Furosemide inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2.

11Beta-hydroxsteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11beta-OHSD2) protects the nonselective renal mineralocorticoid receptor from the endogenous glucocorticoid cortisol. Thus, drugs inhibiting 11beta-OHSD2 might enhance urinary loss of potassium. As diuretics influence the renal handling of potassium, we analyzed the impact of 13 commonly used diuretics on 11beta-OHSD2. Furosemide was the only inhibitor. Its inhibition constant (Ki) was 30 micromol when extracts from COS-1 cells transfected with human 11beta-OHSD2 were used as an enzyme source. The type of inhibition was competitive. To establish whether furosemide inhibits 11beta-OHSD2 and 11beta-OHSD1 in the renal target tissue, isolated tubular segments from rats were analyzed. Furosemide decreased the oxidative activity of 11beta-OHSD2 in intact distal tubules and 11beta-OHSD1 in proximal convoluted tubules. For the assessment of furosemide on the excretion of corticosterone metabolites in vivo, rats were given furosemide i.p., and the ratio of tetrahydrocorticosterone plus 5alpha-tetrahydrocorticosterone to 11-dehydrotetrahydrocorticosterone was determined in urine. This ratio increased after the administration of furosemide in all animals, indicating inhibition of the oxidative activity of 11beta-OHSD. Thus, furosemide inhibits the 11beta-OHSD2 enzyme in the target tissue and might by that mechanism enhance the mineralocorticoid effect of 11beta-hydroxyglucocorticoids.

Structure/affinity studies in the bicyclo-DNA series: Synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides containing bcen-T and iso-tricyclo-T nucleosides

We present the synthesis of the two novel nucleosides iso-tc-T and bcen-T, belonging to the bicyclo-/tricyclo-DNA molecular platform. In both modifications the torsion around C6’–C7’ within the carbocyclic ring is planarized by either the presence of a C6’–C7’ double bond or a cyclopropane ring. Structural analysis of these two nucleosides by X-ray analysis reveals a clear preference of torsion angle γ for the gauche orientation with the furanose ring in a near perfect 2’-endo conformation. Both modifications were incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides and their thermal melting behavior with DNA and RNA as complements was assessed. We found that the iso-tc-T modification was significantly more destabilizing in duplex formation compared to the bcen-T modification. In addition, duplexes with complementary RNA were less stable as compared to duplexes with DNA as complement. A structure/affinity analysis, including the already known bc-T and tc-T modifications, does not lead to a clear correlation of the orientation of torsion angle γ with DNA or RNA affinity. There is, however, some correlation between furanose conformation (N- or S-type) and affinity in the sense that a preference for a 3’-endo like conformation is associated with a preference for RNA as complement. As a general rule it appears that Tm data of single modifications with nucleosides of the bicyclo-/tricyclo-DNA platform within deoxyoligonucleotides are not predictive for the stability of fully modified oligonucleotides.

The effects of endothelin-1 on coronary perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a canine model

OBJECTIVE To study the hemodynamic effects of exogenously administered endothelin-1 (ET-1), a peptide produced by endothelial cells with potent non-adrenergically mediated vasoconstrictor properties. METHODS A prospective drug intervention study was carried out in a resuscitation research laboratory. Fifteen mixed-breed dogs were anesthetized and instrumented for hemodynamic monitoring. Asphyxia arrest was produced by clamping the endotracheal tube. Hemodynamic data were collected continuously. Following loss of aortic fluctuations monitored by thoracic aortic catheter, the animals remained in pulseless electrical activity (PEA) for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes of no-flow PEA, closed-chest CPR was begun and the animals were randomized to one of three treatment groups (EPI, 0.02 mg/kg epinephrine IV every 3 minutes; ENDO, 100 micrograms ET-1 IV at 0 minutes; and EPI/ENDO, a combination of the EPI and ENDO treatments). RESULTS ENDO and EPI alone produced similar coronary perfusion pressures (CPPs). The EPI/ENDO combination produced significantly improved CPP compared with that of either EPI or ENDO alone. In the EPI group, the best mean CPP was 16 +/- 14 mm Hg and occurred 7 minutes after drug administration. In the ENDO group, the best mean CPP was 28 +/- 7 mm Hg and occurred 13 minutes after drug administration. In the EPI/ENDO combination group, the best mean CPP was 61 +/- 37 mm Hg and occurred 7 minutes after drug administration (p < 0.05 compared with the EPI and ENDO groups alone). CONCLUSION ET-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor. The combination of EPI and ENDO significantly improved CPP compared with that for either agent alone. ET-1 should be investigated further as a vasoconstrictor in cardiac arrest.

