Pol��tica de assist��ncia social no Brasil: uma an��lise a partir das tipologias de políticas públicas

The study of public policy typologies is still a knowledge field which lacks more embracing and applicable studies to different sectors. On that perspective, this work, Social Assistance Policy in Brazil: an analysis from the typologies on public policy, pursues to add the relevant literature to social assistance what focus on the public policy ratings. Moreover, it concerns about a study on the the national policy of social assistance implemented by the Brazilian government from the theoretical referrence of the public policy typologies. For that reason, the referential framework of the public policies as well as the analisys of its fundamentals/principles that are indispensable for achieving a bigger goal, that is to tipify the social assistance policy based on the different public policy typologies and characterize it through the main elements which are intrinsec to the social political and economic reality of Brazil. Thus, the issue suggested for the work is: what is the profile and the political trajectory of the social assistance implemented by the Brazilian Government? How it presents, above all, the features of a distributive, focused and lawful policy, the work has been done througho the following hypothesis: the social assistance policy in Brazil has been of universal, assistance, and focusing aspects. For each of those features granted to the social assistance policy, there is a gathering of changes according to the social, political and economic moment of the country and that stands out due to the different institutions within every cyclical period. The work showed that besides the social policy has gone through meaningful changes during the last decades, even though the adoption of the Organic Law of Social Assistance and its rules, some of the mentioned characteristics still remain, as long as the State s primacy goes on being the economic policies over the dubbed social policies. Notwithstanding, the social assistance will build up itself from the materialization of the growing of the social rights related to the State, but also assuming an important role on the amplified reproducing process regarding the capitalist social relations

Desenvolvimento como acesso ��s políticas públicas: a reforma do estado e a concretiza����o dos direitos prestacionais

The state s evolution, after its liberal and the social stages, arrives at the post-social state, also regarded as regulatory state, which, in order to accomplish the state s aims, employs indirect interventions in the economy. The new model of administration adapts principles and concepts form the private sector such as the quest for efficience and tangible results, also striving for the decentralization of state s power to improve effectiveness before the new paradigm of handling of affairs of public interest. Present state derives its legitimacy from the efficiency principle, the legitimacy of the public administration cannot be limited to an analysis of legality, but the fulfillment of the ends envisaged by the public authority on its policies. These public policies have the objective of satisfying fundamental rights of the citizens. The access to public policies set by states as a way of enjoyment of the aforementioned rights constitute a legal and demandable path of development. The creation of public policies and the access to them must abide to the efficiency principle. This access must be taken unther the principles of legal and material equality, inasmuch as the liberty and real liberty. The access must also be observed as a matter of limited resources to grant, in reality, the access and enjoyment of these rights. The demandable nature of the access to public policies binds the public authority into broadening the range of these policies to every one who needs them. Thus, in this spectrum, the role of the Regulatory State, as the legal instruments for access of public policies as a legal path to development, is analyzed in the present work

O desafio constitucional da distribui����o dos royalties de petr��leo da bacia pr��-sal para promo����o de políticas públicas

The administrative model of the Brazilian State, based on regulation, strives, with the application of the efficiency principle and assessment of economical costs, to give a greater effectiveness to fundamental rights by implementing public policies.The objective of this work is to analyze the role of Oil royalties in the context of the Brazilian State, considering that, being an income gap, they might work as a device that promotes intra/intergenerational justice. By means of a correct and efficient distribution and application in the national region, the royalties constitute financial resources available for implementing public policies that intend to guarantee the fundamental rights; above all, with the discovery of the Pre-salt basin and the indisputable rise in the tax revenues arising from Oil exploration. In the making of this work, the theoretical-descriptive methodology is observed, grounded in a critical-reflexive analysis about Constitutional Law and Oil Law. This work analyzes the administrative model of the Brazilian State, the theory of costs of fundamental rights and the theoretical aspects about royalties, such as: the ethical and economical fundamentals, the distribution and destination of revenues, considering the oil exploration scenario before and after the discovery of the pre-salt basin. it is verified, with the present work, the importance of the creation of a new regulatory framework, and consequently the creation of a sovereign wealth fund, which arises to re-evaluate the application of the current norms of Oil revenue distribution. Still, it is imperative that the mechanisms for controlling the application of royalties are defined in detail, so that those can fully admit the objectives of intra/intergenerational justice. Furthermore, it is emphasized that this process should develop from the efficiency principle viewpoint, as well as the principle of reducing social and regional differences, given that the Oil revenues might be used to ensure fundamental social rights, by implementing public policies that are aligned with the development recommended by the Federal Constitution

