An Objective Framework to Test the Quality of Candidate Indicators of Good Environmental Status

Large efforts are on-going within the EU to prepare the Marine Strategy Framework Directive’s (MSFD) assessment of the environmental status of the European seas. This assessment will only be as good as the indicators chosen to monitor the eleven descriptors of good environmental status (GEnS). An objective and transparent framework to determine whether chosen indicators actually support the aims of this policy is, however, not yet in place. Such frameworks are needed to ensure that the limited resources available to this assessment optimize the likelihood of achieving GEnS within collaborating states. Here, we developed a hypothesis-based protocol to evaluate whether candidate indicators meet quality criteria explicit to the MSFD, which the assessment community aspires to. Eight quality criteria are distilled from existing initiatives, and a testing and scoring protocol for each of them is presented. We exemplify its application in three worked examples, covering indicators for three GEnS descriptors (1, 5 and 6), various habitat components (seaweeds, seagrasses, benthic macrofauna and plankton), and assessment regions (Danish, Lithuanian and UK waters). We argue that this framework provides a necessary, transparent and standardized structure to support the comparison of candidate indicators, and the decision-making process leading to indicator selection. Its application could help identify potential limitations in currently available candidate metrics and, in such cases, help focus the development of more adequate indicators. Use of such standardized approaches will facilitate the sharing of knowledge gained across the MSFD parties despite context-specificity across assessment regions, and support the evidence-based management of European seas.

An Objective Framework to Test the Quality of Candidate Indicators of Good Environmental Status

Large efforts are on-going within the EU to prepare the Marine Strategy Framework Directive’s (MSFD) assessment of the environmental status of the European seas. This assessment will only be as good as the indicators chosen to monitor the eleven descriptors of good environmental status (GEnS). An objective and transparent framework to determine whether chosen indicators actually support the aims of this policy is, however, not yet in place. Such frameworks are needed to ensure that the limited resources available to this assessment optimize the likelihood of achieving GEnS within collaborating states. Here, we developed a hypothesis-based protocol to evaluate whether candidate indicators meet quality criteria explicit to the MSFD, which the assessment community aspires to. Eight quality criteria are distilled from existing initiatives, and a testing and scoring protocol for each of them is presented. We exemplify its application in three worked examples, covering indicators for three GEnS descriptors (1, 5 and 6), various habitat components (seaweeds, seagrasses, benthic macrofauna and plankton), and assessment regions (Danish, Lithuanian and UK waters). We argue that this framework provides a necessary, transparent and standardized structure to support the comparison of candidate indicators, and the decision-making process leading to indicator selection. Its application could help identify potential limitations in currently available candidate metrics and, in such cases, help focus the development of more adequate indicators. Use of such standardized approaches will facilitate the sharing of knowledge gained across the MSFD parties despite context-specificity across assessment regions, and support the evidence-based management of European seas.

The Challenge of Migration and the Global Security Strategy of the European Union

This article discusses the challenges of irregular migration for the security of the EU. They are analyzed starting with the European Security Strategy 2003, and the Report on its Implementation, 2008, and notes many failures: The EU Members did not follow the directives adopted in Brussels, the mismanagement of migration and asylum policies, and numerous actions that can be characterized or described as improvised, scattered or irresponsible. The 2016 Global Strategy recognizes these failures and call attention to the European leaders to reconsider how the EU functions and operates, suggesting the need for greater unity and cooperation to achieve a more effective migration policy. However, the article points out that practically all of the sections of the new Strategy dealing with migration were already embodied in previous Strategies, and stress that in parallel with the publication of the 2016 Global Strategy, actions are already undertaken, such as the EU readmission agreements signed with several important third countries of origin.

The New Architecture of EU Equality Law after CHEZ: Did the Court of Justice reconceptualise direct and indirect discrimination?

