988 resultados para -monoidal categories
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An adaptive antenna array combines the signal of each element, using some constraints to produce the radiation pattern of the antenna, while maximizing the performance of the system. Direction of arrival (DOA) algorithms are applied to determine the directions of impinging signals, whereas beamforming techniques are employed to determine the appropriate weights for the array elements, to create the desired pattern. In this paper, a detailed analysis of both categories of algorithms is made, when a planar antenna array is used. Several simulation results show that it is possible to point an antenna array in a desired direction based on the DOA estimation and on the beamforming algorithms. A comparison of the performance in terms of runtime and accuracy of the used algorithms is made. These characteristics are dependent on the SNR of the incoming signal.
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Trabalho de Projecto submetido Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema para cumprimento dos requisitos necessrios obteno do grau de Mestre em Teatro - especializao em Teatro e Comunidade
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Hospitals are considered as a special and important type of indoor public place where air quality has significant impacts on potential health outcomes. Information on indoor air quality of these environments, concerning exposures to particulate matter (PM) and related toxicity, is limited though. This work aims to evaluate risks associated with inhalation exposure to ten toxic metals and chlorine (As, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn, Se, Ba, Al, Si, and Cl) in coarse (PM2.510) and fine (PM2.5) particles in a Portuguese hospital in comparison with studies representative of other countries. Samples were collected during 1 month in one urban hospital; elemental PM characterization was determined by proton-induced X-ray emission. Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were assessed according to the methodology provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA; Region III Risk-Based Concentration Table) for three different age categories of hospital personnel (adults, >20, and <65 years) and patients (considering nine different age groups, i.e., children of 13 years to seniors of >65 years). The estimated noncarcinogenic risks due to occupational inhalation exposure to PM2.5-bound metals ranged from 5.88106 for Se (adults, 5564 years) to 9.35101 for As (adults, 2024 years) with total noncarcinogenic risks (sum of all metals) above the safe level for all three age categories. As and Cl (the latter due to its high abundances) were the most important contributors (approximately 90 %) to noncarcinogenic risks. For PM2.510, noncarcinogenic risks of all metals were acceptable to all age groups. Concerning carcinogenic risks, for Ni and Pb, they were negligible (<1106) in both PM fractions for all age groups of hospital personnel; potential risks were observed for As and Cr with values in PM2.5 exceeding (up to 62 and 5 times, respectively) USEPA guideline across all age groups; for PM2.510, increased excess risks of As and Cr were observed particularly for long-term exposures (adults, 5564 years). Total carcinogenic risks highly (up to 67 times) exceeded the recommended level for all age groups, thus clearly showing that occupational exposure to metals in fine particles pose significant risks. If the extensive working hours of hospital medical staff were considered, the respective noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were increased, the latter for PM2.5 exceeding the USEPA cumulative guideline of 104. For adult patients, the estimated noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were approximately three times higher than for personnel, with particular concerns observed for children and adolescents.
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Considering tobacco smoke as one of the most health-relevant indoor sources, the aim of this work was to further understand its negative impacts on human health. The specific objectives of this work were to evaluate the levels of particulate-bound PAHs in smoking and non-smoking homes and to assess the risks associated with inhalation exposure to these compounds. The developed work concerned the application of the toxicity equivalency factors approach (including the estimation of the lifetime lung cancer risks, WHO) and the methodology established by USEPA (considering three different age categories) to 18 PAHs detected in inhalable (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles at two homes. The total concentrations of 18 PAHs (PAHs) was 17.1 and 16.6 ng m3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at smoking home and 7.60 and 7.16 ng m3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at non-smoking one. Compounds with five and six rings composed the majority of the particulate PAHs content (i.e., 73 and 78 % of PAHs at the smoking and non-smoking home, respectively). Target carcinogenic risks exceeded USEPA health-based guideline at smoking home for 2 different age categories. Estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks largely exceeded (68200 times) the health-based guideline levels at both homes thus demonstrating that long-term exposure to PAHs at the respective levels would eventually cause risk of developing cancer. The high determined values of cancer risks in the absence of smoking were probably caused by contribution of PAHs from outdoor sources.