Políticas públicas para o turismo e desenvolvimento local: reflex��es a partir dos "caminhos de f��" no semi-��rido potiguar

This study analyzes the event of the Feast of Our Lady of Grace, located in the municipality of Florania / RN as a tourism product, inserted in a process of transformation of a sacred place, in principle determined by religious motives, in a destination "tourist-religious". We seek to understand to what extent state intervention, with policies aimed at boosting the tourism sector as well as the interactions among key actors in the space, are able to modify and streamline the city of Florania, particularly Feast of Our Lady of Grace. The methodology also includes the review of the literature using the deductive method the application of questionnaires to the pilgrims, tourists and pilgrims totaling 150 questionnaires. Along with the economic agents of the municipality, 36 questionnaires were administered according to the model adopted by REDESIST. Complement this research interviews with key Officials of the Municipal Government and the Church. Despite the recognition by the actors of the importance of tourism to the economy of the city of Florania, encouraging the development of the sector is still lagging, some worked and policies / programs listed actually pass by the "Paths of Faith" of Florania. Concerning the Feast of Our Lady of Grace, the bottlenecks reported by researchers and economic agents are very partially affected by the policies / programs and when this occurs, the effort seems to be only reactive, resulting from the pressures experienced by the municipal government (mayor)

Políticas públicas para agricultura familiar: uma avalia����o sobre a correspond��ncia do paa e do PRONAF nos territ��rios da cidadania do Rio Grande do Norte - 2008 a 2010.

Family farming has been considered as the new axis of rural development in the country, the focus of several public policies, especially the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture - PRONAF and Food Purchase Program - PAA. PRONAF was created with the aim of providing credit to farmers, while the PAA to support family farmers through the purchase of its production. In this context, the objective of this study is to analyze the correspondence of these two public policies for family farming, in the Territories of Citizenship of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, between the years 2008 to 2010. In the methodology, the analysis was performed by comparing the distributions of the two programs in the territories of citizenship status. There were also statistical tests of differences in proportions, and Spearman correlations, and estimated a logit regression model, in order to measure the probability of a farmer participating in the PAA is associated with one of the modes of PRONAF. The data used were obtained from the National and Supply - CONAB at the Institute of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension - EMATER, and the Ministry of Agrarian Development - MDA. Among the key findings was noted that policies were associated with a direct, but low in the districts of the Territories of Citizenship. And that, in the years 2008 and 2009, only in the territories of Mato Grande, Alto Oeste and Serid��, the actions of PAA and PRONAF had direct and significant correlations. It was found that in most of the territories, policies are performed randomly, ie that both have no correlation to each other. The estimates of the logit model showed that the chance of a family farmer, the PAA participant, receive credits PRONAF A, is higher in the territory of Mato Grande, and would have a chance to fall in PRONAF B in all areas surveyed. Moreover, farmers in the territories of the Assu-Mossor��, Sert��o of Apodi, Serid�� and Alto Oeste, participating in the PAA would be more likely to receive credits PRONAF C, reflecting thus the family farm more consolidated these territories

Dossi�� agenda de pesquisas em políticas públicas

L'article pr��sente un dossier �� propos de l'agenda de recherches en politiques publiques, en affirmant le besoin de d��veloppement de cette discipline au Br��sil. Les principaux obstacles �� ce d��veloppement se trouvent dans les dimensions th��orique et m��thodologique, ainsi que dans la subordination de l'agenda de recherche �� l'agenda politique du pays.