Nucleic-Acid Analogs with Restricted Conformational Flexibility in the Sugar-Phosphate Backbone (‘Bicyclo-DNA’). Part 5. Synthesis, Characterization, and Pairing Properties of Oligo-αlpha-D-(bicyclodeoxynucleotides) of the Bases Adenine and Thymine (αlpha-Bicyclo-DNA)

10.1002/hlca.19950780816.abs A conformational analysis of the (3′S,5′R)-2′-deoxy-3′,5′-ethano-α-D-ribonucleosides (a-D-bicyclodeoxynucleosides) based on the X-ray analysis of N4-benzoyl-α-D-(bicyclodeoxycytidine) 6 and on 1H-NMR analysis of the α-D-bicyclodeoxynucleoside derivatives 1-7 reveals a rigid sugar structure with the furanose units in the l′-exo/2′-endo conformation and the secondary OH groups on the carbocyclic ring in the pseudoequatorial orientation. Oligonucleotides consisting of α-D-bicyclothymidine and α-D-bicyclodeoxyadenosine were successfully synthesized from the corresponding nucleosides by phosphoramidite methodology on a DNA synthesizer. An evaluation of their pairing properties with complementary natural RNA and DNA by means of UV/melting curves and CD spectroscopy show the following characteristics: i) α-bcd(A10) and α-bcd(T10) (α = short form of α-D)efficiently form complexes with complementary natural DNA and RNA. The stability of these hybrids is comparable or slightly lower as those with natural β-d(A10) or β-d(T10)( β = short form ofβ-D). ii) The strand orientation in α-bicyclo-DNA/β-DNA duplexes is parallel as was deduced from UV/melting curves of decamers with nonsymmetric base sequences. iii) CD Spectroscopy shows significant structural differences between α-bicyclo-DNA/β-DNA duplexes compared to α-DNA/β-DNA duplexes. Furthermore, α-bicyclo-DNA is ca. 100-fold more resistant to the enzyme snake-venom phosphodiesterase with respect to β-DNA and about equally resistant as α-DNA.

Evidence for direct squalene and 2,3-oxidosqualene binding by supernatant protein factor

We present the crystal structures of the SEC14-like domain of supernatant protein factor (SPF) in complex with squalene and 2,3-oxidosqualene. The structures were resolved at 1.75 Å (complex with squalene) and 1.6 Å resolution (complex with 2,3-oxidosqualene), leading in both cases to clear images of the protein/ substrate interactions. Ligand binding is facilitated by removal of the Golgi-dynamics (GOLD) C-terminal domain of SPF, which, as shown in previous structures of the apo-protein, blocked the opening of the binding pocket to the exterior. Both substrates bind into a large hydrophobic cavity, typical of such lipid-transporter family. Our structures report no specific recognition mode for the epoxide group. In fact, for both molecules, ligand affinity is dominated by hydrophobic interactions, and independent investigations by computational models or differential scanning micro-calorimetry reveal similar binding affinities for both ligands. Our findings elucidate the molecular bases of the role of SPF in sterol endo-synthesis, supporting the original hypothesis that SPF is a facilitator of substrate flow within the sterol synthetic pathway. Moreover, our results suggest that the GOLD domain acts as a regulator, as its conformational displacement must occur to favor ligand binding and release during the different synthetic steps.

Isolation, N-glycosylations and Function of a Hyaluronidase-Like Enzyme from the Venom of the Spider Cupiennius salei.