The Court of Justice’s decision of the 16 July 2015, in Case C-83/14 CHEZ Razpredelenie Bulgaria AD v Komisia za zashtita ot diskriminatsia, is a critically important case for two main reasons. First, it represents a further step along the path of addressing ethnic discrimination against Roma communities in Europe, particularly in Bulgaria, where the case arises. Second, it provides interpretations (sometimes controversial interpretations) of core concepts in the EU antidiscrimination Directives that will be drawn on in the application of equality law well beyond Bulgaria, and well beyond the pressing problem of ethnic discrimination against Roma. This article focuses particularly on the second issue, the potentially broader implications of the case. In particular, it will ask whether the Court of Justice’s approach in CHEZ is subtly redrawing the boundaries of EU equality law in general, in particular by expanding the concept of direct discrimination, or whether the result and the approach adopted is sui generis, one depending on the particular context of the case and the fact that it involves allegations of discrimination against Roma, and therefore of limited general application.

Proposals from Berlin and Paris – Intermediary Liability in European Copyright Law

Two very different proposals on copyright policy – one a privately drafted document, the other a governmental report – are published in this edition of JIPITEC. There is an interesting point of intersection between them because they both consider the difficult question of the liability of online intermediaries for users’ infringements. The first document is “The Berlin Gedankenexperiment on the Restructuring of Copyright Law and Authors Rights”. This is a wide-ranging proposal for a complete recasting of the legal system that promotes the production of, and controls the use of, creative goods. The second policy document has a more limited focus. The French High Council for Literary and Artistic Property (“CSPLA”)’s Mission to Link Directives 2000/31 and 2001/29 – Report and Proposals (“Mission Report”) aims to provide a persuasive intervention in current policy discussions at European Union level concerning the liability or, more appropriately, the non-liability, of online intermediaries for copyright infringement. In this brief introduction, I outline the scope of both proposals and reflect briefly on their recommendations.

De nya EU-direktiven om hållbarhetsrapportering : En fallstudie genomförd på Stora Enso

Bakgrund Denna uppsats behandlar de nya EU-kraven som föreslås träda i kraft från och med det räkenskapsår som inleds närmast efter den 31 december 2016. Uppsatsen har undersökt hur Stora Enso arbetar med hållbarhetsrapportering enligt Global Reporting Initiatives riktlinjer. Detta eftersom att Stora Enso var det första börsnoterade företaget i Sverige vars hållbarhetsrapportering granskats av en tredje part. Vidare siktar denna uppsats på att ge de företag som ej tidigare har erfarenhet från hållbarhetsrapportering en inspirationskälla, som stöd i upprättningen av egna hållbarhetsrapporter. Syfte Syftet med den här fallstudien är att beskriva hur ett företag som redan innan EU-kraven börjat tillämpats rapporterat i enlighet med dessa, och hur de aktivt arbetar med hållbarhetsrapportering. Metod Fallstudie: intervjuer och dokumentanalys. Slutsats Det är viktigt att hela tiden fortsätta förbättra företagets hållbara utveckling och dess mål. Stora Ensos hållbarhetsrapportering kopplades ihop med den hållbara utvecklingen i stort, och här sågs att rapporteringen har hjälpt Stora Enso att uppnå och utveckla sina hållbarhetsmål. Utan hållbarhetsrapporteringen skulle Stora Ensos positiva utveckling inte varit lika omfattande. Utifrån de intervjuer som genomfördes konstaterades det att GRI:s riktlinjer medför både en fördel och en nackdel: de är väldigt omfattande.

O Modelo de gestão participativa do Plano Nacional do Turismo (PNT-2003/2007): a atuação do CONETUR/RN