Avalia����o e monitoramento de políticas públicas: cria����o de um modelo sist��mico aplicado ao Instituto de Assist��ncia T��cnica e Extens��o Rural do Rio Grande do Norte (EMATER-RN)

The nature of this thesis is interventionist and aims to create an alternative on how to control and evaluate the public policies implementation developed at the Institute for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension of Rio Grande do Norte State. The cenarium takes place in a public institution , classified as a municipality that belongs to the Rio Grande do Norte government and adopts the design science research methodology , where it generates a set of artifacts that guide the development of a computerized information system . To ensure the decisions, the literature was reviewed aiming to bring and highlight concepts that will be used as base to build the intervention. The use of an effective methodology called Iconix systems analysis , provides a software development process in a short time . As a result of many artifacts created by the methodology there is a software computer able of running on the Internet environment with G2C behavior, it is suggested as a management tool for monitoring artifacts generated by the various methods. Moreover, it reveals barriers faced in the public companies environment such as lack of infrastructure , the strength of the workforce and the executives behavior

Políticas públicas para a juventude: uma an��lise do Projovem Adolescente sob a perspectiva dos participantes

A partir dos diagn��sticos das vulnerabilidades da condi����o juvenil contempor��nea, as Políticas Públicas de Juventude tem ganhado maior for��a e um lugar mais definido nas pautas das demandas e conquistas sociais. Faz-se necess��rio, ent��o, direcionar aten����o para estas Políticas Públicas, a fim de promover uma reflex��o sobre como ocorre a execu����o destas junto ao seu p��blico alvo. Esta disserta����o centraliza sua an��lise no Projovem Adolescente (PJA), uma das modalidades Programa Nacional de Inclus��o de Jovens PROJOVEM que se destina ao atendimento de jovens com espec��fica faixa et��ria entre 15 a 17 anos, com car��ter assistencial e socioeducativo. Desta forma, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi discutir as a����es do Projovem Adolescente no que diz respeito ao processo socioeducativo, a partir da perspectiva dos adolescentes participantes da cidade de Natal/RN. E, especificamente, objetivou-se: investigar de que maneira os adolescentes avaliam as atividades das quais participam, considerando se suas expectativas coincidem com as propostas do servi��o; averiguar a participa����o dos adolescentes na elabora����o, execu����o e avalia����o das a����es socioeducativas do servi��o; bem como compreender as motiva����es que contribuem para a inser����o e perman��ncia ou evas��o dos adolescentes no PJA. Para tanto foram realizados tr��s grupos focais com adolescentes participantes do Projovem Adolescente, em diferentes n��cleos do servi��o, no munic��pio de Natal/RN. Cada grupo focal contou com dois encontros, em que primeiramente foram debatidos aspectos da participa����o nas a����es socioeducativas e, num segundo encontro foram realizadas oficinas de produ����o de fanzines. A an��lise qualitativa dos dados foi realizada a partir da perspectiva te��rica do materialismo hist��rico-dial��tico, utilizando-se como m��todo de an��lise o M��todo Comparativo Constante, baseado na Teoria Fundamentada, que busca compreender o significado do fen��meno sob a perspectiva dos participantes. Os resultados foram apresentados divididos em eixos de an��lise os quais versaram sobre: as concep����es dos jovens sobre adolesc��ncia e juventude; e a participa����o nas a����es socioeducativas do PJA, destacando-se as caracter��sticas positivas e negativas apontadas pelos participantes, a rela����o dos jovens com o trabalho e as possibilidades e contribui����es do PJA em seus contextos de vida. Em vista da an��lise empreendida, �� poss��vel constatar que a concep����o dos participantes sobre a pr��pria viv��ncia da adolesc��ncia e juventude se encontra marcada pela absor����o de determinadas imagens socialmente atribu��das aos jovens, como a que considera a juventude enquanto etapa de prepara����o para o mundo adulto. A participa����o nas a����es socioeducativas, por sua vez, foi, de uma maneira geral, avaliada positivamente pelos participantes, n��o obstante esta avalia����o, os jovens apresentaram uma vis��o muito cr��tica sobre a execu����o do servi��o no munic��pio de Natal, relatando conhecer bem as dificuldades de ordem da gest��o, bem como as contradi����es e limita����es nas a����es do servi��o. Compreende-se a perspectiva da inclus��o social no contexto neoliberal em que s��o implementadas as políticas sociais, contudo acredita-se que dar voz aos jovens participantes contribuiu para proporcionar uma reflex��o sobre o modo como as políticas sociais, atrav��s do Projovem Adolescente tem atingido seu p��blico, considerando as quest��es e perspectivas apresentadas pelos jovens como ferramentas a servi��o das juventudes na constru����o de políticas democr��ticas e efetivas

