação (Meteorologia)
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One of the major challenges faced nowadays by oil companies is the exploration of pre-salt basins. Thick salt layers were formed in remote ages as a consequence of the evaporation of sea water containing high concentrations of NaCl and KCl. Deep reservoirs can be found below salt formations that prevent the outflow of oil, thus improving the success in oil prospection. The slurries used in the cement operations of salt layers must be adequate to the properties of those specific formations. At the same time, their resulting properties are highly affected by the contamination of salt in the fresh state. It is t herefore important to address the effects of the presence of salt in the cement slurries in order to assure that the well sheath is able to fulfill its main role to provide zonal isolation and mechanical stability. In this scenario, the objective of the present thesis work was to evaluate the effect of the presence of NaCl and KCl premixed with cement and 40% silica flour on the behavior of cement slurries. Their effect in the presence of CO2 was also investigated. The rheological behavior of slurries containing NaCl and KCl was evaluated along with their mechanical strength. Thermal and microstructural tests were also carried out. The results revealed that the presence of NaCl and KCl affected the pozzolanic activity of silica flour, reducing the strength of the hardened slurries containing salt. Friedel´s salt was formed as a result of the bonding between free Cl- and tricalcium aluminate. The presence of CO2 also contributed to the degradation of the slurries as a result of a process of carbonation/bicarbonataion
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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016
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Os diagramas de impacto de missão, baseados nos limites de segurança para a realização de operações militares, tornaram-se uma ferramenta essencial no apoio às tomadas de decisão “go / no go” no âmbito militar. Estas ferramentas são vulgarmente utilizadas pelas forças armadas, tanto no planeamento estratégico como no emprego tático de meios, sistemas e armas. Para tal, estes critérios são confrontados com observações e previsões ambientais (meteo-oceanográficas) para produzir diagramas de impacto de missão, que antecipam em horas e dias, a existência de condições favoráveis ou desfavoráveis para a realização de uma determinada missão e para a execução de operações com o emprego de armas. Para uma utilização correta e eficiente destas ferramentas, por forma a revelarem-se um sistema de apoio à decisão útil e eficaz, torna-se necessário que os critérios a utilizar estejam em concordância com os meios e tarefas realizadas. Devendo para tal, traduzir a perceção dos militares relativa aos limites das condições ambientais no desempenho das plataformas, sensores e pessoal, conquistando dessa forma a sua confiança neste tipo de ferramentas. Pretende-se assim, com esta dissertação, analisar as atuais matrizes de critérios ambientais em uso na Marinha Portuguesa, no sentido de recolher a informação necessária, para elaborar uma proposta de novas tabelas mais adaptadas aos meios e missões da Marinha Portuguesa. Paralelamente, pretende-se também avaliar a opinião, dos principais utilizadores sobre a utilização destes instrumentos bem como, sobre a ferramenta que os disponibiliza na Marinha Portuguesa, o METOCMIL. Esta investigação foi desenvolvida a partir de questionários, submetidos à componente operacional da Marinha Portuguesa, permitindo a partir da sua análise estatística, propor uma nova matriz de critérios ambientais para a construção de MID. O produto desta dissertação, apresentado no capítulo três, demonstra as conclusões retiradas, apresentando os novos diagramas de impacto propostos.
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2009
A method for the estimation of potential evapotranspiration and/or open pan evaporation over Brazil.
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This paper presents a simple regression model to estimate potential evapotranspiration and/or open pan evaporation data for a wide network of stations in Brazil. The model uses the readily available data sets like geocoordinates (latitude) and precipitation as inputs. Potential evapotranspiration presents a high correlation with the precipitation during summer months and with latitude during winter months. It also shows association with longitude and elevation; the magnitude of variation appears to be very small. This model gave a R2 varying from 0.460 to 0.902 for different months. The model is also extended to weekly periods of individual years ant tested with the open pan evaporation data of Bebedouro and Mandacaru. The agreement between observed and predicted values appears to be good.
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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2015.
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This study evaluates the influence of depth and environmental parameters on the development of Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & Oliveira (Gracilariaceae Rhodophyta) in an organic shrimp pound (Litopenaeus vannamei) under euthrophical conditions. PVC structures (module) witch four ropes laden with 150 g of macroalgae each, were kept during 35 days at three different depths (surface, 10 and 20 cm depth). Wet biomass weighing and environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, transparence, precipitation, evaporation, insolation, accumulated solar radiation, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and orthophosphate) were measured weekly. At all three proposed depths, the macroalgae displayed a higher biomass at the end of experiment than at the initial inoculations. The module kept at a 10 cm depth presented the greatest average biomass (186,3), followed by that kept at 20 cm (180,4 g) and the surface module (169,9 g). Biomass variations showed algae to suffer the direct effects of depths. Biomass loss was associated with the factors that influence light penetration, such as sediment deposits above the thallus, rate of evaporation and precipitation. The smallest loses occurred in the algae kept on surface (0,16%), followed by the algae kept at 20 cm (0,20%) and 10 cm (0,22%). The specific growth rate (SGR) of G. birdiae showed no significant difference between the three depths nor the sample periods. Nevertheless, the modules kept at 10 and 20 cm depths presented similar growth evolution, both growing 0,38%·per day-1, while the module kept on surface had an average SGR of 0,36%·day-1. The models related to growth rate demonstrated temperature, salinity, pH, orthophosphate, ammonium, precipitation and turbidity as the principal environmental parameters influencing the development of G. birdiae
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Spatio-temporal modelling is an area of increasing importance in which models and methods have often been developed to deal with specific applications. In this study, a spatio-temporal model was used to estimate daily rainfall data. Rainfall records from several weather stations, obtained from the Agritempo system for two climatic homogeneous zones, were used. Rainfall values obtained for two fixed dates (January 1 and May 1, 2012) using the spatio-temporal model were compared with the geostatisticals techniques of ordinary kriging and ordinary cokriging with altitude as auxiliary variable. The spatio-temporal model was more than 17% better at producing estimates of daily precipitation compared to kriging and cokriging in the first zone and more than 18% in the second zone. The spatio-temporal model proved to be a versatile technique, adapting to different seasons and dates.
