Bile Acids Induce Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Secretion with Limited Effects on Intestinal Adaptation in Early Weaned Pigs

Early weaning is a stressful event characterized by a transient period of intestinal atrophy that may be mediated by reduced secretion of glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 2. We tested whether enterally fed bile acids or plant sterols could increase nutrient-dependent GLP-2 secretion and improve intestinal adaptation in weanling pigs. During the first 6 d after weaning, piglets were intragastrically infused once daily with either deionized water -control-, chenodeoxycholic acid -CDC; 60mg/kg body weight-, or b-sitoesterol -BSE; 100 mg/kg body weight-. Infusing CDC increased plasma GLP-2 -P menor que 0.05- but did not affect plasma GLP-1 and feed intake. The intestinal expression of Glp2r -glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor-, Asbt -sodium-dependent bile acid transporter-, Fxr -farnesoid X receptor-, and Tgr5 -guanosine protein?coupled bile acid receptor- genes were not affected by CDC treatment. The intragastric administration of CDC did not alter the weight and length of the intestine, yet increased the activation of caspase-3 in ileal villi -P menor que 0.02- and the expression of Il6 -interleukin 6; P menor que 0.002- in the jejunum. In contrast, infusing BSE did not affect any of the variables that were measured. Our results show that the enteral administration of the bile acid CDC potentiates the nutrient-induced secretion of endogenous GLP-2 in early-weaned pigs. Bile acid?enhanced release of GLP-2, however, did not result in improved intestinal growth, morphology, or inflammation during the postweaning degenerative phase.

A different approach to treatment of phenylketonuria: Phenylalanine degradation with recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase

Phenylketonuria (PKU), with its associated hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and mental retardation, is a classic genetic disease and the first to have an identified chemical cause of impaired cognitive development. Treatment from birth with a low phenylalanine diet largely prevents the deviant cognitive phenotype by ameliorating HPA and is recognized as one of the first effective treatments of a genetic disease. However, compliance with dietary treatment is difficult and when it is for life, as now recommended by an internationally used set of guidelines, is probably unrealistic. Herein we describe experiments on a mouse model using another modality for treatment of PKU compatible with better compliance using ancillary phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) to degrade phenylalanine, the harmful nutrient in PKU; in this treatment, PAL acts as a substitute for the enzyme phenylalanine monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.1), which is deficient in PKU. PAL, a robust enzyme without need for a cofactor, converts phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, a harmless metabolite. We describe (i) an efficient recombinant approach to produce PAL enzyme, (ii) testing of PAL in orthologous N-ethyl-N′-nitrosourea (ENU) mutant mouse strains with HPA, and (iii) proofs of principle (PAL reduces HPA)—both pharmacologic (with a clear dose–response effect vs. HPA after PAL injection) and physiologic (protected enteral PAL is significantly effective vs. HPA). These findings open another way to facilitate treatment of this classic genetic disease.

Routine protein energy supplementation in adults: systematic review

Objectives: To determine whether routine oral and enteral nutritional supplementation can improve the weight, anthropometry, and survival of adult patients.

Pràctica 15. Experiències a l’escola infantil: vida sana

El documental “Vida Sana” mostra diverses activitats a l’Escola Infantil Rosa Fernández (Elx) relacionades amb l’educació per a la salut i l’alimentació infantil. En aquest documental ens trobarem fonamentalment amb una eixida a un mercat i una visita al Centre d’Educació Infantil Miguel Hernández (Elx) per a vore el seu hort escolar. Al mateix temps, en el documental apareixen altres propostes didàctiques, comentaris d’educadores, cuineres i aportacions de les directores dels dos centres mostrant el seu estil educatiu. El projecte “Eixida al mercat” està realitzat amb infants de 2 a 3 anys. Aquest projecte porta implícit no solament el coneixement de les normes i rols socials relacionats amb la compra i venda sinó l’aprenentatge de bons hàbits de salut i alimentació i el treball dels valors relacionats amb la cura i millora del medi ambient.