Políticas públicas para a terceira idade: uma avalia����o do Programa Idoso Cidad��o da Prefeitura Municipal de Mossor��/RN

Nos ��ltimos anos, o tema velhice tem despertado mais a aten����o de diversos setores da sociedade. O resultado disso �� o aumento de reportagens, artigos, monografias, disserta����es e teses sobre ele.O Brasil est�� caminhando para se tornar a sexta popula����o de idosos no mundo, fruto do grande avan��o tecnol��gico, intensificado na segunda metade do s��culo XX, facilitando as conquistas da medicina, da sa��de e da gen��tica. Vale salientar que essa problem��tica est�� inserida em um contexto social, pol��tico e econ��mico espec��fico, que �� o da resignifica����o do poder local. �� nessa conjuntura que situamos o presente trabalho, que �� um estudo sobre a avalia����o de políticas públicas. Nesse sentido, procuramos analisar a efetividade do Programa Idoso Cidad��o, da Prefeitura Municipal de Mossor��. O quadro de refer��ncia te��rico-metodol��gico situa-se na revis��o da literatura sobre terceira idade, poder local e avalia����o de políticas públicas, observa����o assistem��tica; e entrevista semi-estruturada com os gestores, os profissionais envolvidos e particularmente com os usu��rios do Programa, tendo como meta averiguar como esses agentes percebem a implementa����o e os resultados do Programa. Com este tratamento conceitual foi poss��vel apreender as condi����es em que se deu o estudo sobre a efetividade do referido programa para o processo de inclus��o dos idosos na sociedade. O Programa Idoso Cidad��o ��, sem d��vida, um avan��o no trabalho com os idosos e na inclus��o destes na sociedade. �� um espa��o para a constru����o da cidadania, embora apresente muitas limita����es, principalmente na ��rea f��sica e no quadro profissional. Constatou-se que, de modo geral, o Programa atende ��s necessidades b��sicas de sua clientela. Portanto podemos dizer que a avalia����o da efetividade dessa pol��tica de atendimento ao idoso se mostrou eficaz, uma vez que podemos perceber o quanto o programa �� importante para a vida de seus usu��rios, promovendo a eleva����o de sua auto-estima e de sua aceita����o como categoria social

Políticas públicas e as transforma����es socioespaciais correlacionadas ao turismo no munic��pio de Caic��: uma an��lise do per��odo 2000 a 2010