To implement policies and plans at the tourist sector involve disposition to the establishment of parceries among government and private initiative, space to the action of studious, researchers and professionals of several areas of knowledge and formation, able of to give new courses no only at the tourism, but to the economy how a every, seen which the tourism had a effect multiplicator, reaching 52 sectors of the economy. At this sense, the Brazil came pruning for a new phase of politic actuation at the touristy activity. Until the year 2002, the tourism politic in the Brazil no had detail, because herself treated of isolated actions and many without continuity. However, at to start 2003, several actions were developed in order to contribute for the national touristy planning. The principal was the creation of Ministério do Turismo, accompanied of the formulation and implementation of the Plano Nacional do Turismo (2003/2007). This work pretend to understand the implementation at the Rio Grande do Norte of the model of participative administration extolled by Plano Nacional do Turismo. The your centre detail the action of the Conselho Estadual de Turismo do Rio Grande do Norte (CONETUR), to promote the participation at the tourism public policies. The bibliographical research contemplated diverse sources in order to compile knowledge of credential authors in the quarrel of inherent subjects to the participation and to the tourism public policies, especially at the Brazil. A qualitative perspective the case study was adapted as research method and for attainment of the data interviews with the members of the Conselho had been carried through beyond consultation the referring documents the dynamics of functioning of the Conselho. The principal actuations of the CONETUR, the directives tourism public policies already made and directed to implementation, the type of participation at made decision, the principal difficulties of the implementation of the participative administration model of the Plano Nacional do Turismo and the degree of participation of the members of the Conselho at the reunions had been identified. The results had shown that exist some difficulties at the implementation of the participation at the Conselho Estadual de Turismo do Rio Grande do Norte, knowledge of the Conselheiros of CONETUR function, the presence of bodies which doesn t directly connected at the touristy activity; the absence of time of the Conselheiros to be presents at reunions; the discontinuity of the presidency of the Conselho; among others. So, the CONETUR show himself how a Conselho with participative characteristics, but with some adapted needs.

Biodiversity offsetting and restoration under the European Union Habitats Directive: balancing between no net loss and deathbed conservation?

Biodiversity offsets have emerged as one of the most prominent policy approaches to align economic development with nature protection across many jurisdictions, including the European Union. Given the increased level of scrutiny that needs to be applied when authorizing economic developments near protected Natura 2000 sites, the incorporation of onsite biodiversity offsets in project design has grown increasingly popular in some member states, such as the Netherlands and Belgium. Under this approach, the negative effects of developments are outbalanced by restoration programs that are functionally linked to the infrastructure projects. However, although taking into consideration that the positive effects of onsite restoration measures leads to more leeway for harmful project development, the EU Court of Justice has recently dismissed the latter approaches for going against the preventative underpinnings of the EU Habitats Directive. Also, the expected beneficial outcomes of the restoration efforts are uncertain and thus cannot be relied upon in an ecological assessment under Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive. Although biodiversity offsets can still be relied upon whenever application is being made of the derogation clause under Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, they cannot be used as mitigation under the generic decision-making process for plans and programs liable to adversely affect Natura 2000 sites. We outline the main arguments pro and contra the stance of the EU Court of Justice with regards to the exact delineation between mitigation and compensation. The analysis is also framed in the ongoing debate on the effectiveness of the EU nature directives. Although ostensibly rigid, it is argued that the recent case-law developments are in line with the main principles underpinning biodiversity offsetting. Opening the door for biodiversity offsetting under the Habitats Directive will certainly not reverse the predicament of the EU’s biodiversity. A reinforcement of the preventative approach is instrumental to avert a further biodiversity loss within the European Union, even if it will lead to additional permit refusals for unsustainable project developments.