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In questo elaborato sono state analizzate le distribuzioni dimensionali degli aerosol misurate nella stazione meteorologica di San Pietro Capofiume relative al periodo compreso tra marzo 2002 e ottobre 2013, focalizzando l’attenzione sugli eventi di nucleazione, la crescita delle nuove particelle e la correlazione del fenomeno con i parametri meteorologici del vento, della pioggia, della temperatura e con i dati relativi alla radiazione solare. Le osservazioni del particolato sono state effettuate con un sistema DMPS (Differential Mobility Particle Sizer), che rileva particelle di diametro compreso tra 3 e 660 nm. Si è notato che la formazione delle particelle di diametro compreso tra 3 e 10 nm e 10 e 20 nm dipende fortemente dalla radiazione solare: ad un massimo della radiazione, corrisponde mediamente un aumento della concentrazione delle particelle. Dal confronto delle temperature medie mensili (massime e minime) con la concentrazione delle particelle di diametro compreso tra 100 e 300 nm e 300 e 700 nm, si è visto che all’aumento delle temperature corrisponde una diminuzione della concentrazione delle particelle. Per quanto riguarda il confronto della concentrazione delle particelle con la direzione e la velocità del vento, non si è notata alcuna relazione. L’unico particolare che si è notato è che durante la primavera e l’estate si nota un aumento della concentrazione delle particelle con diametro compreso tra 3 e 10 nm associate a venti provenienti dai quadranti orientali. Poiché le precipitazioni rimuovono gli aerosol dall’atmosfera causando repentini cali nella loro concentrazione, per verificare che i risultati ottenuti non fossero alterati da questi eventi, abbiamo ripetuto tutte le analisi di correlazione con le variabili meteorologiche escludendo i giorni con precipitazione superiore o uguale ad 1 mm. Tuttavia i risultati sono rimasti invariati.
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The recent values of heat flow data obtained for Greenland and West Antarctica are higher than it was supposed. In West Antarctica, values higher than 200mW/m2were found (Schroeder et al,2014) and in Greenland, values higher than 140 mW/m2 were detected in the Central part (Petrunin et al,2013). Thermal conductivity values of ice are relatively low at atmospheric pressure. This means that if we consider heat flowing by conduction, near the surface of the globe, with this heat flow values, the thermal gradients mill be elevated. A possible reason presented for the high heat flow values in Greenland is the existence of a thin lithosphere. The study of the ice melting near the poles is related with the changes in sea level. Obtaining this parameter is difficult. The time interval with measurement is not enough to obtain clear information about the past..The spatial distribution of heat flow shows clearly zones in the oceans with high values. How can this heat influence water movements in that regions and the temperature in the oceans?
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Heat flow density determinations have been done in a large part of the surface of the planet Earth. As a consequence, new heat flow density maps and estimates of global values of heat lost through the surface of the Earth has been done. In this work, we present some problems related with this matter. In the last three decades, we have learn many things related with heat flow, but there are yet many problems without answers.
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Pretende-se, nesta intervenção, confrontar os pressupostos pedagógicos que estiveram na origem da produção de um recurso digital aberto, Meteorologia em linha, com algumas das suas utilizações e a partir daí pensar os modos de aprender na era digital. Até que ponto já temos a universidade habitada pela “Petite Poucette” de Michel Serres (2012)? Quando o ruído de fundo invade os cursos expositivos começamos a pressentir a sua presença, nessa recusa em ouvir o que já está escrito e acessível na ponta dos seus dedos. A oralidade só tem valor se não estiver colada à página escrita, se se tornar original e rara.
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The exchanges between lakes and the atmosphere at Alqueva reservoir, Southeast Portugal, are the object of a 2014 Summer experiment described in this work, with special attention to above water, air-water interface and below water measurements. Air-water interface momentum, heat and mass (H 2 O and CO 2 ) fluxes are obtained with the new Campbell Scientific’s IRGASON Integrated Open-Path CO 2 /H 2 O Gas Analyser and 3D Sonic Anemometer with a unique design that contains no special displacement between the sample volumes of the gas analyser and the sonic anemometer. The radiative balance, both in short and long wave, is assessed with an albedometer and a pirradiometer. Water temperature profile is also continuously recorded. In-water solar spectral downwelling irradiance profiles are measured which enable the computation of the attenuation coefficient of light in the water column. Thus, with detailed information of the Lake-Atmosphere interactions, it is possible to determine the energy and mass balance of the lake.
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The ALqueva hydro-meteorological EXperiment (ALEX) field campaign took place monthly during summer 2014 and consisted in in situ measurements and sampling of water and biological elements, collected from three fixed platforms placed in the lacustrine zone. This integrated overview, including meteorological, environmental and biological results contributes to improve the knowledge of the reservoir dynamics and therefore to propose adequate management measures to preserve the observed biological integrity.