The study presents an approach on planning, sociospatial transformations and public touristic policies implemented between 2000 and 2010 in Caic��, encompassing people from the government, private sector and the population of the municipality and informal traders who use the leisure facilities and services arranged in place. As the main goal, the research intends to analyze the performance of public and private sectors correlated to the touristic activity in Caic�� city and their reflections in the process changes sociospatial. The dissertation is structured in order to carry out an investigation into the role of public policies to the development of a location with touristic potential, in this case, the municipality of Caic��; to investigate public policies implemented in the touristic industry of Rio Grande do Norte, particularly the actions of PRODETUR-Nordeste focused on the development of the tourism in the countryside, affecting particularly the region of Serid�� region and the municipality of Caic��, and, finally, to check the main changes sociospatial verified in Caic�� between 2000 and 2010. Cultural issues and certain natural beauties can be seen as attractions that can attract tourist demand, taking into consideration the awakening increasingly more evident quest by the tourist for knowledge of the peculiarities of the region. Several authors have worked in this view, pointing to the cultural aspects of the region as elements that are able to boost the touristic activity. The questions raised in this study was based on a literature, based mainly on authors like Beni, Dias, Cruz, Azevedo and Morais. To obtain the necessary data in the analysis, the methodological procedures used in intensive direct observation, using interviews, applied together with the public representatives who are acting as leaders of the political actions related to tourism in the municipality and members of the private sector related to tourism services such as lodging establishments, food and travel agency and, finally, the local people and informal traders benefited directly or indirectly, with the touristic resources and structure. These research agents were investigated by means of structured forms such as support for analysis. Was detected in the survey that the leisure facilities and services installed in the last decade in the city of Caico has a priority the population of the municipality, is necessary to emphasize that the residents interviewed perceive the importance of these tools for tourist activity. It was also found that the public sector is the main responsible for the observed changes. Therefore, proved to be relevant to study the role public private sector partnerships and population influences, considering that this analysis may contribute to the work of researchers, public administrators and businessmen, may serve as a norteador for planning and development of tourism in the city of Caico

Turismo, territ��rio e políticas públicas: uma an��lise do destino Jo��o Pessoa/PB

This study presents an approach to tourism activity from the perspective of the territory, analyzing the importance of the roles of the State and public policies for tourism development. Tourism in the northeastern region of Brazil begins to take its rise from the late 1970 through public policies, whose goal was to provide the necessary conditions for tourism development. The tourism public policies were the key elements in the production process of tourist territories in the region. In the state of Para��ba, the public authorities elected the coastline as the main attraction and the state capital, Jo��o Pessoa, as the locus for the tourism development, with the city receiving a series of public policies. In this context, this research aims to analyze the development process of three specific public policies for tourism development in Jo��o Pessoa: The (mega)Projeto Costa do Sol (1988), the PRODETUR/PB I and II (1997 e 2005) and the Plano Estrat��gico de Desenvolvimento do Turismo na Para��ba, the Plano Amanhecer (2000). This study was guided by the question that even having been contemplated by the tourism public policies, Jo��o Pessoa still remains in a peripheral position in the regional tourism market. The methodological procedures for this study were literature and documents research and semi-structured interviews with tourism public officials and representatives from local tourism trade. The research came to prove that the discontinuity between governmental administrations hampered the implementation process of the tourism public policies studied. It was observed that the implementation of tourism public policies in the long term depends on the interaction between governments, as well as the collective political will to develop tourism in Joao Pessoa

Trabalhadores de ver��o : políticas públicas, turismo e emprego no litoral potiguar