Social media to support collaboration in the product life cycle of SMEs

Abstract : The use of social media tools to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) to support their business activities throughout the product life cycle (PLC) phases represents an interesting opportunity. SMEs operate in very competitive environments, and face significant challenges primarily caused by their size disadvantage. By nature, social media tools and platforms can enable them to overcome some of these challenges, as they are often very inexpensive, familiar and easy to use, allowing them to reach large audiences they would not be able to reach with traditional and expensive marketing initiatives. To provide solutions to this problem, this research identified three main objectives. The first objective was to draw a picture of the existing academic literature on the use of social media tools in the PLC context to better understand how these tools were studied and used in businesses, and for what purpose. Second, this research aimed at understanding how SMEs actually use social media tools to support their different business activities to identify the gap between academic research and actual business practices. Finally, based on the findings highlighted from the previous objectives, this research aimed at developing theory on this topic by proposing a conceptual framework of customer engagement enabled by social media. The conceptual framework aimed at answering general questions that emerged from the initial two objectives: Why do some SMEs use social media to support customer engagement, while others do not? Why do firms use different social media tools to support their customer engagement initiatives? Why does the scope of customer engagement initiatives (i.e., across different PLC phases) vary between SMEs? What are the potential outcomes of conducting customer engagement initiatives for the organizing firms? In order to achieve these research objectives, the methodology employed for this research is threefold. First, a systematic literature review was performed in order to properly understand how the use of social media tools in the PLC context had been studied. The final results consisted of 78 academic articles which were analyzed based on their bibliometric information and their content. Second, in order to draw the contrast between the academic publications and managerial reality of SMEs, six semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand how these firms actually use social media to support different activities in each of the PLC phases. Third, five additional semi-structured interviews were performed to gather a deeper understanding of this phenomenon and generate theory to support the proposed conceptual framework. The conceptual framework focuses on the degree of customer engagement, which is comprised of the scope (PLC phases) of customer engagement and the technology (social media tools) employed to support these initiatives. Two sets of antecedents were examined, firm motivators and firm impediments, as they could both potentially affect the scope and the social media tools used to support customer engagement initiatives. Finally, potential customer engagement outcomes for SMEs developing these initiatives were also examined. The semi-structured interviews lasted approximately 25-35 minutes, and were performed using an interview grid consisting of 24 open-ended questions. The interview grid was developed based on the findings of the systematic literature review, and this qualitative approach allowed for a rich understanding of the interviewed SMEs’ use of social media tools to support and engage customers in their different PLC activities. The main results highlighted by this project demonstrate that this field is relatively recent and sees constant increase in research interest since 2008. However, most of the academic research focuses on the use of social media tools to support innovation activities during the new product development process, while the interviewed firms almost exclusively used the tools to engage customers in the later phases of the PLC, primarily for promotion, customer service support, and business development activities. Interestingly, the interviewed firms highlighted several benefits of using social media tools to engage customers, some of which could help them overcome certain size disadvantages previously mentioned. These firms are in need of further guidelines to properly implement such initiatives and reap the expected benefits. Results suggest that SMEs are far behind both large companies and academic research in their use of social media to engage customers in different business activities. The proposed conceptual framework serves as a great tool to better understand their reality and eventually better support them in their social media and customer engagement efforts. However, this framework needs to be further developed and improved. This research project provides a 360-degree view of the phenomenon of the use of social media to support customer engagement for SMEs, by providing both a thorough systematic review of the academic research and an understanding of the managerial reality of SMEs behind this phenomenon. From this analysis, a conceptual framework is then proposed and serves as a stepping stone for future researchers who are interested in developing theory in this field.

Conception d'un outil visant à favoriser la planification intégrée des transports et de l'aménagement du territoire dans les projets routiers

L’essor des villes depuis le 19e siècle, lié à des facteurs socioéconomiques et démographiques, pose plusieurs défis en ce qui concerne le devenir de nos sociétés. Pour les relever, il est nécessaire d’aménager le territoire sur le long terme, en y intégrant les principes du développement durable. Cette approche permet de soutenir le développement de collectivités solidaires, durables, et prospères. Au sein du gouvernement québécois, l’appropriation de ce concept se traduit notamment par la volonté de mettre en place une planification intégrée des transports et de l’aménagement du territoire. La région administrative de l’Outaouais n’est pas en marge de ce défi, puisque l’histoire des transports sur le territoire témoigne de cette interrelation. En effet, plusieurs projets routiers de la région démontrent les effets réciproques entre l’aménagement du territoire et les transports. Ces exemples confirment la nécessité d’améliorer les exercices de planification en Outaouais. À cette fin, l’objectif de cet essai est de créer un outil visant à favoriser la planification intégrée des transports et de l’aménagement du territoire dans les projets routiers. La liste de contrôle constitue la première partie de l’outil et permet de vérifier si les prérequis sont complétés pour assurer la réussite du projet. La deuxième partie de l’outil, la grille d’évaluation, a pour but de déterminer le niveau de cohérence du projet avec les directives à suivre en aménagement du territoire pour la région de l’Outaouais. À l’issue de l’application de la grille, il est possible de discriminer les scénarios entre eux. La création de l’outil repose sur une revue de la littérature des documents de planification territoriale de onze collectivités en Outaouais et il s’inspire de guides et d’outils déjà existants à ce sujet. Sa conception a également été complétée grâce à des ateliers de travail avec les partenaires locaux du ministère des Transports, de la Mobilité durable et de l’Électrification des transports. Pour conclure, des éléments de discussion justifient certains choix et énoncent des mises en garde à propos de l’outil. Ils sont complétés par quatre recommandations énonçant la nécessité d’adapter l’outil selon les objectifs et le contexte du projet routier afin d’optimiser son utilisation.

