大赖草总DNA转化小麦引起的HMW-GS基因变化及大赖草HMW-GS基因的克隆

应用花粉管通道技术将新疆大赖草总DNA导入小麦，用高重序列分析方法，已为大赖草总DNA转入小麦提供了初步的分子证据。在转 化后代中选育出稳定遗传的大穗变异株系，分析表明，这些转化株中蛋白质含量明显增高(13%-17%)。对基因供体新疆大赖草、受 体春麦761、转化株的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)进行了SDS-PAGE分析，发现这些转化株中HMW-GS发生了很大变化，并在此基础 上，用来自小麦基因组的四对特异引物，以PCR方法扩增供体、受体以及转化株的1Ax、1Bx、1Dx及1Ay、1By、1Dy型HMW-GS全基因 ，比较他们扩增产物的差异，结果表明，受体与转化株在HMW-GS基因1Ax、1Bx位点上的扩增产物差异不大，在HMW-GS基因位点1Dx 和y型基因上的扩增产物有较大差异，说明了受体在基因位点1Dx、1Ay、1By和1Dy上可能发生了多位点插入，可能由于这些基因位 点上的插入引起了转化株的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)的变化，这就再一次为大赖草总DNA导入提供了直接的分子证据。虽然大 赖草总DNA导入提高了小麦蛋白质的含量，改变了HMW-GS的组成，部分改变了品质评分，但我们感到这些转化株在品质改良方面仍 有很大余地，如何更好地利用新疆大赖草蛋白质的优良特性及避免总DNA导入给转化株带来的不良性状，一个大赖草HMW-GS基因正 被分离及克隆，并准备将其利用于未来的品质育种当中。Total DNA of Leymus racemosus had been transformed into wheat through pollen tube pathway. Analysis of the repeated gene sequence had provided an elementary proof. Some variant cultivars with big ear were screened from their offsprings, and their protein content increased greatly from 13% (receptor)to 17%(transformed). The result from SDS-PAGE analysis of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits(HMW- GS) respectively in donor(Xinjiang Leymus racemosus), receptor(spring wheat cultivar 761)and transformed wheats, showed the HMW-GS composition changed in the transformed plants. On the basis of the research, Four special pairs primers from wheat(T.aestivum L.) genome were used to amplify complete coding regions of HMW-GS genes on 1Ax、1Bx 、1Dx and 1Ay、1By、1Dy loci of donor、receptor and the big ear transformed cultivars. By comparing amplified PCR products. Faint differences were found among receptor and transformed cultivar's 1Ax、1Bx PCR amplifed products and apparent differences on those of 1Dx、y-typePCR product. We gueseed that there may be some DNA inserts in 1Dx 、1By、1Dy loci resulted in the changes of the HMW-GS among transformed cultivars. This provides second direct molecular witness to the exogenous DNA introduction. Even though the transformed plants have higher protein content, changed HMW-GS composition, partially improved process quality, there still leave much work to improve quality. In order to make full use of the excellent property of Leymus racemosus protein and avoid the disadvantages introducced by total DNA transformation, a HMW-GS gene of Leymus racemosus was being isolated and cloned.