Evolución histórica de las estrategias alimentarias y sus condicionantes

Afirmaba el profesor Laín Entralgo, que el empeño de conocer el pasado lleva necesariamente consigo, implícita o explícitamente, la cuestión de su para qué. La mirada histórica nos debería servir para acercarnos a algunos de los principales problemas que preocupan actualmente en materia de nutrición y dietética, comprobaremos como muchos de los retos actuales cuentan con importantes antecedentes. El Real Decreto que regula los contenidos del grado de Nutrición Humana y Dietética contempla, entre las competencias y objetivos que se deben alcanzar, diversas referencias a la mirada histórica: conocer la evolución histórica, antropológica y sociológica de la alimentación, la nutrición y la dietética en el contexto de la salud y la enfermedad; explicar, con la ayuda del método histórico, la diversidad de factores que han incidido en los diferentes sistemas de producción y consumo de alimentos; e introducir al alumno en la diversidad de factores biológicos, científicos, culturales, económicos, políticos, sociales, etc., que han determinado y condicionado históricamente el binomio alimentación/nutrición. Dentro de la asignatura de Alimentación y Cultura, el bloque temático 1, dedicado a analizar la evolución histórica de las estrategias alimentarias y sus condicionantes, pretende desarrollar los siguientes objetivos: 1) analizar el proceso histórico de humanización de la conducta alimentaria; 2) estudiar la evolución de las principales estrategias alimentarias desarrolladas por las colectividades humanas, y en particular como se resolvió el problema del suministro de alimentos en épocas de crecimiento poblacional; 3) y analizar el proceso de configuración histórica de la dieta como instrumento del culto al cuerpo y los antecedentes históricos de los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario. Para poder alcanzar todos estos objetivos, la historia de la alimentación adquiere la condición de disciplina ecléctica e integradora, al incorporar presupuestos conceptuales y metodológicos de un amplio conjunto de disciplinas relacionadas con la variedad de factores que inciden en el binomio alimentación/nutrición: desde la historia económica (en la medida en que los alimentos adquieren la condición de productos de consumo y son objeto del comercio) a la historia de la salud y la enfermedad (en atención al papel que juega la nutrición como causa de enfermedad y elemento protector de la salud), pasando por la historia social (no olvidemos, por ejemplo, el papel de la alimentación como indicador de la diferenciación social), cultural (la comida nutre identidades y define grupos y colectividades), política (no se puede obviar el elemento de poder que cabe otorgar a la distribución y administración de los recursos alimenticios), medioambiental (desde la condición que adquiere la comida, como un elemento más en la cadena de la existencia que encierran los ecosistemas) o de la ciencia y de la técnica (tal como ocurre con la tecnología de los alimentos). Semejante interés multidisciplinar por la alimentación y la nutrición estaría justificado por el hecho de que, en cierto modo, están en todas partes. Los aspectos biológicos, económicos, políticos, medioambientales, sanitarios, sociales, etc., del binomio alimentación/nutrición pueden estudiarse, y de hecho se estudian, como diferentes capítulos de las correspondientes disciplinas.

Introducció a les Ciències de la Salut (per a dietistas/nutricionistes)

Materials docents en valencià per a l'assignatura Introducció a les Ciències de la Salut

Historia de la nutrición clínica española (1): Nutrición artificial y su incorporación al ámbito clínico español

Primera parte del texto y fotografías de la exposición HISTORIA DE LA NUTRICIÓN CLÍNICA ESPAÑOLA: LA CONTRIBUCIÓN de LA SENPE, presentada los días 6 a 12 de mayo de 2015 en Alicante, con ocasión de la celebración del XXX Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral (SENPE).

Historia de la nutrición clínica española (2): La contribución de SENPE y de la revista Nutrición Hospitalaria

Segunda parte del texto y fotografías de la exposición HISTORIA DE LA NUTRICIÓN CLÍNICA ESPAÑOLA: LA CONTRIBUCIÓN de LA SENPE, presentada los días 6 a 12 de mayo de 2015 en Alicante, con ocasión de la celebración del XXX Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral (SENPE).

Disseny d'unes jornades de salut per a primària, "Aprenem amb la salut!"

Aquest treball presenta, unes jornades de salut anomenades "Aprenem amb la salut", destinades a l'alumnat d'Educació Primària. A través aquestes jornades s'incorpora en l'alumnat la promoció d'hàbits saludables, centrant-se en l'alimentació, els hàbits d'higiene, els hàbits saludables i la pràctica d'activitat física o esport. Tots aquests aspectes es treballen mitjançant jocs i tallers, entre altres. A més, durant aquestes jornades es vincula l'aprenentatge de l'alumnat amb les seus famílies per tal de formar i conscienciar a les famílies en aspectes tan importants com és l'alimentació. Durant aquesta jornada, s'utilitzen diferents estils d'ensenyament combinant tradicionals amb un participatiu. Respecte a l'estil d'ensenyament participatiu, a través del microensenyament l'alumnat de sisè d'Educació Primària col·labora en les jornades, realitzant la funció de monitors i monitores en les gymkanes. Per acabar, en aquestes jornades es pretén fomentar en l'alumnat d'Educació Primària hàbits saludables, per tal de millorar la seua salut.

Gastroschisis: determinants of neonatal outcome

This retrospective study elicits information regarding the dependence of neonatal outcome in gastroschisis upon: (1) the mode of delivery, (2) place of birth, (3) time for birth to surgery, (4) method of closure, (5) time from operation to commencement of first enteral feeds. The neonatal intensive care database from five major tertiary centres was used to identify 181 neonates with gastroschisis from 1990 to 2000. There were 8 deaths. There were no significant differences in outcome for infants delivered vaginally (102) versus Caesarean section (79), those born near the tertiary centre (133) as compared to infants born away (48), ones operated within 7 hours (125) compared with those operated after 7 hours (56), with delayed closure (30) versus primary closure (151). Neonates fed within 10 days of operation (85) had significantly lower incidence of sepsis, duration of TPN and hospital stay when compared to those fed after 10 days (96). Early commencement of feeds decreases the incidence of sepsis, duration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and hospital stay. Place of delivery, mode of delivery, time to surgery and type of closure do not influence neonatal outcome.

