Isänmaamme keisari : Eliitin kansallisen identiteetin murros ja suomalaisen isänmaan rakentuminen autonomian ajan alussa

The emperor of our fatherland The changing national identity of the elite and the construction of the Finnish fatherland at the beginning of the autonomy This study addresses the question of changing national identity of the elite at the beginning of the autonomy (1808 1814) in Finland. Russia had conquered Finland from Sweden, but Finland was not incorporated into the Russian Empire. Instead, it was governed as separately administered area, and Finland retained its own (laws of the realm of Sweden) laws. The inclusion in the Russian Empire compelled the elite of Finland to deliberate their national identity; they had to determine whether they remained Swedes or became Finns or Russians. The elite chose to become Finns, which may seem obvious from the nowadays perspective, but it cannot be taken for granted that the Swedish speaking and noble elite converted their local Finnish identity into a new national identity. The basis of this study is constructive in a sense that identity is not seen as stable and constant. Theoretical background lies on Stuart Hall s writings on national identity, which offer good practical methods to study national identity. According to Hall identity is based mainly on difference , difference to others . In practice this means how elite began to define themselves in contrast to Swedes and Russians. The Finnish national identity was constructed in contrast to Swedes due to the political reasons. In order to avoid Russians suspicions Finns had to diverge from Sweden. Sweden had also gone trough coup d état, which was disliked by the elite of Finland. However, the attitudes of the elite towards Sweden remained somewhat ambiguous. Even if it was politically and rationally thinking wisest to draw away from Sweden, emotionally it was difficult. Russia, on the other hand, had been for centuries the archenemy of the Finns as well as all the Swedes. The fear of the Russians was mainly imaginary. Russians were seen as cruel barbarians who hated and resented Finns. The Finnish national identity was constructed above all in contrast to the Russians, for the difference to Russia was seen as a precondition for the existence of Finland. Respectively, the new position of Finland also required approaching towards Russia, which was in its nature very pragmatic. The elite contrived to get rid off its prejudice against Russians on intellectual level, but not on emotional level. At the beginning of the autonomy the primary loyalty of the elite was directed into the Finnish fatherland and its habitants. This was a radical ideological change, because traditionally the loyalty of the elite had focused on monarch and monarch s realm. However, the role of Alexander I was crucial. According to the elite the emperor had granted them a new fatherland. The former native country (Finland) was seen as a new fatherland instead of Sweden. The loyalty of the elite to the emperor generated from the reciprocal gratitude; Alexander I had treated their native country so mercifully. The elite felt strong personal responsibility for Finland s existence. The elite believed that the future of Finland rested on their shoulders. Alexander I had given them fatherland, but it was in the hands of the elite to construct the Finnish state and national spirit. The study of the Finnish national identity brings forth also that the national identity was constructed by emphasizing Finns civic rights. The civic rights were essential part of the construction of the Finnish national identity, for the difference between Finns and Russians was based on Finns own laws and privileges, which the emperor of the Russia had ensured.

Estudios de Historia de España, 2008, vol. 10 (número completo)

Contenido: El regadío sostenible en al-Andalus / José Roldán Cañas ; María Fátima Moreno Pérez ; José Luis del Pino García – Presencia jurídica femenina a través de los Ordenamientos de Cortes (Castilla – León, Siglos XII-XIV) / Diana Arauz Mercado – Santo Domingo de Caleruega. Estudio iconológico / María Jesús Baquero Martín – Un ejemplo de poder monástico femenino: las relaciones entre la villa de Tordesillas y el convento de Santa Clara / Cecilia Bahr – La exposición de la doctrina de la “Guerra Justa” en El Victorial de Gutierre Díaz de Games / Santiago Agustín Pérez – Algunas notas sobre el patrimonio de la boticaria Elvira Pérez (Santiago, 1348) / Carlos Calderón – The price of Charles V’S protection in Italy: the example of Lucca / Christine Shaw – El Imperio y las Cortes de Santiago de Compostela de 1520, la base ideológica del Absolutismo español / István Szászdi – The extradition treaties of the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions (1500-1700) / François Soyer – Las “Memorias” del general argentino Tomás de Iriarte sobre la Guerra de la Independencia Española / Miguel Ángel De Marco – Los viajes a Alemania de Ramiro de Maeztu / Ángeles Castro Montero -- Reseñas

Prudentia Iuris, 1998, n° 47-48 (número completo)