小麦中微量元素锌铁硒的含量的分析

本研究应用微波消解ICP-AES 法对62 个小麦品种及3 个地区土壤的锌铁硒含量进行了分析测定，发现不同小麦品种中微量元素含量差异很大，姊妹系间也存在差异。含铁量最高与最低的小麦品种铁含量相差29.68mg/kg。含锌量最高与最低的小麦品种锌含量相差46.70 mg/kg。含硒量最高与最低的小麦品种硒含量相差0.056 mg/kg。对不同地点的小麦及土壤中锌铁硒含量进行方差分析，发现双流和西昌两地种植小麦的铁含量和硒含量均有显著差异，西昌和荣县种植的锌含量有显著差异。在3 个地点中双流种植小麦硒含量最高，西昌种植小麦的铁和锌含量最高。 通过对小麦微量元素含量与土壤中微量元素含量进行了相关性分析，结果表明：小麦中的锌铁含量与土壤中的锌铁含量呈显著正相关，土壤中铁与锌含量呈极显著正相关，小麦中铁与锌含量也呈极显著正相关。随着土壤微量元素锌铁的提高，小麦中的锌铁元素含量同时提高，而且小麦对两种元素的吸收互相促进。土壤中的硒含量与锌铁含量呈负相关。小麦中硒含量也与锌铁含量也呈负相关。说明锌和铁与硒互相拮抗。小麦硒含量与土壤硒含量呈正相关，但不显著。表明土壤硒含量可以影响小麦硒含量，但不是决定因素，小麦硒含量与小麦自身因素有关。 对姊妹系G290（高硒含量）和G289（低硒含量）进行抗重金属胁迫和抗旱性实验发现，高硒品种G290的抗逆性优于低硒品种G289。 利用RAPD 技术对7 个姊妹系进行遗传差异分析发现，高硒材料G290出现了特异条带，分别标为1、2、3、4，其他姊妹系品种中未发现特异条带，回收4 条特异条带并连接转化，得到目的片段1、2、3 的重组子，进行测序。NCBI 中结果显示没有找到植物中的同源序列，说明特异序列可能是未发现的基因片段，推测可能与小麦硒含量有关，有待进一步研究。 以上研究结果，对小麦营养研究及功能性小麦的筛选和栽培具有指导作用。 In this study, we determinated the contents of zinc, iron, selenium in 62 wheat cultivars and soil samples of three regions by method of microwave digestion/ ICPAES,found that there was great difference of zinc, iron, selenium contents in different wheat cultivars as well as different sister lines. Iron content difference was 29.68 mg/kg between the highest-iron-content cultivar and the lowest one, and zinc content difference was 46.70 mg/kg , selenium content difference was 0.056 mg/kg. Anova analysis was made on contents of zinc, iron, selenium in wheat and soil samples of different locations, significant differences of Fe and Se contents were found between wheat in Shuangliu and Xichang, significant difference of Zn content was found between wheat in Xichang and Rongxian. Se content in wheat of Shuangliu was highest, Fe and Zn contents in wheat of Xichang were highest. Relativity analysis was made on three trace elements in Wheat and in soil, the result showed that there was significant positive correlation of zinc, iron content between in Wheat and in soil, as well as between Fe and Zn both in wheat and in soil. With the improving of Zn, Fe contents in soil, contents of Zn and Fe in wheat increased and absorption of Zn and Fe in wheat will mutual promote. Negative correlation of Se and Zn contents was found in wheat and soil, but not significant, that meant the antagonism of Se and Zn. Positive correlation of Se content in wheat and soil was found. High selenium content G290 and low selenium content G289 in sister lines were selected for heavy metal stress and drought resistance experiments, the result showed that the resistance of high-selenium-content cultivar was better than low selenium one. Analysis on genetic difference was made by RAPD, and specific bands were selected, marked 1,2,3,4, no more specific bands were found in other sister lines.4 bands were recovered, ligated to T-vector and transformed E.coli. Three recombinant plasmids were obtained and sequenced. NCBI Blast showed there was no homology with other plants. It implied that these fragments probably be new genes and maybe were related to selenium in wheat. It needs further research. This paper would be useful for the study of wheat nutrition as well as selection and cultivation of functional wheat.

Linear energy transfer dependence of the effects of carbon ion beams on adventitious shoot regeneration from in vitro leaf explants of Saintpaulia ionahta