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Due to their detrimental effects on human health, the scientific interest in ultrafine particles (UFP) has been increasing, but available information is far from comprehensive. Compared to the remaining population, the elderly are potentially highly susceptible to the effects of outdoor air pollution. Thus, this study aimed to (1) determine the levels of outdoor pollutants in an urban area with emphasis on UFP concentrations and (2) estimate the respective dose rates of exposure for elderly populations. UFP were continuously measured over 3 weeks at 3 sites in north Portugal: 2 urban (U1 and U2) and 1 rural used as reference (R1). Meteorological parameters and outdoor pollutants including particulate matter (PM10), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were also measured. The dose rates of inhalation exposure to UFP were estimated for three different elderly age categories: 6470, 7180, and >81 years. Over the sampling period levels of PM10, O3 and NO2 were in compliance with European legislation. Mean UFP were 1.7 104 and 1.2 104 particles/cm3 at U1 and U2, respectively, whereas at rural site levels were 2070% lower (mean of 1 104 particles/cm3). Vehicular traffic and local emissions were the predominant identified sources of UFP at urban sites. In addition, results of correlation analysis showed that UFP were meteorologically dependent. Exposure dose rates were 1.2- to 1.4-fold higher at urban than reference sites with the highest levels noted for adults at 7180 yr, attributed mainly to higher inhalation rates.
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O crescente reconhecimento das limitaes das crianas com multideficincia e deficincia visual, quer nas interaces com os parceiros quer de uma forma geral nos ambientes em que se inserem, motivou este estudo, que pretendeu analisar o nvel de participao destas crianas em actividades na escola. Considerando a importncia de contribuir com informao para orientaes na interveno educativa de crianas com MDVI, realizou-se um estudo que analisa o seu comportamento e envolvimento em actividades da escola. Para a realizao deste estudo, observaram-se os comportamentos de trs crianas com MDVI, com idades compreendidas entre os 9 e os 10 anos, em trs ambientes da escola, nomeadamente a sala de aula, o refeitrio e o recreio, e em trs actividades (pintura, jogos, almoo, saltar corda, andar de baloio e subir escadas) de forma a analisar o seu envolvimento e limitaes nas actividades. Na anlise dos dados das observaes foram identificadas quatro categorias de participao: Inicia, Perde Oportunidade, Inicia com Apoio e Comportamento Potencialmente Comunicativo, registando-se valores que permitiram encontrar caractersticas dos comportamentos das crianas observadas, assim como o seu nvel de participao em actividades na escola. Os resultados do estudo permitiram verificar que a participao das crianas em actividades est condicionada pelos ambientes em que esto envolvidas, e no pelas problemticas que cada criana apresenta.----------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The motivation of this study is the increasing knowledge and awareness of children who have multiple disabilities and a visual impairment (MDVI) and the limitation with their peer interactions and in general. The purpose of this study was to analyze the participation level of children with MDVI in school activities. Considering the importance of contributing with guidelines for educational intervention with children with MDVI, we did a study that analyzes the behavior and the level of participation of MDVI children in school activities. In this research study we observed the behavior of three children with MDVI, of 9/10 years old, in three different environments at school; the classroom, the canteen and the playground, and in different activities (painting, playing games, having lunch, skipping rope, etc), in order to analyze their participation and their activity limitations in the activities referred. Data analysis identified four categories of participation: Initiation; Missed Opportunities; Initiation with support and Potentially communicative behavior. Results of data analysis allowed us to find out characteristics of childrens behavior, as well as their level of participation in activities. The main findings of this research allowed us to verify that the childs engagement in activities depends on the environments where they are located and not on their disability.