Contenido: Editorial – Perspectivas del Derecho del Trabajo / Jorge Rodríguez Mancini – Conciliación laboral / Santiago A. Zarza – Modificaciones introducidas al régimen remuneratorio por la ley 24.700 / Liliana Hebe Litterio – Pago de la remuneración mediante depósito bancario / Liliana Hebe Litterio – Régimen de asignaciones familiares / José B. Gómez Paz – Trabajo humano y retribución justa / Mario F. Vivino – La reforma laboral según la Ley 25.013 / Juan Manuel Arias – Reflexiones contemporáneas: Presentación – La filosofía de la guerra y la paz más allá de las tres “tradiciones” / Hernando V. Cañardo – Democracia, modernidad y cristianismo / Philippe Benetón – Derechas e izquierdas en el pensamiento político contemporáneo / Dalmacio Negro Pavón – El mercado común del cono sur - Mercosur / Fernando P. Brebbia – Integración sudamericana y derecho / Francisco Arias Pellerano – Discurso televisivo y discurso judicial / Luis María Bandieri – Recensiones – Anexo legislativo

Estudios de Historia de España, 2007, vol. 9 (número completo)

Contenido: La Campaña de Muza en el Noroeste en el año 713 y la capitulación de Astorga / Julio Montenegro ; Arcadio del Castillo – La villa de Tordesillas y sus relaciones regionales / Cecilia Bahr – La estructura de la propiedad de la tierra en Murcia durante la conquista castellana / Antonio Vicente Frey Sánchez – La diplomacia y las embajadas como expresión de los contactos interculturales entre cristianos y musulmanes en el Mediterráneo occidental durante la Baja Edad Media / Roser Salicrú i Lluch – El Barón de Rozmital en la Corona de Aragón (nuevos datos sobre la presencia de un ilustre bohemio del siglo XV en la Península Ibérica) / Miguel Raufast Chico – Tres hermanas hispano-judías judaizantes condenadas por la Inquisición. Sus personalidades / Susana Mabel Likerman de Portnoy – Evolución demográfica en Lleida desde la Guerra de la Independencia hasta el final del Trienio liberal / Antonio Sánchez Carcelén – La historia de las relaciones internacionales en España: un marco interpretativo / José Luis Neila Hernández -- Reseñas

Territorial Integrity and Self-Determination : The Approach of the International Court of Justice in the Advisory Opinion on Kosovo

[EN] On 17 February 2008 Kosovo approved its declaration of independence from Serbia. The declaration was raised as a unilateral secession, a category which to date is widely debated by the international community, but supported in that case by a respectable number of the United Nation member states. A great many legal issues have been raised by the International Court of Justice's Advisory Opinion on Kosovo. This opinion was eagerly awaited by legal scholars due to both its possible effects and the scope of its principles outside the context of decolonization in what it could constitute of new approach to the international scenario for the twenty-first century. The ICJ stated that the declaration of independence was in accordance with international law if it was not prohibited. The answer turned on whether or not international law prohibited the declaration of independence, without ever examining whether an entity seeking secession is entitled with a positive right to secede and if so, under which circumstances. The basic issue can be summarised as whether or not we are facing a new course in the interpretation of certain classical categories of international law: the principle of territorial integrity, statehood, sovereignty, recognition, the right to external self-determination, etc. In this study we shall analyse some of the aspects arising from the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo focusing on the territorial issue. Firstly we shall analyse the scope of the principle of territorial integrity of States and how it operates ; secondly, we shall focus on the scope of that principle in relation to the interior of the State, and ask ourselves how international law operates in relation to declarations of independence. Lastly, we shall deal with the principle of respect for territorial integrity in the specific case of Serbia with respect to Kosovo, and then end with a series of general conclusions. This study aims, definitely, to contribute to the theoretical debate on the challenges to the traditional certainties of international law in this area.

Decreto da creação do Real Archivo Militar

Consta na Bibliografia da Impressão Régia do Rio de Janeiro que "... vem acompanhado do Regimento do Archivo Militar..." O Correio Braziliense o transcreve, em novembro de 1908, nas páginas 440-445, depois de comentar, em outubro de 1808: " por ora só direi, que este estabelecimento, sendo próprio de uma Nação, que tem proporçoens para ser grande, faz muita honra ao ministro, que o concebeo".