STRUCTURE OF CUPIENNIUS SALEI VENOM HYALURONIDASE Hyaluronidases are important venom components acting as spreading factor of toxic compounds. In several studies this spreading effect was tested on vertebrate tissue. However, data about the spreading activity on invertebrates, the main prey organisms of spiders, are lacking. Here, a hyaluronidase-like enzyme was isolated from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei. The amino acid sequence of the enzyme was determined by cDNA analysis of the venom gland transcriptome and confirmed by protein analysis. Two complex N-linked glycans akin to honey bee hyaluronidase glycosylations, were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. A C-terminal EGF-like domain was identified in spider hyaluronidase using InterPro. The spider hyaluronidase-like enzyme showed maximal activity at acidic pH, between 40-60°C, and 0.2 M KCl. Divalent ions did not enhance HA degradation activity, indicating that they are not recruited for catalysis. FUNCTION OF VENOM HYALURONIDASES Besides hyaluronan, the enzyme degrades chondroitin sulfate A, whereas heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate are not affected. The end products of hyaluronan degradation are tetramers, whereas chondroitin sulfate A is mainly degraded to hexamers. Identification of terminal N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine at the reducing end of the oligomers identified the enzyme as an endo-β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase hydrolase. The spreading effect of the hyaluronidase-like enzyme on invertebrate tissue was studied by coinjection of the enzyme with the Cupiennius salei main neurotoxin CsTx-1 into Drosophila flies. The enzyme significantly enhances the neurotoxic activity of CsTx-1. Comparative substrate degradation tests with hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate with venoms from 39 spider species from 21 families identified some spider families (Atypidae, Eresidae, Araneidae and Nephilidae) without activity of hyaluronidase-like enzymes. This is interpreted as a loss of this enzyme and fits quite well the current phylogenetic idea on a more isolated position of these families and can perhaps be explained by specialized prey catching techniques.

Laparoscopic Cerclage as a Treatment Option for Cervical Insufficiency

Background: The traditional surgical treatment for cervical insufficiency is vaginal placement of a cervical cerclage. However, in a small number of cases a vaginal approach is not possible. A transabdominal approach can become an option for these patients. Laparoscopic cervical cerclage is associated with good pregnancy outcomes but comes at the cost of a higher risk of serious surgical complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate intraoperative and long-term pregnancy outcomes after laparoscopic cervical cerclage, performed either as an interval procedure or during early pregnancy, using a new device with a blunt grasper and a flexible tip. Methods: All women who underwent laparoscopic cervical cerclage for cervical insufficiency in our institution using the Goldfinger® device (Ethicon Endo Surgery, Somerville, NJ, USA) between January 2008 and March 2014 were included in the study. Data were collected from the patients' medical records and included complications during and after the above-described procedure. Results: Eighteen women were included in the study. Of these, six were pregnant at the time of laparoscopic cervical cerclage. Mean duration of surgery was 55 ± 10 minutes. No serious intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. All patients were discharged at 2.6 ± 0.9 days after surgery. One pregnancy ended in a miscarriage at 12 weeks of gestation. All other pregnancies ended at term (> 37 weeks of gestation) with good perinatal and maternal outcomes. Summary: Performing a laparoscopic cervical cerclage using a blunt grasper device with a flexible tip does not increase intraoperative complications, particularly in early pregnancy. We believe that use of this device, which is characterized by increased maneuverability, could be an important option to avoid intraoperative complications if surgical access is limited due to the anatomical situation. However, because of the small sample size, further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Structural studies of proteinase entrapment by human alpha 2-macroglobulin using 3-D electron microscopy

