860 resultados para BRASIL - POLITICA COMERCIAL - 2000-2008
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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010)
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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010).
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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010)
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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010).
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モザンビーク社会は2000年代を通じて高いマクロ経済成長率を記録する一方で、2008年、2010年、2012年には経済的困窮に対する都市部住民の不満が暴動という形で表出した。モザンビーク人の雇用が促進されず、貧困率の悪化を伴うような経済成長は「雇用なき成長」と非難されてきた。近年の暴動の主体は、経済成長を実感できぬ貧困層であった。彼らは野党の支持者となりうるだけに、FRELIMO政権は、貧困層に対して、いかに雇用を提供するかという課題を抱えている。本稿では、FRELIMO政権による雇用政策について次の3つの観点から考察を加える。第1に、近年の経済成長をもたらすことになった経済政策を振り返る。第2に、経済成長にも関わらず、雇用を通じた貧困状況の改善がなされない要因を探るため、経済活動人口の教育水準を確認し、低就学歴者層を対象とした政府の雇用政策に焦点をあてる。第3に、低就学歴者に対する雇用政策の実績と意義について検討する。
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Tablas de Daimiel National Park is located in the Upper Guadiana Basin and represents one of the largest and most important wetlands in Europe. The long term ecological integrity of this wetland is inherently associated with the maintenance of a shallow groundwater table, namely the Western Mancha aquifer (WMA) or Aquifer 23. The intensive use of groundwater, mainly for irrigation, has led over the last decades to deep socio‐economic changes. Such intensive use has also lowered the water table of Aquifer 23, drastically reducing the flooded area of the wetland and threatening its ecological integrity. A number of plans and measures have been developed and implemented since the declaration of overexploitation of Aquifer 23 in the year 1987. The most recent one is the Special Plan for the Upper Guadiana (SPUG), approved in 2008. This Plan is the main measure to comply with achieving the objective of good quantitative and qualitative status required under the Water Framework Directive (2000). This paper offers a new type of integrated analysis which allows assessing under a common lens the physical, economic and social dimensions of groundwater use in the area. The first objective is to calculate the groundwater footprint of agricultural production in the Upper Guadiana basin and its evolution during 2000‐2008. For this purpose, we have applied the Extended Water Footprint (EWF) methodology ‐a novel approach based on the classical Water Footprint (WF) approach‐ that includes an assessment of the water productivity from an economic and social perspective. Compared to the classical WF, the EWF allows for a more complete overview of the sector, providing new insights for policy decisions (e.g. to define options and possibilities on water re‐allocation in order to achieve both better ecosystem conservation and social equity). The second objective is to use the EWF to compare the existing authorized and non‐authorized or illegal use of water. This allows us to discuss current initiatives by public authorities in relation to the existing frame of water rights
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Oscar torero Niemeyer
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Conferência proferida em 23/6/99 no "Congresso Brasil-Portugal ano 2000", Coimbra/Portugal
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Different types of crystalline carbon nanomaterials were used to reinforce polyaniline for use in electromechanical bilayer bending actuators. The objective is to analyze how the different graphitic structures of the nanocarbons affect and improve the in situ polymerized polyaniline composites and their subsequent actuator behavior. The nanocarbons investigated were multiwalled carbon nanotubes, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes, helical-ribbon carbon nanofibers and graphene oxide, each one presenting different shape and structural characteristics. Films of nanocarbon-PAni composite were tested in a liquid electrolyte cell system. Experimental design was used to select the type of nanocarbon filler and composite loadings, and yielded a good balance of electromechanical properties. Raman spectroscopy suggests good interaction between PAni and the nanocarbon fillers. Electron microscopy showed that graphene oxide dispersed the best, followed by multiwall carbon nanotubes, while nitrogen-doped nanotube composites showed dispersion problems and thus poor performance. Multiwall carbon nanotube composite actuators showed the best performance based on the combination of bending angle, bending velocity and maximum working cycles, while graphene oxide attained similarly good performance due to its best dispersion. This parallel testing of a broad set of nanocarbon fillers on PAni-composite actuators is unprecedented to the best of our knowledge and shows that the type and properties of the carbon nanomaterial are critical to the performance of electromechanical devices with other conditions remaining equal.