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RESUMO: Com o presente estudo pretendemos identificar a sobrecarga resultante do envolvimento familiar com os doentes portadores de VIH/SIDA. Numa breve introduo terica, procedemos reviso dos conceitos sobrecarga familiar e dos sentimentos/emoes vivenciados pelos prestadores de cuidados. Metodologia: Estudo do tipo descritivo e exploratrio, com uma amostra de 51 indivduos, cuja finalidade consiste na caracterizao dos prestadores de cuidados familiares a doentes com VIH/SIDA. Objectivos: Identificar quem o doente com VIH/SIDA, considera ser a pessoa significativa nos cuidados informais. Caracterizar, do ponto de vista scio-demogrfico, os doentes e os prestadores de cuidados familiares. Identificar sentimentos e emoes de vivncias, que justifiquem o sofrimento emocional e as repercusses na sobrecarga familiar nos prestadores de cuidados informais. Instrumentos: Na avaliao da sobrecarga familiar, utilizmos o Questionrio de Problemas Familiares- FPQ (Family Problemas Questionnaire). Para identificao dos Acontecimentos de Vida, adoptmos a escala de Holmes e Rahe (Life Events); Para identificao do estrato social escolhemos escala de Graffar. Finalmente, para a caracterizao scio-demografica concebemos dois questionrios: um dirigido aos doentes e o outro aos prestadores de cuidados informais. Concluses: A sobrecarga da doena VIH/SIDA, nos prestadores de cuidados familiares, no uniforme nas diferentes dimenses. A dimenso sobrecarga subjectiva superior objectiva. O suporte social revela-se fraco, relacionado com as perdas familiares, devidas a morte, pelas relaes familiares disfuncionais, entre os membros da famlia, pela falta de apoio e informao dos tcnicos de sade. O sexo feminino predominante nos cuidadores. As mes e esposas so o grau de parentesco dominante. Os solteiros so o grupo mais afectado pelo VIH/SIDA. Os cuidadores apresentam idade superior dos doentes. O estrato social preponderante o mdio baixo e o baixo. Os familiares, apesar da atitude negativa dos doentes perante os cuidadores, mantm-se envolvidos. Segundo a avaliao multiaxial proposta pelo DM-IV, constatmos, ao nvel do eixo I, sintomatologia clnica do tipo das perturbaes depressivas e perturbaes da ansiedade. No eixo IV, os cuidadores evidenciam problemas psicossociais e ambientais, nomeadamente nas categorias problemas com o grupo de apoio primrio, problemas relacionados como grupo social, problemas educacionais, problemas de alojamento, problemas econmicos. Os problemas relacionados com o grupo de apoio primrio, so os que mais parecem contribuir para os problemas psicossociais e ambientais.---------------------------------------ABSTRACT: This study wants to describe several problems as a result of the familys relationship with HIV/AIDS patients, like overload. In a brief theoric introduction, we made a small revision about the concepts of familys overload, and feelings or emotions that have been lived by the people who provide cares to the patients with this chronic disease. Methodology: This is a describing and exploratory study, with a sample with 51 individuals, with the aim to characterize the people inside the family who give care HIV/AIDS patients. Aim: To identify who are the most important people in informal cares from the patient perspective. To characterize, in a social-demographic point of view, patients and the people who take care of them. To identify feelings and emotions that could explain an emotional suffer, and some causes in the family burden. Means: to evaluate the familys overload we used the Family Problems Questionnaire (FPQ). To identify life events we adopted the Holmes and Rahe scale. To identify the social stratum we used the Graffer scale. Finally to do a socio-economic characterization we did two kinds of questionnaire, the first one was directed for the patients, and the second one was chosen for the people who give care. Conclusions: The HIV/AIDS disease burden on the people who takes familiar cares isnt uniform on several areas that we studied. The subjective overload it is superior to the objective. The social support is weak and poor, and related with family losses by dead, dysfunctional family relationships, and the lack of support and information by the medical staff. Mothers and wives are the dominant relative degree. And the singles are the major group with HIV/AIDS disease. The people who take care are usually older than the sick. The major social status is low or medium-low. The relatives keep evolved though the negative attitude of the sick. According with the evaluation multiaxial proposed by the DM-IV, in axle 1 we note clinic sintomatologic belonging to the type depressive perturbations and perturbations of the anxiety. Regarding with axle IV the caretakers show up psycho-social and environmental problems, namely on the categories: problems with the primary support group and problems related as social group, educational problems, accommodation problems and.