El turismo en el Estado de Rio Grande do Norte (RN) se presenta constantemente por los medios de comunicaci��n de massa como fuente de desarrollo regional y local , delante de las inversiones generadas y la posibilidad verdadera/potencial de trabajos en sus diversos sectores. Las políticas públicas del sector fueran y son responsables por la captaci��n de inversiones privadas y su generaci��n consiguiente de puestos de trabajo. En los a��os 90, el gobierno del RN puso el Programa de Desarrollo del Turismo en Rio Grande do Norte PRODETUR/RN I, con vistas a la competitividad local como destinaci��n regional y nacional. El programa relacionado fue responsable por las inversiones diversas en infraestructura en los espacios implicados, aunque de forma asim��trica. Tales inversiones han contribuido para consolidar los discursos positivos con respecto al binomio turismo y trabajo . Con respecto a los discursos acr��ticos relacionados a este tema, mientras generador de trabajos y del desarrollo local es que se ha planteado esta investigaci��n, puesto que la calidad de los trabajos generados por la actividad tur��stica no se questiona y, de forma an��loga, los costes sociales de la pol��tica p��blica, es decir, la importancia de su modelo de desarrollo , tampoco es questionado. Desde la problematica que se ha delineado arriba las questones que han norteado la investigaci��n fueran: ��de que forma la pol��tica p��blica del turismo llamada de PRODETUR/RN fue eficaz para generar empleo y renta a las ciudades en que se ha llavado a cabo? ��Cuales son las caracter��sticas de estos trabajos? �� como estos trabajos se dividen en el espacio de las ciudades? As�� el ��rea delimitada para el estudio englobou las seis ciudades apoyadas por este Programa: Natal, Parnamirim, Cear��-Mirim, N��sia Floresta, Extremoz y Tibau do Sul. El recorte temporal de la pesquisa corresponde a la implantaci��n de este programa (1996) hasta los dias actuales. La investigaci��n de campo fue basada en el uso de 186 encuestas con los trabajadores en la actividad del turismo de litoral sur de Rio Grande do Norte, m��s all�� de la realizaci��n (secundaria) de ocho entrevistas con agentes sociales que tienen relaci��n con el tema. Como consideraciones finales de la investigaci��n, se creer que hay una asimetr��a en el espacio tur��stico potiguar, donde Natal es la zona que m��s ha recibido las ventajas m��s grandes proporcionadas por la actividad, mientras que el restante de las ciudades son el eje para la sustentaci��n de la actividad tur��stica de Natal. De esta forma, las ciudades perif��ricas (todas, excepto Natal) incluidas en PRODETUR/RN ejercen el papel del subproducto de la ciudad capital, donde la precarizaci��n de las relaciones de trabajo se evidencian, todav��a m��s en estas ciudades secundarias . La pol��tica p��blica en vez de intentar ecualizar las ventajas de la actividad en las seis ciudades, contribuye m��s, todav��a para consolidar el nivel de centralizad de Natal. El PRODETUR/RN I fue capaz de generar, indirectamente, trabajos significativos, sin embargo la mayor��a de ��stos si presentan en los niveles operacionales de la actividad, con las caracter��sticas puestas en esta investigaci��n (baja escolaridad, bajas rentas, falta de formalidad, levantadas horas de trabajo, bajo grado de sindicaci��n y otros m��s); los puestos de trabajos creados si hallan sobretodo en Natal; y las dem��s ciudades sirven como elementos de apoyo para la capital mientras producto central de las decisiones sobre el turismo en el Estado del RN

Principais conclus��es do workshop conjunto dos programas FAPESP BIOTA-BIOEN-mudan��as clim��ticas: ci��ncia e políticas públicas para uma economia mais verde, no contexto da RIO+20