Human a2 -macroglobulin ( a2 M; homotetramer, Mr 720 kDa) is an essential scavenger of proteinases in the serum. Each of its four subunits has a ‘bait region’, with cleavage sequences for almost all endo-proteinases, an unusual thiol ester moiety and a receptor-binding domain (RBD). Bait region cleavage in native a2 M ( a2 M-N) by a proteinase results in rapid thiol ester breakage, with a large-scale structural transformation, in which a2 M uniquely entraps the proteinase in a cage-like structure and exposes receptor-binding domains for rapid endocytosis. Transformed a2 M ( a2 M-TR) contains up to two proteinases, which remain active to small substrates. 3-D electron microscopy is optimally suited to study this unusual structural change at resolutions near (1/30) Å−1. ^ The structural importance of the thiol esters was demonstrated by a genetically-engineered a2 M, with the cysteines involved in thiol ester formation mutated to serines, which appeared structurally homologous to a2 M-TR. This demonstrates that the four highly labile thiol esters alone maintain the a2 M-N structure, while the ‘closed trap’ formed by a2 M-TR is a more stable structural form. ^ Half-transformed a2 M ( a2 M-HT), with cleaved bait regions and thiol esters in only two of its four subunits, provides an important structural link between a2 M-N and a2 M-TR. A comparison with a2 M-N showed the two proteinase-entrapping domains were above and below the plane bisecting the long axis. Both a2 M-N and a2 M-TR consist of two dense, oppositely twisted strands with significant interconnections, indicating that the structural change involves a rotation of these strands. In a2 M-HT these strands were partially untwisted with large central openings, revealing the manner in which the proteinase enters the internal cavity of a2 M. ^ In reconstructions of a2 M-N, a2 M-HT and a2 M-TR labeled with a monoclonal Fab, the Fabs were located on distal ends of each constitutive strand, demonstrating an anti-parallel arrangement of the subunits. Separation between the top and bottom pairs of Fabs was nearly the same on all structures, but the pairs were rotated about the long axis. Taken together, these results indicate that upon proteinase cleavage the two strands in a2 M-N separate. The proteinase enters the structure, while the strands re-twist to encage it. In a2 M-TR, which displays receptor-binding arms, more than two subunits are transformed as strands in the transformed half of a2 M-HT were not separated. ^

Proceedings of the 14th Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium

The Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium series is devoted to presentations by students on their research topics. The fourteenth event, held in 1984, was organized at the University of Missouri–Columbia. It was attended by the biochemical engineering faculty and the students from Colorado State University, Iowa State University, Kansas State University, University of Missouri–Columbia, University of Missouri–Rolla and Washington University, St. Louis. Contents"Estimation of Product Formation Kinetics and Microbial Yield Parameters for Anaerobic Organic Acid and Solvent Production," M.D. Oner, Kansas State University "Characterization of Soy Protein Texturization in a Complex Bioreactor," J.L. Ibave, Colorado State University "Acid and Solvent Fermentations Using Mixed Cultures," D. Stevens, University of Missouri–Columbia "Preliminary Process Design for Ethanol from Sweet Sorghum Ensilage Feedstock," Keith D. Lange, Colorado State University "Lamella Settlers in Ethanol Fermentation," Yong Jayanata, University of Missouri–Columbia "Bubble Size Distribution in the Down Flow Section of an Air-Lift Column," Snehal A. Patel and C.H. Lee, Kansas State University "The Sensitivity of Plant Cells to Shear Stress," Morris Z. Resenberg and Eric H. Dunlap, Washington University, St. Louis "Estimation of Growth Yield Parameters Associated with Microbial Growth," Hyeon Y. Lee, Kansas State University "Capillary Gas Chromatography of Trimethylsilylated Trisaccharides," Etienne J.M. Selosse, Iowa State University "Subsite Mapping of an Endo-Xylanase Labeled Xylooligo-saccharides," Bernard Y. Tao, Iowa State University "Cellulase Enzyme Recycle," Kate M.V. Baptie, Colorado State University "Non-Homogeneous Poisson Renewal Reward Process for Modelling Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose," M.M. Gharpuray and L.T. Fan, Kansas State University

Análisis de las características antropométricas del plantel de sub 15 del Club Atlético Juventud de Las Piedras