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One of the filmic trends which has been neglected by the Academy Awards is the metacinema, which for practical purposes I will consider to be a cross between the complexities of the self-reflexive cinema (highly connoted with modernism) and the Hollywood Film (the classical films about the urge to make it in Hollywood). Indeed, these films have always existed and some, as Sunset Boulevard (Billy Wilder, 1950, USA) and Mulholland Dr. (David Lynch, 2001, FRA/USA), have even made it to the ceremony, but were, predictably, defeated in the main categories, by other more serious or less self-reflexive products. The United States has always insisted on not revealing the tricks of the trade while, ironically, generating films that deal with this theme, in order to cater to the curiosity of the metacinema-inclined spectator. For this reason such films are usually about the universe of cinema but not its medium, at least not in a way that discloses the operations of the technical apparatus. Why are these films not viewed as serious enough and artistic enough to be awarded Oscars by the Academy in the categories of Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best Cinematography? Are they being discarded for the same reasons that comedy and musicals usually are? Or are they being punished for being too unveiling? Or is the industry going for commercial products that can easily be pushed on a global scale and make a profit?
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obteno do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na rea de Especializao em Estruturas
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Dissertao apresentada Escola Superior de Educao de Lisboa para obteno de grau de mestre em Didticas Integradas em Lngua Portuguesa, Matemtica, Cincias Naturais e Sociais
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Dissertao apresentada ao Instituto Politcnico do Porto para obteno do Grau de Mestre em Logstica Orientada por: Professora Doutora Patrcia Alexandra Gregrio Ramos
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Before the AIDS pandemia, the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was responsible in most cases for the pneumopathies that attack patients with basic chronic pulmonary diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis36. In 1981, with the advent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), MAC started to represent one of the most frequent bacterial diseases among AIDS patients, with the disseminated form of the disease being the major clinical manifestation of the infection8. Between January 1989 and February 1991, the Section of Mycobacteria of the Adolfo Lutz Institute, So Paulo, isolated MAC from 103 patients by culturing different sterile and no-sterile processed specimens collected from 2304 patients seen at the AIDS Reference and Training Center and/or Emilio Ribas Infectology Institute. Disseminated disease was diagnosed in 29 of those patients on the basis of MAC isolation from blood and/or bone marrow aspirate. The other 74 patients were divided into categories highly (5), moderately (26) and little suggestive of disease (43) according to the criteria of DAVIDSON (1989)10. The various criteria for MAC isolation from sterile and non-sterile specimens are discussed.
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RESUMO - No contexto econmico actual, os custos pelos acidentes devem ser tidos em conta por todos os gestores das organizaes, com especial destaque ao sector da sade. Assim a anlise econmica deste estudo visa alertar para o impacto econmico dos acidentes de trabalho em contexto hospitalar e sensibilizar os gestores para a anlise do custo-beneficio da preveno. Existem custos facilmente constatveis, tais como, o tempo perdido no dia do acidente, quer pelo sinistrado quer pelos colegas de trabalho que o assistem, as despesas de uma ida ao servio de urgncia, a paragem da produo, a formao de mo-de-obra alternativa, a substituio dos trabalhadores, o pagamento de horas extras, o restabelecimento dos trabalhadores, os salrios pagos aos trabalhadores sinistrados, as despesas administrativas e o aumento do prmio do seguro, entre outros. Existem outros custos que no so to evidentes e por conseguinte, dificilmente quantificveis, como o caso da deteriorao da imagem da empresa e o impacto sentimental que estes provocam nos colegas de trabalho que se traduz em quebras de produtividade. A anlise econmica foi realizada tendo em conta a definio de vrias variveis, de vrias rubricas de custos pertencentes ao mesmo domnio. Neste projecto pretende-se analisar o custo global da sinistralidade segundo trs pticas distintas. A ptica da variabilidade, da imputabilidade e da responsabilidade, de forma a ser possvel obter o custo marginal devido ocorrncia de um novo acidente, o montante de custos assumidos pelas empresas e os custos unitrios segundo a natureza e a localizao da leso. ---------- ABSTRACT - In the current economic context, the costs originated by labour accidents must be taken in account by all the managers of the organisations, in this case, especially by the health sector. Thus, the economic analysis of this study case aims, to alert for the economic impact of the industrial accidents and motivate the managers for the analysis of the cost-benefit for prevention. There are kinds of costs easily quantified such as, the lost time in the day of the accident, expenses in the urgencies service, production interruption, workforce formation, workers substitution, extra work payment, employers healing, wages paid to injured workers, administrative expenses and a biggest insurers prime, among other things. The economic analysis of the labour injuries, was developed taking in account the definition of some variables, of some cost categories which belong to same domain. In this project we pretend to analyse the global cost labour injuries according to three distinct optics: variability, imputability and responsibility. Thus, it became possible to get the cost due to an occurrence of a new accident, the unitary sum of costs assumed by the companies and costs according to nature and the localisation of the injury.