Den nyanserade bilden av barnet : -En studie av samtalsmallar inför utvecklingssamtal på förskolan

Målet med studien är att förstå hur och vad som beskrivs och bedöms genom de samtalsmallar som används inför utvecklingssamtal på förskolan. Det är en kvalitativ studie baserad på innehållsanalys av insamlade dokument. Innehållsanalysen utfördes genom kodscheman som tas upp av Bergström och Boréus (2008). I analysarbetet har vi inspirerats av diskursanalysen. Studien är baserad på åtta samtalsmallar inför utvecklingssamtal från olika förskolor i en kommun i Mellansverige. Studien visar att samtalsmallarna innehöll flera olika sätt att beskriva och bedöma barn. Genom vårt analysarbete fann vi framför allt fem tydliga teman som utgör vårt resultat; Det lärande barnet, där barnet genom samtalsmallarna beskrivs och bedöms inom olika områden och ses som lärande eller under utveckling. Barnet som person, baserat på punkterna i samtalsmallarna som utgörs av bedömning och beskrivning av barnets personliga attribut. Det bristande barnet, med grund i samtalsmallarnas fokus på barnets tillkortakommanden och brister. Barnet i verksamhetens kontext, utifrån punkter i samtalsmallarna där verksamheten beskrivs och bedöms och Det positivt framställda barnet, grundat i till exempel uppmaningar i samtalsmallarna om att hålla samtalen i positiv anda. Tillika visar studien att flera olika barnsyner ligger till grund för hur barn ska beskrivas och bedömas i samtalsmallarna, samt att det råder motsägelser och bristande direktiv i förskolans styrdokument för utvecklingssamtalens syfte och innehåll.

Description et analyse des modèles d’entraînement utilisés dans la grande industrie estrienne par le cadre de première ligne pour favoriser l’adaptation des jeunes et nouveaux employés sans spécialisation à leur poste de travail

Ce mémoire aborde la question de l'entraînement au poste de travail des jeunes et nouveaux employés non spécialisés, à savoir : «Quels sont les modèles d'entraînement utilisés dans la grande industrie estrienne pour favoriser l'adaptation des nouveaux employés à leur poste de travail?» Au cours de cette recherche exploratoire, l'auteur tente de comprendre la dimension éducative entre les cadres de première ligne et les jeunes et nouveaux employés non spécialisés. Par le biais d'entrevues semi-directives, il a recueilli des données chez ces deux populations et les a ensuite analysées de manière qualitative en s'inspirant de l'approche de Miles et Huberman (1984). Les résultats obtenus permettent à l'auteur de croire qu'il n'existe pas de systématisation dans l'entraînement des jeunes et nouveaux employés non spécialisés dans les trois grandes industries estriennes concernées. Les résultats ont plutôt démontré la présence de moments d'instruction spontanés et circonstanciels.

