FIRST REPORT OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS CAUSED BY Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi IN AN URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

SUMMARY American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and transmitted by sandflies. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, almost all of the cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, while cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. The resurgence of autochthonous VL cases in Rio de Janeiro is related to the geographic expansion of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and its ability to adapt to urban areas. We report the first case of leishmaniasis with exclusively cutaneous manifestations caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro. An eighty-one-year-old woman presented three pleomorphic skin lesions that were not associated with systemic symptoms or visceromegalies. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis identified L. (L.) infantum chagasi, but direct smear and PCR of bone narrow were negative for Leishmania sp. (suggesting exclusively cutaneous involvement). We discuss the different dermatological presentations of viscerotropic leishmaniasis of the New and Old World, and the clinical and epidemiological importance of the case. Etiologic diagnosis of ATL based upon exclusive clinical criteria may lead to incorrect conclusions. We should be aware of the constant changes in epidemiological patterns related to leishmaniases.

IDENTIFICATION OF CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN A PREVIOUSLY UNAFFECTED AREA BY CONVENTIONAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND CELL-BLOCK FIXATION

After the report of a second case of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in São Bento da Lagoa, Itaipuaçu, in the municipality of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro State, an epidemiological survey was carried out, through active search, totaling 145 dogs. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and rapid chromatographic immunoassay based on dual-path platform (DPP(r)) were used to perform the serological examinations. The parasitological diagnosis of cutaneous fragments was performed by parasitological culture, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. In the serological assessment, 21 dogs were seropositive by IFA, 17 by ELISA, and 11 by DPP(r), with sensitivity of 66.7%, 66.7% and 50%, and specificity of 87.2%, 90.2% and 94%, respectively for each technique. The immunohistochemistry of bone marrow using the cell-block technique presented the best results, with six positive dogs found, three of which tested negative by the other parasitological techniques. Leishmania sp. was isolated by parasitological culture in three dogs. The detection of autochthonous Leishmania infantum in Itaipuaçu, and the high prevalence of seropositive dogs confirm the circulation of this parasite in the study area and alert for the risk of expansion in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

CD19 LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION INDUCED BY Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis IN C57BL/6 MICE EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasmosis is frequently acquired through the oral route by the ingestion of cysts or oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Once ingested, the parasites penetrate the intestinal epithelial cells and rapidly disseminate to all organs in the host. During T. gondii infection, the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in stimulating a protective immune response against the parasite. In this sense the use of probiotics is worthy of note since they are live microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the host through stimulation of the immune response that can be important in the control of T. gondii proliferation and dissemination in the host. In the present study, the action of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was investigated in C57BL/6 mice infected with oocysts of ME49 strain of T. gondii. The probiotic had an immunomodulatory action, inducing CD19 lymphocyte proliferation and consequently increasing anti-T. gondii antibody level.Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisprovided protection in supplemented mice, compared to the control group. In addition, supplemented animals had milder inflammatory process in the small intestine, indicating that the probiotic protects the intestinal mucosa during infection with T. gondii. It was concluded that the probioticB. animalis subsp. lactis induces humoral immune response capable of providing protection against T. gondii infection.

Additional data on the epidemiology of chagas disease in the municipality of Caxias, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

An area believed to be an autochthonous focus for Chagas' disease was investigated in the municipality of Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State. The study included search for domestic triatomine bugs, serological test (IFT and CFT) in persons in whose house infested bugs were discovered, detailed clinicai examination and xenodiagnosis test of ali serologicall/ yy positive persons, and xenodiagnosis test on dogs from households in which infected triatomine bugs have been found. Only in one of the locatities (Piranema) domestic Triatoma infestans have been discovered. some of which were infected with T. cruzi. A small number of persons (mostly children) had a positive serologicál test for Chagas’ disease, but in all of them the infection was clinically asymptomatic. From two dogs, belonging to a household in which serologically positive children and infected T. infestans were discovered, T. cruzi was isolated by xenodiagnosis. The importunt epidemiological information obtained from this investigation was the discovery of domestic adaptation of T. infestans in an area with dense population .and with very low social and sanitary conditions, in a locality considered as non-endemic for the infection.