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Dissertao apresentada ao Instituto Politcnico do Porto para obteno do Grau de Mestre em Logstica
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RESUMO:A depresso clnica uma patologia do humor, dimensional e de natureza crnica, evoluindo por episdios heterogneos remitentes e recorrentes, de gravidade varivel, correspondendo a categorias nosolgicas porventura artificiais mas clinicamente teis, de elevada prevalncia e responsvel por morbilidade importante e custos sociais crescentes, calculando-se que em 2020 os episdios de depresso major constituiro, em todo o mundo, a segunda causa de anos de vida com sade perdidos. Como desejvel, na maioria dos pases os cuidados de sade primrios so a porta de entrada para o acesso recepo de cuidados de sade. Cerca de 50% de todas as pessoas sofrendo de depresso acedem aos cuidados de sade primrios mas apenas uma pequena proporo correctamente diagnosticada e tratada pelos mdicos prestadores de cuidados primrios apesar dos tratamentos disponveis serem muito efectivos e de fcil aplicabilidade. A existncia de dificuldades e barreiras a vrios nveis doena, doentes, mdicos, organizaes de sade, cultura e sociedade contribuem para esta generalizada ineficincia de que resulta uma manuteno do peso da depresso que no tem sido possvel reduzir atravs das estratgias tradicionais de organizao de servios. A equipa comunitria de sade mental e a psiquiatria de ligao so duas estratgias de interveno com desenvolvimento conceptual e organizacional respectivamente na Psiquiatria Social e na Psicossomtica. A primeira tem demonstrado sucesso na abordagem clnica das doenas mentais graves na comunidade e a segunda na abordagem das patologias no psicticas no hospital geral. Todavia, a efectividade destas estratgias no se tem revelado transfervel para o tratamento das perturbaes depressivas e outras patologias mentais comuns nos cuidados de sade primrios. Novos modelos de ligao e de trabalho em equipa multidisciplinar tm sido demonstrados como mais eficazes e custo-efectivos na reduo do peso da depresso, ao nvel da prestao dos cuidados de sade primrios, quando so atinentes com os seguintes princpios estratgicos e organizacionais: deteco sistemtica e abordagem da depresso segundo o modelo mdico, gesto integrada de doena crnica incluindo a continuidade de cuidados mediante colaborao e partilha de responsabilidades intersectorial, e a aposta na melhoria contnua da qualidade. Em Portugal, no existem dados fiveis sobre a frequncia da depresso, seu reconhecimento e a adequao do tratamento ao nvel dos cuidados de sade primrios nem se encontra validada uma metodologia de diagnstico simples e fivel passvel de implementao generalizada. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal com os objectivos de estabelecer a prevalncia pontual de depresso entre os utentes dos cuidados de sade primrios e as taxas de reconhecimento e tratamento pelos mdicos de famlia e testar metodologias de despiste, com base num questionrio de preenchimento rpido o WHO-5 associado a uma breve entrevista estruturada o IED. Foram seleccionados aleatoriamente 31 mdicos de famlia e avaliados 544 utentes consecutivos, dos 16 aos 90 anos, em quatro regies de sade e oito centros de sade dotados com 219 clnicos gerais. Os doentes foram entrevistados por psiquiatras, utilizando um mtodo padronizado, o SCAN, para diagnstico de perturbao depressiva segundo os critrios da 10 edio da Classificao Internacional de Doenas. Apurou-se que 24.8% dos utentes apresentava depresso. No melhor dos cenrios, menos de metade destes doentes, 43%, foi correctamente identificada como deprimida pelo seu mdico de famlia e menos de 13% dos doentes com depresso estavam bem medicados com antidepressivo em dose adequada. A aplicao seriada dos dois instrumentos no revelou dificuldades tendo permitido a identificao de pelo menos 8 em cada 10 doentes deprimidos e a excluso de 9 em cada 10 doentes no deprimidos. Confirma-se a elevada prevalncia da patologia depressiva ao nvel dos cuidados primrios em Portugal e a necessidade de melhorar a capacidade diagnstica e teraputica dos mdicos de famlia. A interveno de despiste, que foi validada, parece adequada para ser aplicada de modo sistemtico em Centros de Sade que disponham de recursos tcnicos e organizacionais para o tratamento efectivo dos doentes com depresso. A obteno da linha de base de indicadores de prevalncia, reconhecimento e tratamento das perturbaes depressivas nos cuidados de sade primrios, bem como a validao de instrumentos de uso clnico, viabiliza a capacitao do sistema para a produo de uma campanha nacional de educao de grande amplitude como a proposta no Plano Nacional de Sade 2004-2010.