Étude de la dimension éthique dans la relation éducative à partir de témoignages d'enseignantes et d'enseignants du secondaire

La profession enseignante implique nécessairement une relation entre des personnes : son objet principal étant un ensemble de sujets dont on vise le développement; son outil privilégié, un rapport humain d'aide et de médiation. Cet état de fait nous amène à nous questionner sur la dimension éthique présente dans la relation éducative. Plus précisément, notre recherche vise une clarification et une meilleure compréhension de cette dimension de la pratique pédagogique. Pour atteindre cet objectif, en nous appuyant sur une méthodologie de type qualitatif, nous avons recueilli, à l'aide d'entrevues semi-directives, les témoignages de dix enseignantes et enseignants du secondaire en rapport avec la dimension éthique de leur pratique quotidienne. L'analyse de ce matériel a été réalisée suivant les procédures et les techniques d'analyse d'abord mises de l'avant par Glaser et Strauss en 1967, puis reprises et enrichies plus récemment par Strauss et Corbin (1990) et Paillé (1994) : la méthode d'analyse par théorisation ancrée. Pour l'essentiel, nos résultats mettent en évidence la pensée et la pratique pédagogique d'enseignantes et d'enseignants dont la dimension éthique se traduit, non pas uniquement dans la relation maître-élève, mais à travers l'ensemble des relations professionnelles entretenues avec diverses instances ; la société, l'institution scolaire et les élèves. D'une part, il apparaît que la principale source régissant les décisions éthiques de l'enseignant s'avère la personne même de l'enseignant, c'est-à-dire ses valeurs et ses représentations personnelles. D'autre part, il ressort que, dès l'entrée dans la profession, les valeurs et les représentations personnelles de l'enseignant sont confrontées à celles de la société, de l'institution, des élèves. En fait, l'enseignant se trouve partagé entre plusieurs forces : les pressions des parents, de la société, les attentes de l'institution scolaire, de la direction, des collègues, les demandes des élèves et enfin, ses attentes personnelles, son désir individuel. En somme, si le concept d'éthique renvoie à trois composantes de l'agir humain, soit les conduites, les valeurs et les représentations (Legault, 1993); en éducation, il semble que les conduites, les valeurs et les représentations de l'enseignant sont continuellement façonnées à travers les relations qu'il vit avec les différents partenaires de la relation éducative. Dans cette étude, il se dégage que la dimension éthique dans la relation éducative se caractérise principalement par un processus de négociation : négociation du rôle social, négociation de la pratique pédagogique et négociation de la relation avec les élèves. À notre avis, il s'agit bien d'une négociation et plus précisément d'une négociation éthique latente à travers laquelle l'enseignant, plus ou moins consciemment, cherche à trouver un accord, un terrain d'entente, une conciliation entre ses valeurs, ses représentations initiales, ses attentes et celles qu'il perçoit de la société, de l'institution scolaire et de ses élèves.

Computação de alto desempenho aplicada a modelagem numérica de fenômenos atmosféricos

A constante evolução da tecnologia disponibilizou, atualmente, ferramentas computacionais que eram apenas expectativas há 10 anos atrás. O aumento do potencial computacional aplicado a modelos numéricos que simulam a atmosfera permitiu ampliar o estudo de fenômenos atmosféricos, através do uso de ferramentas de computação de alto desempenho. O trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento de algoritmos com base em arquiteturas SIMT e aplicação de técnicas de paralelismo com uso da ferramenta OpenACC para processamento de dados de previsão numérica do modelo Weather Research and Forecast. Esta proposta tem forte conotação interdisciplinar, buscando a interação entre as áreas de modelagem atmosférica e computação científica. Foram testadas a influência da computação do cálculo de microfísica de nuvens na degradação temporal do modelo. Como a entrada de dados para execução na GPU não era suficientemente grande, o tempo necessário para transferir dados da CPU para a GPU foi maior do que a execução da computação na CPU. Outro fator determinante foi a adição de código CUDA dentro de um contexto MPI, causando assim condições de disputa de recursos entre os processadores, mais uma vez degradando o tempo de execução. A proposta do uso de diretivas para aplicar computação de alto desempenho em uma estrutura CUDA parece muito promissora, mas ainda precisa ser utilizada com muita cautela a fim de produzir bons resultados. A construção de um híbrido MPI + CUDA foi testada, mas os resultados não foram conclusivos.