A contribuição de Claude Bernard à ecologia médica

Claude Bemard realizou importante contribuição à Ecologia Médica quando propôs o conceito de "meio interior". Além de permitir a compreensão dos processos fisiológicos fundamentais, constituiu o ponto de partida para o estudo da ecologia endógena dos organismos. Como Shelford e Chapman notaram, nesse nível, a ecologia e a fisiologia têm muito em comum. No nível individual, a ecologia médica preocupa-se com o estudo das relações entre o homem e a microbiota endógena. Claude Bemard identificou os fatores abióticos do meio interno, na época em que Pasteur e Koch identificavam e descreviam os componentes bióticos do microecossistema endógeno.

Enterococcus faecalis V583 prophages: Dynamic interactions and contribution to bacterial pathogenic traits

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology.

Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química Sustentável

Pesquisa de bactérias patogênicas em leite pasteurizado tipo C comercializado na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil

Visando complementar as informações sobre a qualidade microbiológica do leite comercializado na cidade do Recife, foram analisadas 250 amostras de leite pasteurizado tipo C e 50 amostras de leite cru para a pesquisa de Yersinia enterocolitica e Listeria monocytogenes, bactérias patogênicas capazes de se desenvolverem em temperatura de refrigeração. Y. enterocolitica não foi encontrada em nenhuma das amostras analisadas, entretanto foi detectada a presença de Y. intermedia e Y. frederiksenii, espécies ambientais que se comportam como patógenos oportunistas. L. monocytogenes também não foi encontrada, mas, através da metodologia empregada para seu isolamento foi obtido um isolamento de Salmonella Montevideo em uma amostra de leite pasteurizado e outro em leite cru. Além dessas, várias outras bactérias foram encontradas, supondo-se que a ampla microbiota crescida nos meios empregados pode ter interferido no isolamento da Y. enterocolitica e L. monocytogenes.

Streptococcus anginosus como agentes de infeção em Humanos: um estudo epidemiológico numa taxonomia em mudança

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Microbiologia Médica

Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the State of Pernambuco, 1995-2006

In Pernambuco, the first dengue cases occurred in 1987. After a seven-year interval without autochthonous cases, a new epidemic occurred in 1995. Important aspects of the dengue epidemics during the period 1995-2006 have been analyzed here, using epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data. A total of 378,374 cases were notified, with 612 confirmed cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever and 33 deaths. The mortality rate was 5.4%. The incidence rate increased from 134 to 1,438/100,000 inhabitants, corresponding to the epidemics due to serotypes 2 and 3, in 1995 and 2002, respectively. Dengue mainly affected adults (20-49 years); 40.7% were male and 59.3% were female. From 2003 onwards, the number of cases among individuals younger than 15 years old increased. Out of 225 dengue hemorrhagic fever cases, 42.7% primary and 57.3% secondary infections were identified (p = 0.0279). Neurological manifestations were also observed. From 2002 onwards, serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were circulating; serotype 3 was predominant.

Staphylococcus cohnii spp urealyticus: relato de caso de um patógeno incomum

Staphylococcus coagulase negativos tem surgido como importantes agentes em infecções de pacientes hospitalizados. Neste estudo, relatamos o caso de bacteremia associada a cateter venoso central devido a Staphylococcus cohnii spp urealyticus isolado em hemocultura de um paciente do sexo masculino, 53 anos, internado em hospital geral da cidade de São Paulo. Discutimos nesse relato a dificuldade em identificar rotineiramente esse microrganismo no Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica. Staphylococcus cohnii spp urealyticus é um microrganismo encontrado na pele dos seres humanos como parte da microbiota normal, podendo em algumas situações causar sérias infecções em humanos.

Malaria outbreaks in a non-endemic area of Brazil, 2005

In March 2005, a resident of the municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas, State of Minas Gerais, without any history of traveling to endemic areas for malaria, was diagnosed with Plasmodium vivax infection and local mosquito-borne transmission was suspected. The epidemiological investigation identified another 10 cases with local transmission and all of them were related to the imported malaria case that was detected in this region. The potential exposure site was the banks of the river Tejuco, an area frequented by mineral prospectors. Some of these prospectors were known to have come from states with malaria transmission. In the autochthonous cases, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were diagnosed. Entomological investigation identified Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) triannulatus and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) parvus. After the first outbreak, another three autochthonous cases were notified in municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas, in the same year. The occurrence of these outbreaks highlights the importance of surveillance systems in areas that are nonendemic for malaria.