El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue describir y analizar las características antropométricas del plantel sub 15 del Club Atlético Juventud de Las Piedras y relacionarlas con sus posiciones dentro del campo de juego. Para llevar adelante este estudio se tomó una muestra de 24 jugadores de entre 14 y 15 años, ésta estuvo compuesta por 1 arquero, 9 defensas, 10 volantes y 5 delanteros. Las características antropométricas descritas y analizadas fueron las 5 masas del cuerpo: masa muscular, masa de tejido adiposo, masa ósea, masa residual y piel (protocolo de Kerr y Ross), el somatotipo (protocolo de Heat y Carter), además del peso y la talla. Para llevar adelante estos protocolos se necesitó recolectar datos de pliegues, perímetros, diámetros, peso y talla. El paradigma que sustenta esta investigación es el positivista y el modelo de investigación es el cuantitativo. El nivel que alcanza este trabajo es de tipo exploratorio. El somatotipo medio del equipo fue 2,5 - 3,9 - 2,9, que corresponde a la categoría mesomorfo balanceado. Para el puesto de arquero el somatotipo fue 4,3 - 5 - 2,5, endo mesomorfico. Para los defensas 2,6 - 4,1 - 3,2, meso ectomorfico. Para los volantes 2,5 - 3,9 - 3,8, ectomorfo mesomorfo y para los delanteros 2,6 - 4,6 - 2,7, mesomorfo balanceado. El porcentaje de tejido adiposo medio del equipo fue del 29,8 , para el puesto de arquero 34,1, para los defensas 29,1, para los volantes 30,18 y para los delanteros 26,65 . El tejido muscular medio fue de 40, para el puesto de arquero 39,2, para los defensas 41,6, para los volantes 39,4 y para los delanteros 43,1. El peso y la talla media del plantel fueron 58,1 kg. Y 169,1 cm. respectivamente. Para el puesto de arquero 58,8 kg. y 165 cm., para los defensas 61,5 kg. Y 171,3 cm., para los volantes 56,4 kg. Y 169,6 cm. y por último para los delanteros 55,6 kg. Y 163,3 cm. Como conclusiones podemos afirmar que el porcentaje de masa muscular encontrado en el plantel estuvo por debajo de la media si los comparamos con equipos de igual edad de la República Argentina, no se encontraron grandes diferencias en cuanto al peso y la talla entre las distintas 3 posiciones dentro del campo de juego, a no ser por los defensas que presenta mayor estatura y mayor peso. El puesto de arquero presenta mayor porcentaje de masa grasa. Como recomendaciones finales para futuras investigaciones se proponen entre otras indagar acerca de posibles causas que influyen en el perfil antropométrico actual de los deportistas evaluados y plantear aspectos dirigidos a optimizar el mismo, realizar un perfil completo de los deportistas y llevar adelante un estudio acerca del estado nutricional de los deportistas

Synergistic effects of pCO2 and iron availability on nutrient consumption ratio of the Bering Sea phytoplankton community

Little is known concerning the effect of CO2 on phytoplankton ecophysiological processes under nutrient and trace element-limited conditions, because most CO2 manipulation experiments have been conducted under elements-replete conditions. To investigate the effects of CO2 and iron availability on phytoplankton ecophysiology, we conducted an experiment in September 2009 using a phytoplankton community in the iron limited, high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) region of the Bering Sea basin . Carbonate chemistry was controlled by the bubbling of the several levels of CO2 concentration (180, 380, 600, and 1000 ppm) controlled air, and two iron conditions were established, one with and one without the addition of inorganic iron. We demonstrated that in the iron-limited control conditions, the specific growth rate and the maximum photochemical quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem (PS) II decreased with increasing CO2 levels, suggesting a further decrease in iron bioavailability under the high-CO2 conditions. In addition, biogenic silica to particulate nitrogen and biogenic silica to particulate organic carbon ratios increased from 2.65 to 3.75 and 0.39 to 0.50, respectively, with an increase in the CO2 level in the iron-limited controls. By contrast, the specific growth rate, Fv/Fm values and elemental compositions in the iron-added treatments did not change in response to the CO2 variations, indicating that the addition of iron canceled out the effect of the modulation of iron bioavailability due to the change in carbonate chemistry. Our results suggest that high-CO2 conditions can alter the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients through decreasing iron bioavailability in the iron-limited HNLC regions in the future.