Purpose: To determine the effects of carbon ion beams with five different linear energy transfer (LET) values on adventitious shoots from in vitro leaf explants of Saintpaulia ionahta Mauve cultivar with regard to tissue increase, shoots differentiation and morphology changes in the shoots. Materials and methods: In vitro leaf explant samples were irradiated with carbon ion beams with LET values in the range of 31 similar to 151 keV/mu m or 8 MeV of X-rays (LET 0.2 keV/mu m) at different doses. Fresh weight increase, surviving fraction and percentage of the explants with regenerated malformed shoots in all the irradiated leaf explants were statistically analysed. Results: The fresh weight increase (FWI) and surviving fraction (SF) decreased dramatically with increasing LET at the same doses. In addition, malformed shoots, including curliness, carnification, nicks and chlorophyll deficiency, occurred in both carbon ion beam and X-ray irradiations. The induction frequency with the former, however, was far more than that with the X-rays. Conclusions: This work demonstrated the LET dependence of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of tissue culture of Saintpaulia ionahta according to 50% FWI and 50% SF. After irradiating leaf explants with 5 Gy of a 221 MeV carbon ion beam having a LET value of 96 keV/mu m throughout the sample, a chlorophyll-deficient (CD) mutant, which could transmit the character of chlorophyll deficiency to its progeny through three continuous tissue culture cycles, and plantlets with other malformations were obtained.

Effect of gamma-ray radiation on physiological, morphological characters and chromosome aberrations of minitubers in Solanum tuberosum L.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of gamma-ray radiation on the physiological, morphological characters and chromosome aberrations of minitubers. Materials and methods: Minitubers of one potato cultivar, 'Shepody', were irradiated with 8 doses of gamma-rays (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 Gy [Gray]) to investigate the effects of radiation on emergence ability, plant height and root length, morphological variations, chromosome aberrations, M-1 (first generation mutants) tuber number and size of minituber plants. Results: Compared with the non-irradiated controls, the whole period of emergence was prolonged by 10-15 days for minitubers treated with gamma-ray radiation, but low doses of radiation (10, 20 and 30 Gy) promoted the emergence percentage of minitubers. With an increase in radiation dose, the emergence percentage, plant height and root length of minituber plants were significantly inhibited at 40 and 50 Gy. No emergence occurred at 60 Gy and higher doses. After radiation, a series of morphological variations and chromosome aberrations appeared in minituber plants. Radiation with 20 Gy promoted tuber formation, and the average number and diameter of M-1 tubers per plant were significantly increased over the control by 71% and 34%, respectively. Conclusion: Low doses of radiation (10-30 Gy) might be used as a valuable parameter to study the improvement of minitubers by gamma-ray radiation treatment.

栽培模式、施氮和品种对冬小麦冠层结构和产量的影响

在黄土高原南部半湿润易旱区土垫旱耕人为土上进行大田试验,研究氮肥、品种和栽培模式对冬小麦叶面积指数(LAI)和透光率(DIFN)及产量的影响。结果表明,小麦生长过程中LAI先增大后减小,在开花期最大,成熟期最小,施氮能够显著增加LAI;DIFN的变化规律与LAI相反。不同品种间LAI和DIFN差异显著。全程覆膜和覆膜150 d的LAI极显著大于常规栽培、集雨面栽培和三密一稀栽培模式,DIFN与此相反;施氮后籽粒产量极显著增加。在不同栽培模式下,以全程覆膜、覆膜150 d和集雨面栽培模式的产量较高,但从维持土壤质量角度考虑,则覆膜150 d和集雨面2种栽培模式优于其它几种栽培模式;从冠层结构特征分析,这2种栽培模式更有利于增加群体光合能力。

Analysis of high wheat yields in Northwest China

Grain yields of over 14 Mg ha(-1) were reported in 1978 for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in Northwest China. Understanding the circumstances under which this record yield was achieved may be useful in defining the key factors that lead to high grain yields and in determining the limits to wheat yield. A relatively simple, mechanistic model was used in an effort to simulate the record yield. The model was used as a framework in which various crop traits could be adjusted to match the observed crop growth. The weather that was characterized by cool temperatures and high levels of solar radiation, proved to be especially important in allowing a full-season crop to achieve record yields. Variables defining plant development in the model also had to be set to describe the high yielding cultivar grown in China. Leaf development was defined by the length of a phyllochron, which was set equal to 78 TU (thermal units, base temperature equal to 0 degrees C) based on independent data. The description of grain fill had to be defined to match simulation results with the observations. Two variables, length of the grain-fill period and the grain growth rate, were set in response to the unique traits of this cultivar and the low temperatures during grain development. These simulations led to important suggestions for examining the interaction between cool temperature regimes and developmental traits of wheat cultivars. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

CULTIVO e uso do Estilosantes-campo-grande.

