Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle.

The nature of domestic cattle origins in Africa are unclear as archaeological data are relatively sparse. The earliest domesticates were humpless, or Bos taurus, in morphology and may have shared a common origin with the ancestors of European cattle in the Near East. Alternatively, local strains of the wild ox, the aurochs, may have been adopted by peoples in either continent either before or after cultural influence from the Levant. This study examines mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence variation in 90 extant bovines drawn from Africa, Europe, and India. Phylogeny estimation and analysis of molecular variance verify that sequences cluster significantly into continental groups. The Indian Bos indicus samples are most markedly distinct from the others, which is indicative of a B. taurus nature for both European and African ancestors. When a calibration of sequence divergence is performed using comparisons with bison sequences and an estimate of 1 Myr since the Bison/Bos Leptobos common ancestor, estimates of 117-275,000 B.P. and 22-26,000 B.P. are obtained for the separation between Indians and others and between African and European ancestors, respectively. As cattle domestication is thought to have occurred approximately 10,000 B.P., these estimates suggest the domestication of genetically discrete aurochsen strains as the origins of each continental population. Additionally, patterns of variation that are indicative of population expansions (probably associated with the domestication process) are discernible in Africa and Europe. Notably, the genetic signatures of these expansions are clearly younger than the corresponding signature of African/European divergence.

1788, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCLXXXVIII, alicujus gradûs laureâ donati sunt. : Theologiae professores et ecclesiarum pastores literis Italicis exarantur. Qui ad imum classium à caeteris, lineâ interpositâ, separantur, alibi instituti suerunt, vel apud nos gradu honorario donati.

The Harvard University Archives' shelflist indicates the annotations were made by "S. Willard." A handwritten 20th century note removed from the volume stated "Sidney Willard Annotated Triennial." The origin and accuracy of this attribution is unknown. The pamphlet includes sporadic annotations with locations of ministry for clergymen. For the Classes of 1784-1787 "Mr" has been added to graduates who received an AM.

Satveṇījī:vel

Nar Muḥammad Shāh.

Pollen profiles from a Late Palaeolithic site in the community of Bad Buchau-Kappel, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany

Excavations were carried out in a Late Palaeolithic site in the community of Bad Buchau-Kappel between 2003 and 2007. Archaeological investigations covered a total of more than 200 m**2. This site is the product of what likely were multiple occupations that occurred during the Late Glacial on the Federsee shore in this location. The site is situated on a mineral ridge that projected into the former Late Glacial lake Federsee. This beach ridge consists of deposits of fine to coarse gravel and sand and was surrounded by open water, except for a connection to the solid shore on the south. A lagoon lay between the hook-shaped ridge and the shore of the Federsee. This exposed location provided optimal access to the water of the lake. In addition, the small lagoon may have served as a natural harbor for landing boats or canoes. Sedimentological and palynological investigations document the dynamic history of the location between 14,500 and 11,600 years before present (cal BP). Evidence of the deposition of sands, gravels and muds since the Bølling Interstadial is provided by stratigraphic and palynological analyses. The major occupation occurred in the second half of the Younger Dryas period. Most of the finds were located on or in the sediments of the ridge; fewer finds occurred in the surrounding mud, which was also deposited during the Younger Dryas. Direct dates on some bone fragments, however, demonstrate that intermittent sporadic occupations also took place during the two millennia of the Meiendorf, Bølling, and Allerød Interstadials. These bones were reworked during the Younger Dryas and redeposited in the mud. A 14C date from one bone of 11,600 years ago (cal BP) places the Late Palaeolithic occupation of the ridge at the very end of the Younger Dryas, which is in agreement with stratigraphic observations. Stone artifacts, numbering 3,281, comprise the majority of finds from the site. These include typical artifacts of the Late Palaeolithic, such as backed points, short scrapers, and small burins. There are no bipointes or Malaurie-Points, which is in accord with the absolute date of the occupation. A majority of the artifacts are made from a brown chert that is obtainable a few kilometers north of the site in sediments of the Graupensandrinne. Other raw materials include red and green radiolarite that occur in the fluvioglacial gravels of Oberschwaben, as well as quartzite and lydite. The only non-local material present is a few artifacts of tabular chert from the region near Kelheim in Bavaria. A unique find consists of two fragments of a double-barbed harpoon made of red deer antler, which was found in the Younger Dryas mud. It is likely, but not certain, that this find belongs to the same assemblage as the numerous stone artifacts. Although not numerous, animal bones were also found in the excavations. Most of them lay in sediments of the Younger Dryas, but several 14C dates place some of these bones in earlier periods, including the Meiendorf, Bølling, and Allerød Interstadials. These bones were reworked by water and redeposited in mud sediments during the Younger Dryas. As a result, it is difficult to attribute individual bones to particular chronological positions without exact dates. Species that could be identified include wild horse (Equus spec.), moose or elk (Alces alces), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), aurochs or bison (Bos spec.), wild boar (Sus scrofa), as well as birds and fish, including pike (Esox Lucius).