Análisis de las características antropométricas del plantel de sub 15 del Club Atlético Juventud de Las Piedras

El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue describir y analizar las características antropométricas del plantel sub 15 del Club Atlético Juventud de Las Piedras y relacionarlas con sus posiciones dentro del campo de juego. Para llevar adelante este estudio se tomó una muestra de 24 jugadores de entre 14 y 15 años, ésta estuvo compuesta por 1 arquero, 9 defensas, 10 volantes y 5 delanteros. Las características antropométricas descritas y analizadas fueron las 5 masas del cuerpo: masa muscular, masa de tejido adiposo, masa ósea, masa residual y piel (protocolo de Kerr y Ross), el somatotipo (protocolo de Heat y Carter), además del peso y la talla. Para llevar adelante estos protocolos se necesitó recolectar datos de pliegues, perímetros, diámetros, peso y talla. El paradigma que sustenta esta investigación es el positivista y el modelo de investigación es el cuantitativo. El nivel que alcanza este trabajo es de tipo exploratorio. El somatotipo medio del equipo fue 2,5 - 3,9 - 2,9, que corresponde a la categoría mesomorfo balanceado. Para el puesto de arquero el somatotipo fue 4,3 - 5 - 2,5, endo mesomorfico. Para los defensas 2,6 - 4,1 - 3,2, meso ectomorfico. Para los volantes 2,5 - 3,9 - 3,8, ectomorfo mesomorfo y para los delanteros 2,6 - 4,6 - 2,7, mesomorfo balanceado. El porcentaje de tejido adiposo medio del equipo fue del 29,8 , para el puesto de arquero 34,1, para los defensas 29,1, para los volantes 30,18 y para los delanteros 26,65 . El tejido muscular medio fue de 40, para el puesto de arquero 39,2, para los defensas 41,6, para los volantes 39,4 y para los delanteros 43,1. El peso y la talla media del plantel fueron 58,1 kg. Y 169,1 cm. respectivamente. Para el puesto de arquero 58,8 kg. y 165 cm., para los defensas 61,5 kg. Y 171,3 cm., para los volantes 56,4 kg. Y 169,6 cm. y por último para los delanteros 55,6 kg. Y 163,3 cm. Como conclusiones podemos afirmar que el porcentaje de masa muscular encontrado en el plantel estuvo por debajo de la media si los comparamos con equipos de igual edad de la República Argentina, no se encontraron grandes diferencias en cuanto al peso y la talla entre las distintas 3 posiciones dentro del campo de juego, a no ser por los defensas que presenta mayor estatura y mayor peso. El puesto de arquero presenta mayor porcentaje de masa grasa. Como recomendaciones finales para futuras investigaciones se proponen entre otras indagar acerca de posibles causas que influyen en el perfil antropométrico actual de los deportistas evaluados y plantear aspectos dirigidos a optimizar el mismo, realizar un perfil completo de los deportistas y llevar adelante un estudio acerca del estado nutricional de los deportistas

Análisis de las características antropométricas del plantel de sub 15 del Club Atlético Juventud de Las Piedras