Memoria politica sobre a capitania de Santa Catharina, escripta no Rio de Janeiro em o anno de 1816

Tabella das produções dos tres Reinos da Natureza, que ha na capitania de Santa Catharina, escriptas por ordem alphabetica : reino vegetal, reino animal. Mappa das producções, consumo, e exportação da Capitania de Santa Catharina, no anno de 1810. Calculo aproximado das despezas da companhia, durante a primeira epocha, em conformidade do disposto nos artigos 2, 3., 4., 6., do appendice.

Alvará de declaração com força de Lei, pelo qual V.A.R. ha por bem ordenar, que os Ministros, quando despacharem o levantamento dos depositos feitos no Banco Nacional, o fação por precatorios expedidos na conformidade do que se acha determinado para a Junta da Administração dos depositos de Lisboa no Alvará de seis de julho de mil setecentos cincoenta e quatro, na forma acima exposta : para Vossa Alteza Real ver

Variação do Título : Obrigação de precatorias para levantamento de depositos no Banco do Brasil.

Alvará, porque Vossa Alteza Real ha por bem crear hum Erario, e Conselho de Fazenda para a administração, arrecadação, distribuição, contabilidade, e assentamento do seu Real patrimonio, e fundos públicos deste Estado, e Domínios Ultramarinos, como nelle se declara : para Vossa Alteza Real ver

Ao alto do título : D. Fernando José de Portugal.

Cándido López.

Esta serie tiene como propósito mostrar diferentes expresiones artísticas relacionadas con la Ictiología nacional, generadas en diferentes épocas y que surgen por diversas motivaciones personales que, en algún caso, muestran casi con exactitud a los modelos que inspiraron la obra, en otras, por lo contrario, responden a la imaginación y creatividad del autor. Nuestra primera contribución toma una imagen del artista Cándido López, quién a través de sus pinturas, de alguna manera , fuera un “corresponsal de guerra” de la fratricida Guerra de la Triple Alianza. En este caso contamos con la colaboración de la joven artista plástica Jimena López Miquelarena, quién aportó sus conocimientos sobre el tema central de esta serie. Sólo me resta invitar a quienes quieran sumarse a esta iniciativa, se acerquen con sus aportes para consolidar esta idea, ya que podría ser otro instrumento de difusión del conocimiento de nuestra disciplina a los diferentes estamentos de la sociedad.

The landing of Commander Bayo in Majorca through the letters of journalist Gabriel Fuster Mayans ‘Gafim’

The well-known Majorcan journalist and town councillor in Palma Gabriel Fuster Mayans, alias Gafim, fought in the ranks of the national side during the Spanish Civil War when he was only 23. Using unpublished letters to his bride, the author has been able to retrace his role during the landing of the ship under the command of captain Bayo in August 1936, an exceptional witness from a man who became one of the most distinguished public figures in the Balearic capital.

A methodological framework for studying policy coherence for development

The purpose of this article is to develop a methodological framework for analyzing Policy Coherence for Development (PCD). With this goal, we analyze different views of PCD in order to establish a comprehensive approach of Coherence adapted to globalization process. In this context, the article proposes a methodological framework based on four dimensions of analysis in CPD. In each dimen-sion, we set the areas and actors to investigate and we put forward research questions that could be use as a guide for a comprehensive approach to study PCD.

Observation of high transient gain in the germanium x-ray laser at 19.6 nm

The transient-excitation pumping scheme, in which a picosecond duration pulse rapidly heats the plasma preformed by a low-intensity nanosecond pulse, was used to pump the Ne-like germanium, J = 0-1 transition at 19.6 nm. A small-signal gain coefficient of 30 cm(-1) was measured for targets less than or equal to 5 mm long. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.

Los códigos españoles concordados y anotados

UANL

Reportero de paz : Juan Cardoso en Guatemala : guía didáctica del vídeo Paz en Guatemala.

Guía didáctica de vídeo editada como cuaderno de viaje del reportero Juan Cardoso. Propuesta didáctica sobre la paz elaborada sobre el proceso de paz en Guatemala tras 36 años de guerra civil. La propuesta didáctica incluye actividades previas y posteriorres al visionado del vídeo que constituye el cuaderno de viaje del reportero: la tierra y los cultivos, los habitantes, la guerra, el camino de la paz y el papel de la Iglesia, además de una propuesta de actividades posteriores al visionado (análisis de contenido y actividades de ampliación).