Control of the endocrine pancreas by gastrointestinal peptides

This thesis concerns the mechanism through which enteral delivery of glucose results in a larger insulin response than an equivalent parenteral glucose load. Preliminary studies in which mice received a glucose solution either intragastrically or intraperitoneally confirmed this phenomenon. An important regulatory system in this respect is the entero-insular axis, through which insulin secretion is influenced by neural and endocrine communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Using an in vitro system involving static incubation of isolated (by collagenase digestion) islets of Langerhans, the effect of a variety of gastrointestinal peptides on the secretion of the four main islet hormones, namely insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, was studied. The gastrointestinal peptides investigated in this study were the secretin family, comprising secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and growth hormone releasing factor (GRF). Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) was also studied. The results showed that insulin release was stimulated by all peptides studied except PHI, glucagon release was stimulated by all peptides tested, except GRF which suppressed glucagon release, somatostatin release was stimulated by GIP and GRF but suppressed by VIP, PHI, glucagon and secretin, and PP release was stimulated by GIP and GRF, but suppressed by PHI. The insulinotropic effect of GRP was investigated further. A perifusion system was used to examine the time-course of insulin release from isolated islets after stimulation with GRP. GRP was shown to be insulinotropic only in the presence of physiologically elevated glucose concentrations and both first and second phases of insulin release were augmented. There was no effect at substimulatory or very high glucose concentrations. Studies using a cultured insulin-secreting islet cell line, the RINm5F cell line, were undertaken to elucidate the intracellular mechanism of action of GRP. This peptide did not enhance insulin release via an augmentation of glucose metabolism, or via the adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP secondary messenger system. The pattern of changes of cytosolic free calcium in response to GRP, which involved both mobilization of intracellular stores and an influx of extracellular calcium, suggested the involvement of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate breakdown as a mediator of the effect of GRP on insulin secretion.

Review: bariatric surgery:to treat diabesity

In obese patients bariatric surgery is increasing in popularity as a strategy to promote, and maintain, weight loss. In obese type 2 diabetes bypass, bariatric surgery improves glycaemic control g€" often to a greater extent than would be anticipated by weight loss alone. Surgical bypass procedures appear to initially offer a greater glucose-lowering effect than surgical restriction procedures. This review considers the rationale for bariatric surgery as a treatment for diabesity and the implications of the different procedures on the secretion and action of enteral hormones.

Length of stay in a neonatal intensive care unit and its association with low rates of exclusive breastfeeding in very low birth weight infants

OBJECTIVE: To identify the inpatient maternal and neonatal factors associated to the weaning of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: One hundred nineteen VLBW (<1500 g) infants were monitored from July 2005 through August 2006, from birth to the first ambulatory visit after maternity discharge. This maternity unit uses the Kangaroo Method and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. Out of 119 VLBW infants monitored until discharge, 88 (75%) returned to the facility, 22 (25%) were on exclusive breastfeeding (EB), and 66 (75%) were weaned (partial breastfeeding or formula feeding). RESULTS: Univariate analysis found an association between weaning and lower birth weight, longer stays in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and longer hospitalization times, in addition to more prolonged enteral feeding and birth weight recovery period. Logistic regression showed length of NICU stay as being the main determinant of weaning. CONCLUSION: The negative repercussion on EB of an extended stay in the NICU is a significant challenge for health professionals to provide more adequate nutrition to VLBW infants.

Length of stay in a neonatal intensive care unit and its association with low rates of exclusive breastfeeding in very low birth weight infants

OBJECTIVE: To identify the inpatient maternal and neonatal factors associated to the weaning of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: One hundred nineteen VLBW (<1500 g) infants were monitored from July 2005 through August 2006, from birth to the first ambulatory visit after maternity discharge. This maternity unit uses the Kangaroo Method and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. Out of 119 VLBW infants monitored until discharge, 88 (75%) returned to the facility, 22 (25%) were on exclusive breastfeeding (EB), and 66 (75%) were weaned (partial breastfeeding or formula feeding). RESULTS: Univariate analysis found an association between weaning and lower birth weight, longer stays in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and longer hospitalization times, in addition to more prolonged enteral feeding and birth weight recovery period. Logistic regression showed length of NICU stay as being the main determinant of weaning. CONCLUSION: The negative repercussion on EB of an extended stay in the NICU is a significant challenge for health professionals to provide more adequate nutrition to VLBW infants.