El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue describir y analizar las características antropométricas del plantel sub 15 del Club Atlético Juventud de Las Piedras y relacionarlas con sus posiciones dentro del campo de juego. Para llevar adelante este estudio se tomó una muestra de 24 jugadores de entre 14 y 15 años, ésta estuvo compuesta por 1 arquero, 9 defensas, 10 volantes y 5 delanteros. Las características antropométricas descritas y analizadas fueron las 5 masas del cuerpo: masa muscular, masa de tejido adiposo, masa ósea, masa residual y piel (protocolo de Kerr y Ross), el somatotipo (protocolo de Heat y Carter), además del peso y la talla. Para llevar adelante estos protocolos se necesitó recolectar datos de pliegues, perímetros, diámetros, peso y talla. El paradigma que sustenta esta investigación es el positivista y el modelo de investigación es el cuantitativo. El nivel que alcanza este trabajo es de tipo exploratorio. El somatotipo medio del equipo fue 2,5 - 3,9 - 2,9, que corresponde a la categoría mesomorfo balanceado. Para el puesto de arquero el somatotipo fue 4,3 - 5 - 2,5, endo mesomorfico. Para los defensas 2,6 - 4,1 - 3,2, meso ectomorfico. Para los volantes 2,5 - 3,9 - 3,8, ectomorfo mesomorfo y para los delanteros 2,6 - 4,6 - 2,7, mesomorfo balanceado. El porcentaje de tejido adiposo medio del equipo fue del 29,8 , para el puesto de arquero 34,1, para los defensas 29,1, para los volantes 30,18 y para los delanteros 26,65 . El tejido muscular medio fue de 40, para el puesto de arquero 39,2, para los defensas 41,6, para los volantes 39,4 y para los delanteros 43,1. El peso y la talla media del plantel fueron 58,1 kg. Y 169,1 cm. respectivamente. Para el puesto de arquero 58,8 kg. y 165 cm., para los defensas 61,5 kg. Y 171,3 cm., para los volantes 56,4 kg. Y 169,6 cm. y por último para los delanteros 55,6 kg. Y 163,3 cm. Como conclusiones podemos afirmar que el porcentaje de masa muscular encontrado en el plantel estuvo por debajo de la media si los comparamos con equipos de igual edad de la República Argentina, no se encontraron grandes diferencias en cuanto al peso y la talla entre las distintas 3 posiciones dentro del campo de juego, a no ser por los defensas que presenta mayor estatura y mayor peso. El puesto de arquero presenta mayor porcentaje de masa grasa. Como recomendaciones finales para futuras investigaciones se proponen entre otras indagar acerca de posibles causas que influyen en el perfil antropométrico actual de los deportistas evaluados y plantear aspectos dirigidos a optimizar el mismo, realizar un perfil completo de los deportistas y llevar adelante un estudio acerca del estado nutricional de los deportistas

X-ray fotos of 10 sediment cores from the Baltic Sea

Various types of trace fossils have been studied on radiographs of sediment cores from the Western Baltic since the early nineteen sixties. lnvestigations on the endo- und epifauna including their habitats and population densities carried out independently by biologists helped to identify the processes of their formation and classify the structures. Biogenic traces are ubiquitous in both sandy and muddy sediments of the Great Belt, where the bottom waters are weil oxygenated through inflows from the North Sea (through Kattegat-Skagerrak). Almost all types of bioturbation structures encountered in the Kiel Bay are also observed in a variety of shapes and forms, and can be considered as representative for the Western Baltic area. Polychaetes, bivalves and echinoderms were recorded at the sediment surface of the cores, and also in living positions in the sediment. The different types of burrows having distint outlines ('trace fossis'), and those having indistinct outlines ('biodeformational strctures'), and their varying abundance encountered in the area have been linked, wherever possible, to the sediment type, and to the macro-benthos.

Working on a baseline for the Kongsfjorden food web: production and properties of macroalgal particulate organic matter (POM), supplementary material

Macroalgae, in particular kelps, produce a large amount of biomass in Kongsfjorden, which is to a great extent released into the water in an annual cycle. As an example, the brown alga Alaria esculenta loses its blade gradually, 3 ± 0.8 % of the blade area per day (August 2012), thereby adding to the pool of particulate organic matter (POM) in the fjord. Upon release small thallus pieces are "aging" in that they are prone to leaching and serving as substrate for microorganisms, thus turning into palatable food for suspension and bottom feeders. In order to define a macroalgal baseline for the Kongsfjorden food web, stable isotopes d14C and d15N were measured in individuals of A. esculenta, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata directly sampled after collection and in artificially produced POM (aPOM) of A. esculenta that was allowed to age under experimental conditions. In aPOM from this species sampled in August 2012 the C/N ratios decreased between d1 and d8 of a 14-day culture period in parallel to the fading photosynthetic activity of the algal fragments as demonstrated by use of an Imaging-PAM. Microscopic observations of the aPOM in August 2012 and 2013 revealed the frequent occurrence of small brown algal endo- and epiphytes. First feeding experiments with Mysis oculata (Mysids) and Hiatella arctica (Bivalves) showed that these species can ingest macroalgal POM. The importance of kelp-derived POM for the food web is subject of the current research.