Utilização de bactérias do ácido láctico como culturas protectoras em enchidos fermentados portugueses

As bactérias do ácido láctico (BAL) são conhecidas pela sua utilização em produtos cárneos fermentados, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de características sensoriais e melhoria da sua segurança, através de mecanismos naturais com inibição de bactérias deteriorativas e patogénicas. Esta capacidade é chamada de biopreservação, onde a microbiota natural ou a adicionada é usada para aumentar o tempo de prateleira do produto e a sua segurança. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de biopreservação de três estirpes de Lactobacillus, previamente isoladas de produtos cárneos fermentados, sendo caracterizado o seu potencial bacteriocinogénico contra diversos microrganismos patogénicos e deteriorativos que podem ser encontrados em produtos cárneos. Duas estirpes foram selecionadas para serem avaliadas em ensaios de antagonismo contra L. innocua, tendo sido inoculadas em massa tradicional de chouriço e em carne sem condimentações, com mimetização de suas fases de fabrico a 7 ºC e 20 ºC. Nesses ensaios a evolução da microbiota deteriorativa e tecnológica foi estudada assim como a capacidade de inibir Listeria sp. de forma a seleccionar as estirpes mais adequadas a participar em culturas protectoras. Face às diferentes condições de estudos pode-se concluir que as três estirpes testadas apresentaram potencial bacteriogénico para com a microbiota deteriorativa e patogénica. Dentre as duas estirpes testadas nos ensaios in vitro, a estirpe L. plantarum P3B7 apresentou resultados inibitórios de aeróbios totais a 30 ºC e Listeria innocua mais desejáveis em ambos os ensaios.

Resistência a β-lactâmicos em Acinetobacter spp isolados de efluente hospitalar no sul do Brasil

Acinetobacter spp é um importante patógeno causador de infecções nosocomiais que acomete pacientes imunocomprometidos e capaz de adquirir resistência a antimicrobianos com facilidade. Os esgotos hospitalares são importantes disseminadores de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos para a microbiota ambiental. Neste contexto, 30 cepas de Acinetobacter spp provenientes de efluente de um hospital em Porto Alegre, RS, foram analisados quanto ao perfil de susceptibilidade a β-lactamases, quinolonas e aminoglicosídeos através de antibiograma e testes de triagem para metalo beta-lactamases e β-lactamases de espectro estendido. O perfil encontrado revela cepas multi-resistentes e que mecanismos de resistência como a produção de β-lactamases de espectro estendido e bombas de efluxo podem estar presentes nesses isolados.

Reemergence of yellow fever: detection of transmission in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 2008

INTRODUCTION: Following yellow fever virus (YFV) isolation in monkeys from the São José do Rio Preto region and two fatal human autochthonous cases from the Ribeirão Preto region, State of São Paulo, Brazil, two expeditions for entomological research and eco-epidemiological evaluation were conducted. METHODS: A total of 577 samples from humans, 108 from monkeys and 3,049 mosquitoes were analyzed by one or more methods: virus isolation, ELISA-IgM, RT-PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemical. RESULTS: Of the 577 human samples, 531 were tested by ELISA-IgM, with 3 positives, and 235 were inoculated into mice and 199 in cell culture, resulting in one virus isolation. One sample was positive by histopathology and immunohistochemical. Using RT-PCR, 25 samples were processed with 4 positive reactions. A total of 108 specimens of monkeys were examined, 108 were inoculated into mice and 45 in cell culture. Four virus strains were isolated from Alouattacaraya. A total of 931 mosquitoes were captured in Sao Jose do Rio Preto and 2,118 in Ribeirão Preto and separated into batches. A single isolation of YFV was derived from a batch of 9 mosquitoes Psorophoraferox, collected in Urupês, Ribeirão Preto region. A serological survey was conducted with 128 samples from the municipalities of São Carlos, Rincão and Ribeirão Preto and 10 samples from contacts of patients from Ribeirão Preto. All samples were negative by ELISA-IgM for YFV. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the circulation of yellow fever, even though sporadic, in the Sao Paulo State and reinforce the importance of vaccination against yellow fever in areas considered at risk.