------- ABSTRACT: Clinical depression is a dimensional and chronic affective disorder, evolving through remitting and recurring heterogeneous episodes with variable severity corresponding to clinically useful artificial diagnostic categories, highly prevalent and producing vast morbidity and growing social costs, being estimated that in 2020 unipolar major depression will be the second cause of healthy life years lost all over the world. In most countries, primary care are the entry point for access to health care. About 50% of all individuals suffering from depression within the community reach primary health care but a smaller proportion is correctly diagnosed and treated by primary care physicians though available treatments are effective and easily manageable. Barriers at various levels pertaining to the illness itself, to patients, doctors, health care organizations, culture and society contribute to the inefficiency of depression management and pervasiveness of depression burden, which has not been possible to reduce through classical service strategies. Community mental health teams and consultation-liaison psychiatry, two conceptual and organizational intervention strategies originating respectively within social psychiatry and psychosomatics, have succeeded in treating severe mental illness in community and managing non-psychotic disorders in the general hospital. However, these strategies effectiveness has not been replicated and transferable for the primary health care setting treatment of depressive disorders and other common mental pathology. New modified liaison and multidisciplinary team work models have been shown as more efficacious and cost-effective reducing depression burden at the primary care level namely when in agreement with principles such as: systematic detection of depression and approach accordingly to the medical model, chronic llness comprehensive management including continuity of care through collaboration and shared responsibilities between primary and specialized care, and continuous quality improvement. There are no well-founded data available in Portugal for depression prevalence, recognition and treatment adequacy in the primary care setting neither is validated a simple, teachable and implementable recognition and diagnostic methodology for primary care. With these objectives in mind, a cross-sectional descriptive study was performed involving 544 consecutive patients, aged 16-90 years, recruited from the ambulatory of 31 family doctors randomized within the 219 physicians working in eight health centres from four health regions. Screening strategies were tested based on the WHO-5 questionnaire in association with a short structured interview based on ICD-10 criteria. Depression ICD-10 diagnosis was reached according to the gold standard SCAN interview performed by trained psychiatrists. Any depressive disorder ICD-10 diagnosis was present in 24.8% of patients. Through the use of favourable recognition criteria, 43% of the patients were correctly identified as depressed by their family doctor and about 13% of the depressed patients were prescribed antidepressants at an adequate dosage. The serial administration of both instruments WHO-5 and short structured interview was feasible, allowing the detection of eight in ten positive cases and the exclusion of nine in ten non-cases. In Portugal, at the primary care level, high depressive disorder prevalence is confirmed as well as the need to improve depression diagnostic and treatment competencies of family doctors. A two-stage screening strategy has been validated and seems adequate for systematic use in health centres where technical and organizational resources for the effective management of depression are made available. These results can be viewed as primary care depressive disorders baseline indicators of prevalence, detection and treatment and, along with clinical useful instruments, the health system is more capacitated for the establishment of a national level large education campaign on depression such as proposed in the National Health Plan 2004-2010.