Munkácsy Mihály élete és munkái. as Országos magyar képzőművészti társulat közremüködésével és támogatásával.

Mode of access: Internet.

Dialogus de mundi contemptu vel amore, attribué à Conrad d'Hirsau. Extraits de l'Allocutio ad Deum et du De veritatis inquisitione.

Mode of access: Internet.

Nomenclator botanicus. Nominum ad finem anni 1858 publici juris factorum, classes, ordines, tribus, familias, divisiones, genera, subgenera vel sectiones designatium enumeratio alphabetica. Adjectis auctoribus, temporibus, locis systematicis, apud varios, notis literariis atque etymologicis et synonymis conscripsit Ludovicus Pfeiffer... .

Mode of access: Internet.

Ādarabāda Mārāsapandanuṃ Pandanāmuṃ : Ḍākṭara Hāūganāṃ īnāmano rīsālo, asala Pehelavī jubānamāṃ, Romana, tathā Gujarātī haraphe uccāra, Gujarātī tarajumo, ane asalamāṃ āvelā daraeka śabdanī pharahaṅga sudhāṃ /

On Zoroastrian ethics.

Pavli Iovii novocomensis episcopi nvcerini Elogia virorum literis illustrium : quotquot vel nostra vel avorum memoria vixere : ex eiusdem Mvsaeo (cuius descriptionem vnà exhibemus) ad viuum expressis imaginibus exornata.

Includes indexes.

La querelle des anciens et des modernes; l'abbé Du Bos.

"Notice bibliographique sur l'abbé Du Bos:" p.[47]-59.

Theodori Gazae introductionis grammaticae libri quatuor : una cum interpretatione latina, eorum usui dicati, qui vel citra praeceptoris operam graecari cupiunt.

Adams,

Enchiridion rei medicae triplicis : illius primum quae signa ex pulsibus & urinis dijudicat. Deinde Threpeuticae de omni morborum genere curando singillatim. Tertio Diaeteticae vel de ratione victus, praesertim in febribus...

Contiene: De pulsibus libellus, ex Galeni libris collectus ac veluti in formulam redactus, authore incerto. - De judiciis urinarum tractatus ex probatissimis collectus authoribus ... Jo. Vassaeo authore. - Morborum internorum propè omnium curatio, brevi methodo comprehensa, ex Galeno praecipuè et Marco Gattinaria, per Jac. Sylvium selecta. - De ratione victus in febribus secundum Hippocratem, in genere et singillatim libri III, authore Brudo Lusitano.

Quando natura, vel arti placentae expulssio commitenda sit [Manuscrito] : Lectio praehabita die 18 mensis Aprilis anno D. 1789. à Lic. D. Hyacintho Maysonada in hoc Regali Colegio chirurgico Matritensi, titulo S. Caroli

Mode of access: Internet.