Este Ponto de Vista resume as conclus��es de um Workshop conjunto, organizado pelos tr��s Programas da FAPESP na ��rea Ambiental - BIOTA (O Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade) - BIOEN (Pesquisa em Bioenergia) - Mudan��as Clim��ticas, para discutir a contribui����o da comunidade cient��fica para a RIO+20, a Confer��ncia das Na����es Unidas para o Desenvolvimento Sustent��vel. O grupo de pesquisadores brasileiros reunidos pela FAPESP no in��cio de mar��o de 2012 levantou as seguintes preocupa����es: a) o n��mero reduzido de oportunidades para a comunidade cient��fica interagir com Confer��ncias como a RIO+20; b) as graves defici��ncias do ZeroDraft, documento produzido pela Divis��o das Na����es Unidas para o Desenvolvimento Sustent��vel para a RIO +20; c) o fato do foco de pesquisa dos tr��s Programas de Pesquisa Ambiental da FAPESP - biodiversidade, bioenergia e mudan��as clim��ticas - n��o estarem na pauta das discuss��es da RIO+20; d) que pouca ��nfase �� dada aos oceanos na Agenda da Confer��ncia; e) em rela����o aos mecanismos de mercado associados com a transi����o para uma economia mais verde, a necessidade de enfatizar a redu����o de subs��dios perversos e a promo����o de incentivos econ��micos para atividades ou processos de mitiga����o e/ou seq��estro de carbono; f) a necessidade de estimular o desenvolvimento e a consolida����o da pesquisa na ��rea de avalia����o e valora����o de servi��os ambientais, no Brasil. Os participantes do Workshop reconheceram a necessidade de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as conven����es, tratados e acordos internacionais assinados e ratificados pelo Brasil, bem como as institui����es internacionais, programas e iniciativas que promovem a participa����o da comunidade cient��fica no debate de políticas ambientais globais. Finalmente, do ponto de vista dos tr��s programas da FAPESP dois pontos foram destacados: a) que �� imperativo aprofundar o conhecimento cient��fico em cada uma das tr��s ��reas focais - biodiversidade, bioenergia e mudan��as clim��ticas - porque �� necess��rio aumentar a massa cr��tica de pesquisadores e do conhecimento para participar das discuss��es internacionais nessas ��reas estrat��gicas; b) tamb��m �� imperativo apoiar e promover projetos de pesquisa que integrem as ��reas focais dos tr��s programas, estimulando a constitui����o de equipes inter e transdisciplinares. Esta �� uma tend��ncia mundial na ��rea das mudan��as ambientais globais, e os participantes dos tr��s programas sentem que podem dar uma contribui����o significativa para o avan��o do conhecimento, para o debate internacional e para a efetiva solu����o dos problemas.

Espa��os educativos impulsionadores da educação ambiental

A educação ambiental (EA) vem-se expandindo no Brasil em diversos espa��os educativos formais e n��o-formais. Este texto considera a EA provocadora de mudan��as políticas, estimuladora de uma racionalidade ��tica e ecol��gica e promovedora de atitudes e valores pessoais e de pr��ticas sociais compat��veis com a sustentabilidade da vida na Terra. Sob esta vis��o, o artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a expans��o da educação ambiental nas universidades brasileiras, nos ��ltimos vinte anos; discutir as poss��veis mudan��as educacionais das políticas públicas da ��rea, a partir da Constitui����o de 1988; considerar a poss��vel influ��ncia das for��as dos movimentos sociais da sociedade organizada e das redes de EA locais, regionais e nacionais formadas com a generaliza����o do uso da inform��tica, como impulsionadora da sua expans��o. A EA se constitui e se formaliza com o respaldo de uma pol��tica nacional que propicia sua perman��ncia e aprofundamento nos espa��os j�� conquistados e promove sua inser����o nos demais contextos da sociedade organizada.

Gest��o ambiental: uma s��plica do planeta, um desafio para políticas públicas, incubadoras e pequenas empresas

O texto traz uma reflex��o sobre o papel das incubadoras de empresas no apoio a pr��ticas ambientais por micro e pequenas empresas. Reconhecendo as debilidades estruturais das empresas de pequeno porte e as dificuldades para a realiza����o de investimentos ambientais, defende o uso de incubadoras como instrumento de pol��tica p��blica para estimular investimentos ambientais. Identifica um n��mero restrito de incubadoras de tecnologias ambientais, em plano internacional. Relata os resultados de uma pesquisa que avaliou a aplicabilidade de um indicador para apurar o desempenho ambiental de incubadoras. Destacaram-se dois resultados: a) a baixa import��ncia atribu��da, pelas incubadoras (e pelas empresas abrigadas) ao desempenho ambiental; e b) a aus��ncia de est��mulos, pelas incubadoras, aos investimentos ambientais. Desse ��ltimo resultado deriva importante conclus��o: a de que, uma vez apurados os padr��es insatisfat��rios de desempenho ambiental, de incubadoras e empresas assistidas, ficariam criadas as condi����es para a formula����o e a implementa����o de medidas indutoras de novas posturas.