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No desenvolvimento do processo de elaboração do Plano Nacional de Saúde 2004-2005 foi necessário criar um esquema classificativo dos diversos documentos de planeamento cuja metodologia permitisse, por um lado, a reorganização dos trabalhos existentes e, por outro, a orientação de trabalhos futuros. Neste sentido, esta análise passa em revista as questões de nomenclatura associadas a estes documentos e propõe um esquema de desenho e avaliação dos programas de saúde, cuja metodologia serviu de base à macro-análise dos programas nacionais existentes. As recomendações elaboradas na sequência desta macroanálise salientam, entre outros aspectos, a necessidade de definir a priori a metodologia de avaliação e os mecanismos adequados de cativação de recursos e/ou apuramento dos custos associados por produto, como forma de maximizar a utilização dos recursos escassos.
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Este trabalho buscou entender as composições provindas das interações atuais entre consumo, publicidade e a religião, com vistas a compreender as formas de confluência/interseções entre a cultura publicitária e a religiosa. Assim, colocam-se como objetivos revelar quais as relações de interseções entre os fazeres religioso e o capitalista/publicitário quando o símbolo religioso passa a ser utilizado pela publicidade/propaganda em peças publicitárias televisivas. Dessa forma, são analisados os recursos utilizados para que a publicidade consiga aproximar religião e consumo. Para tanto, logo após uma discussão hermenêutica, se analisou sete diferentes peças publicitárias televisivas, todas veiculadas em rede nacional aberta brasileira entre 2000 e 2009, as quais se utilizavam de ícones religiosos como instrumento para comunicação mercadológica. A base para este estudo são os instrumentais teóricos dos Estudos Culturais e da matriz religiosa brasileira. Com isso, obtivemos uma compreensão mais clara acerca dos processos de confluência/interseções dos fazeres em questão, entendendo, assim, parte de seus funcionamento dentro da sociedade atual.
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The aim of this work is to use systematic review methodology to answer the question “What are the current barriers to kerbside recycling of household waste in the UK?” A systematic search of electronic databases and journals was undertaken to identify academic published work. A critical scoping review of research published between 2000 – 2008 profiles theory and research design. The systematic review identified twelve relevant papers, of which seven contain original data. To define the current barriers the explanations of barriers were systematically aggregated into four main categories: household / individual behaviour; services / local situation; attitudes / motivation; information and knowledge. The purpose of the work is to inform future marketing campaigns which will assist the UK to reach the statutory targets of waste diversion. The synthesis will be useful to environmental professionals working in waste authorities and researchers and students. The framework offers an opportunity to develop better marketing and communications strategies to help more people recycle more things more often and will inform future recycling policy development.
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Modification of TiO2 with metal oxide nanoclusters such as FeOx, NiOx has been shown to be a promising approach to the design of new photocatalysts with visible light absorption and improved electron–hole separation. To study further the factors that determine the photocatalytic properties of structures of this type, we present in this paper a first principles density functional theory (DFT) investigation of TiO2 rutile(110) and anatase(001) modified with PbO and PbO2 nanoclusters, with Pb2+ and Pb4+ oxidation states. This allows us to unravel the effect of the Pb oxidation state on the photocatalytic properties of PbOx-modified TiO2. The nanoclusters adsorb strongly at all TiO2 surfaces, creating new Pb–O and Ti–O interfacial bonds. Modification with PbO and PbO2 nanoclusters introduces new states in the original band gap of rutile and anatase. However the oxidation state of Pb has a dramatic impact on the nature of the modifications of the band edges of TiO2 and on the electron–hole separation mechanism. PbO nanocluster modification leads to an upwards shift of the valence band which reduces the band gap and upon photoexcitation results in hole localisation on the PbO nanocluster and electron localisation on the surface. By contrast, for PbO2 nanocluster modification the hole will be localised on the TiO2 surface and the electron on the nanocluster, thus giving rise to two different band gap reduction and electron–hole separation mechanisms. We find no crystal structure sensitivity, with both rutile and anatase surfaces showing similar properties upon modification with PbOx. In summary the photocatalytic properties of heterostructures of TiO2 with oxide nanoclusters can be tuned by oxidation state of the modifying metal oxide, with the possibility of a reduced band gap causing visible light activation and a reduction in charge carrier recombination.
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Este trabajo analiza el impacto que ha generado la crisis económica y financiera más reciente en las industrias cinematográficas de siete países miembros de la Unión Europea. Las conclusiones señalan que, en efecto, la crisis ha impactado negativamente en las industrias de España e Italia, y muy gravemente en la de Portugal, pero en el lado contrario, la del Reino Unido ha experimentado un crecimiento apreciable y las de Francia y Alemania también lo han hecho, aunque en menor medida. Y en segundo lugar, es muy notable la escasa colaboración alcanzada entre los agentes europeos.