Equipe multidisciplinar: Ademir Hugo Zimmer, CNPGC; Armindo Neivo Kichel, CNPGC; Bela Grof; Carlos Maurício Soares de Andrade; Celso Dornelas Fernandes, CNPGC; Francisco Assis Rolim Pereira; Haroldo Pires Queiroz, CNPGC; Hortência Maria Abranches Purcino; Jaqueline Rosemeire Verzignassi, CNPGC; José Alexandre Agiova da Costa, CNPGC; José Marcelino Sobrinho (in memorian); José Marques da Silva, CNPGC; José Raul Valério, CNPGC; Leônidas da Costa Schalcher Valle; Manuel Cláudio Motta Macedo, CNPGC; Maria José D´Ávila Charchar; Maria do Socorro Bona Nascimento; Marta Pereira da Silva; Rosângela Maria Simeão Resende; Roza Maria Shunke. Histórico e descrição da cultivar. Principais atributos do estilosantes-campo-grande. Fixação biológica de nitrogênio e valor nutritivo. Desempenho animal. Ssutentabilidade de sistemas. Adaptação ao clima. Exigência de solo e adubação. Estabelecimento do estilosantes-campo-grande. Preparo da área para semeadura. Preparo mínimo ou plantio direto. Semeadura. Manejo de plantas daninhas nas pastagens consorciadas com o estilosantes-campo-grande. Manejo do pastejo para o estabelecimento do consórcio. Manejo da pastagem visando à persistência do consórcio. Pragas. Doenças. Outros usos do estilosantes-campo-grande. Uso correto do estilosantes-campo-grande.

Considerações sobre a morte de pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em alguns estados do Centro e Norte do Brasil: enfoque entomológico.

A gramínea Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu foi lançada pela Embrapa como nova cultivar forrageira em 1984. Uma de suas principais características é a reconhecida resistência às cigarrinhas (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) típicas de pastagens, notadamente aquelas pertencentes aos gêneros Notozulia Fennah, Deois Fennah e Aeneolamia Fennah. Por essa e outras características agronômicas desejáveis, a cultivar Marandu foi prontamente aceita pelos produtores e incorporada ao sistema de produção. Hoje, essa gramínea encontra-se amplamente disseminada não só no território nacional como também em vários outros países da América tropical. No Brasil, em especial na região Centro-Norte do país, estabeleceu-se enorme monocultura com essa forrageira, representada por milhões de hectares. Não só sob o ponto de vista fitossanitário, mas também sob o de fatores abióticos, como elementos do clima e solo, por exemplo, monoculturas representam sistemas instáveis e mais vulneráveis. A morte de pastagens estabelecidas com a cultivar Marandu é fator de extrema gravidade para o sistema de produção. Ao mesmo tempo em que exige ações curativas, ainda por serem definidas, desencadeia reflexão por parte de todos envolvidos, incluindo produtores, pesquisadores, extensionistas, associações de classe e órgãos de fomento, no sentido de se enfatizar a importância da diversificação de pastagens.

Identificação dos tipos de rúcula comercializados no varejo do Distrito Federal.

2007

Efeito da consorciação do tomateiro com plantas aromáticas na produtividade.

2009

Teores de ferro em brotos de abóbora: uma fonte biodisponível para redução da deficiência ferropriva.

2005

Caracterização de isolados de Phytophthora infestans obtidos de tomateiro.

O tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L. = Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) é uma das plantas oleráceas mais cultivadas no Brasil e o seu fruto, o tomate, é uma das olerícolas mais consumidas na mesa do brasileiro e muito usado pela agroindústria. Uma das doenças do tomateiro mais temidas pelos produtores é a requeima, causada pelo fungo Phytophtora infestans, que provoca grande destruição na cultura em pouco tempo. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de caracterizar isolados de P. infestans, coletados de tomateiros, quanto ao grupo de compatibilidade, à virulência e à resistência ao fungicida mefenoxan. Vinte e seis isolados foram caracterizados quanto ao grupo de compatibilidade; 24 foram caracterizados quanto à resistência ao mefenoxan; e determinou-se o espectro de virulência de 14 isolados. Todos os 26 isolados testados foram classificados como do grupo A1 de compatibilidade. Em relação à virulência, todos os isolados foram virulentos à cultivar de tomate 'IPA-5'. A maioria foi virulenta em plantas de tomate com os genes Ph1 (92,86%) ou Ph2 (78,57%) e uma pequena parte dos isolados foram virulentos em plantas com o gene Ph3 (21,43%). Quanto à resistência ao mefenoxan, a freqüência de isolados sensíveis, intermediários e resistentes foram de 16,67%, 16,67% e 66,66%, respectivamente. Há evidências da não-reprodução sexuada e formação de oósporos nos campos de tomate do país, retardando o aparecimento da doença. Devido a um maior número de isolados resistentes ao mefenoxan, o controle da requeima com este fungicida pode ser ineficiente em campo. Uma vez que o patógeno apresentou um amplo espectro de virulência, a utilização de cultivares com resistência vertical a requeima não é recomendada. O manejo integrado da requeima é a forma mais eficaz de se controlar a doença.

Tipos de alface cultivados no Brasil.

2009

Contribuição de bactérias diazotrópicas na cultura da bananeira: perspectivas de utilização na produção integrada.

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a ocorrência de bactérias diazotróficas na cultura da bananeira no Estado do Ceará (Brasil), selecionar bactérias diazotróficas endofíticas em associação com mudas da cultivar Grande Naine, avaliar produção de bananas nas cultivares Grande Naine (subgrupo Cavendish), Ambrosia, Buccaner e Calypso (subgrupo Gros Michel) em resposta à inoculação de bactéria selecionada em mudas e verificar o potencial de bactéria diazotrófica na proteção de plantas da cultivar Maçã contra o fungo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, causador da fusariose na bananeira. As bananeiras das cultivares Pacovan e Prata (subgrupo Prata) e Couruda (subgrupo Figo) plantadas no Ceará estavam associadas de bactérias diazotróficas relacionadas aos gêneros Burkholderia e Herbaspirillum. Em experimento com mudas micropropagadas da cultivar Grande Naine constatou-se que bactérias endofíticas do tipo Burkholderia variam em eficiência na promoção do crescimento das plantas. A inoculação do isolado de bactéria relacionada a B. cepacia AB202 em mudas resultou no aumento de produtividade das cultivares dos subgrupos Cavendish (2.900kg ha- 1) e Gros Michel (1.400kg ha-1). Na cultivar Maçã, a tecnologia permitiu reduzir a incidência de fusariose em 7,4% (113 plantas por ha). Estes resultados confirmam a influência de bactérias diazotróficas na cultura da bananeira, sugerindo a possibilidade do uso desta tecnologia por viveiristas e produtores de banana em busca da produção integrada de frutas.

Efeitos do lodo de esgoto aplicado na cultura de bananeiras Grande Naine.

Em comparação à adubação convencional da cultura da banana, três doses de lodo de esgoto (9, 18 e 36 t ha-1 ) baseadas na necessidade de nitrogênio pelas plantas, foram aplicadas na época de plantio de bananeiras do cultivar Grande Naine, avaliando-se desenvolvimento de plantas, produtividade e teores de nutrientes e metais pesados em frutas e solo até a primeira produção. As bananeiras tiveram crescimento semelhante em todos os tratamentos e a produtividade na menor dose de lodo superou a testemunha em 4,5 t ha-1 . Em todos os tratamentos, as frutas e o solo apresentaram teores de metais pesados abaixo dos limites máximos permitidos, exceto para o cromo em frutas. Considerou-se a dose de 9 toneladas de lodo de esgoto por hectare como a melhor, do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental.