Suorituskyvyn analysointijärjestelmän rakentaminen pk-yrityksessä

Tutkimuksen päätavoite oli kehittää suorituskyvyn analysointijärjestelmä metalliteollisuuden alihankintaa suorittavalle pk-yritykselle. Lisäksi tutkittiin toimintatapoja, jotka edesauttavat menestyksekkään analysointijärjestelmän rakentamista. Tutkimuksessa käsiteltiin myös mittausjärjestelmän hyötyjä ja haittoja pk-yritykselle. Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa osassa käsitellään yleisesti suorituskykyä, esitellään erilaisia suorituskyvyn analysointijärjestelmiä ja selvitetään järjestelmien eroja. Lisäksi esitellään erilaisia prosessimalleja, joiden avulla yritys voi rakentaa suorituskyvyn analysointijärjestelmän. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osassa esitellään yrityksessä läpikäyty prosessimalli, jonka avulla rakennettiin suorituskyvyn analysointijärjestelmä. Yrityksessä läpikäydyn prosessin pohjana toimi SAKE-prosessimalli, mutta ideoita haettiin myös Toivasen mallista. Tutkimuksen tuloksena syntyi teoreettinen paketti suorituskyvyn analysoinnista ja malli suorituskyvyn analysointijärjestelmästä. Teoreettinen paketti toimi hyvänä pohjana ja tarjosi taustatietoa aiheesta projektissa mukana olleille henkilöille. Tutkimuksen tuloksena syntynyt malli soveltuu parhaiten metallin mekaanista työstöä suorittavalle yritykselle, mutta myös muut yritykset voivat ottaa tästä mallia. Hyödyllisimmäksi näkökulmaksi voi nostaa itse prosessin, jonka avulla päästään tarkastelemaan yrityksen menestymisen taustalla olevia tekijöitä.

Suomalaisen pk-teknologiayrityksen kansainvälistyminen fokuksena Kiina

Suomalainen teollisuus ja yrittäjyys ovat muutoskohdassa johtuen kasvavista kansainvälisistä paineista ja kovenevasta ulkomaisesta kilpailusta. Tämän työn tavoitteena on tutkia suomalaisen yrityksen kansainvälistymisen motiiveja, prosessia ja kansainvälistymisen vaatimia valmistelevia toimenpiteitä ja analyyseja teknologiayrityksen näkökohdasta. Prosessin kulusta ja valmistelevista analyyseistä rakennetaan malli, joka kuvaa prosessin eri vaiheita. Työn toisessa osassa pohditaan Kiinaa suomalaisen teknologiayrityksen kansainvälistymisen kohdemaana ja Kiinaan kohdemaana liittyviä riskejä, mahdollisuuksia ja suomalaisen teknologiayrityksen toimintaedellytyksiä Kiinan markkinoilla. Työ on pääasiassa tutkimus yritysten kansainvälistymiseen liittyvistä prosesseista ja Kiinan markkinoista, joka perustuu jo olemassa oleviin artikkeleihin ja kirjallisuuteen. Työ on tehty kirjallisuustutkimuksena.

Energiatehokkuuden parantaminen teollisuushalleissa - Etelä-Karjalan pienten ja keskisuurten konepaja- ja kunnossapitoyritysten energiaohjelma

Työn tarkoituksena on lisätä Etelä-Karjalan pienten ja keskisuurten konepaja- ja kunnossapitoyritysten tietoisuutta energiatehokkuudesta sekä muista niitä koskettavista energia-asioista. Tietoisuuden lisäämiseksi tutkittiin yritysten energiankulutusta ja kulutustapoja. Tutkimusten pohjalta on kehitetty työkalu, energiaohjelma, jonka avulla tutkimuksen kohteena olleet yritykset voivat itse tarkastella omaa energiankulutustaan ja –tehokkuuttaan. Energiaohjelmaa lähdettiin kehittelemään tutkimuksessa mukana olevan yritysryhmään kuuluvien yritysten haastattelujen pohjalta. Lisäksi muutamiin kohteisiin käytiin tutustumassa energiatehokkuuden mahdollisiin parannuskohtiin paikan päällä. Ohjelma muodostettiin näissä tapahtumissa havainnoitujen tarpeiden pohjalta. Haastattelujen lisäksi tutkimuksessa on käytetty lähteenä myös kirjallisuutta, tärkeimpinä Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelmat. Ohjelman testausta varten toteutettiin pilottiprojekti, josta saatiin laskennallisesti lupaavia tuloksia. Lämmöntalteenoton lisääminen teollisuushallin poistoilmaan osoittautui hyväksi tavaksi lisätä pilottiprojektissa mukana olleen yrityksen energiatehokkuutta ja hankkeen takaisinmaksuaika jäi alhaiseksi. Jatkoa ajatellen olisi hyvä, jos ohjelmaa voitaisiin kehittää edelleen samankaltaisten kohteiden avulla enemmän yrityksiä palvelevaksi kokonaisuudeksi.

Marketing-Sales Cooperation and its Relation on Direct Sales Performance: an Example of a Medium-sized Oil Company

The study touches upon marketing-sales departments’ cooperation and investigates marketing-sales cooperative model within the case company. So that research increases understanding of linkages between Marketing and Sales departments with an illustrative example of Russian medium-sized oil company (LLC Neste St. Petersburg), the subsidiary of Finnish-based Neste Oil. The empirical study is done from marketing and sales perspectives. And for sales main attention was brought to direct sales, both B2B and B2C. Research considers all five domains of cooperation, and among others, study reveals the attitude towards external (market) and internal (product) knowledge, and its mutual use by marketing and sales managers. A qualitative research method, participant observations, and in-depth interviews with upper-management made it possible to explore all facets of joint work. Moreover, research responses the changes in a model of cooperation between marketing and sales when moving from medium size to large company.

Viral marketing in a Finnish medium sized gaming company: discovering, analyzing and building an improved management process for viral marketing campaigns, case: Nitrogames

The goal of this thesis is to build a viral marketing management framework for a Finnish medium sized gaming company. This is achieved by first finding and building a theoretical five step management process framework based on literature, analyzing current model and giving recommendations for the case company to develop its own management process. In addition, viral marketing research is still in early stage resulting this study to propose its own take on the definition in the theory part. Empirical part is based on qualitative interviews, campaign material and secondary sources and is aimed to find out and analyze the case company’s current viral marketing state and to give recommendations to it. The final outcome of the study is a general, theoretical management framework for viral marketing campaigns and specified recommendations for the case company.

Demand forecasting process design and methods in medium sized enterprise

The purpose of this thesis was to study the design of demand forecasting processes and management of demand. In literature review were different processes found and forecasting methods and techniques interviewed. Also role of bullwhip effect in supply chain was identified and how to manage it with information sharing operations. In the empirical part of study is at first described current situation and challenges in case company. After that will new way to handle demand introduced with target budget creation and how information sharing with 5 products and a few customers would bring benefits to company. Also the new S&OP process created within this study and organization for it.

Air pollution and cardiovascular hospital admissions in a medium-sized city in São Paulo State, Brazil

The objective of the present study was to estimate the contribution of environmental pollutants to hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease. A time series ecological study was conducted on subjects aged over 60 years and living in São José dos Campos, Brazil, with a population near 700,000 inhabitants. Hospital admission data of public health patients (SUS) were obtained from DATASUS for the period between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2006, according to the ICD-10 diagnoses I20 to I22 and I24. Particulate matter with less than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter, sulfur dioxide and ozone were the pollutants examined, and the control variables were mean temperature and relative humidity. Data on pollutants were obtained from the São Paulo State Sanitary Agency. The generalized linear model Poisson regression with lags of up to 5 days was used. There were 1303 hospital admissions during the period. Exposure to particulate matter was significantly associated with hospitalization for cardiovascular disease 3 days after exposure (RR = 1.006; 95%CI = 1.000 to 1.010) and an increase of 16 µg/m³ was associated with a 10% increase in risk of hospitalization; other pollutants were not associated with hospitalization. Thus, it was possible to identify the role of exposure to particulate matter as an environmental pollutant in hospitalization for cardiovascular disease in a medium-sized city inSoutheastern Brazil.

Association of sulfur dioxide exposure with circulatory system deaths in a medium-sized city in Brazil

There is a demonstrable association between exposure to air pollutants and deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide on mortality due to circulatory diseases in individuals 50 years of age or older residing in São José dos Campos, SP. This was a time-series ecological study for the years 2003 to 2007 using information on deaths due to circulatory disease obtained from Datasus reports. Data on daily levels of pollutants, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone, temperature, and humidity were obtained from the São Paulo State Environmental Agency. Moving average models for 2 to 7 days were calculated by Poisson regression using the R software. Exposure to SO2 was analyzed using a unipollutant, bipollutant or multipollutant model adjusted for mean temperature and humidity. The relative risks with 95%CI were obtained and the percent decrease in risk was calculated. There were 1928 deaths with a daily mean (± SD) of 1.05 ± 1.03 (range: 0-6). Exposure to SO2 was significantly associated with mortality due to circulatory disease: RR = 1.04 (95%CI = 1.01 to 1.06) in the 7-day moving average, after adjusting for ozone. There was an 8.5% decrease in risk in the multipollutant model, proportional to a decrease of SO2 concentrations. The results of this study suggest that residents of medium-sized Brazilian cities with characteristics similar to those of São José dos Campos probably have health problems due to exposure to air pollutants.

Association between NOx exposure and deaths caused by respiratory diseases in a medium-sized Brazilian city

Exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by burning fossil fuels has been associated with respiratory diseases. We aimed to estimate the effects of NOx exposure on mortality owing to respiratory diseases in residents of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil, of all ages and both sexes. This time-series ecological study from August 1, 2011 to July 31, 2012 used information on deaths caused by respiratory diseases obtained from the Health Department of Taubaté. Estimated daily levels of pollutants (NOx, particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide) were obtained from the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. These environmental variables were used to adjust the multipollutant model for apparent temperature. To estimate association between hospitalizations owing to asthma and air pollutants, generalized additive Poisson regression models were developed, with lags as much as 5 days. There were 385 deaths with a daily mean (±SD) of 1.05±1.03 (range: 0-5). Exposure to NOx was significantly associated with mortality owing to respiratory diseases: relative risk (RR)=1.035 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.008-1.063) for lag 2, RR=1.064 (95%CI: 1.017-1.112) lag 3, RR=1.055 (95%CI: 1.025-1.085) lag 4, and RR=1.042 (95%CI: 1.010-1.076) lag 5. A 3 µg/m3 reduction in NOx concentration resulted in a decrease of 10-18 percentage points in risk of death caused by respiratory diseases. Even at NOx concentrations below the acceptable standard, there is association with deaths caused by respiratory diseases.

Ohjelmistoyrityksen tuoteliiketoiminnan ohjaaminen elinkaarimallin avulla

Nopeasti muuttuvissa kilpailutilanteissa varsinkin pienet ja keskisuuret ohjelmistoyritykset joutuvat kilpailuetuja saavuttaakseen tekemään strategisia päätöksiä, joiden vaikutukset voidaan todeta vasta pitkän ajan kuluttua. Sen vuoksi yritysjohto tarvitsee päätöksentekoa varten tukijärjestelmiä, jotka sekä tuottavat informaatiota päätöksenteon tueksi että auttavat vähentämään päätöksistä aiheutuneita riskejä. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli kehittää ohjelmistoyritysten ohjelmistotuoteliiketoimintaa varten elinkaarikustannusmalli, jonka avulla yritysjohto voi arvioida ohjelmistotuotteiden koko-naiskustannuksia koko elinkaaren ajalta. Elinkaarikustannusmallia tutkittiin sekä elinkaarikustannusten että ohjelmistotuotantoprosessien teoreettisissa viitekehyksissä. Empiirinen tieto kerättiin tutkimukseen osallistuneen ohjelmistoyrityksen avulla. Tutkimuksessa kehitetty elinkaarikustannusmalli eroaa monista muista tutkituista kustannusmalleista siinä, että se lähestyy elinkaarikustannusten problematiikkaa strategisesta näkökulmasta, kun taas monet muut mallit toteuttavat tietoteknistä lähestymistapaa. Siten ohjelmistoyrityksen johto voi ohjata tuoteliiketoimintaa osana strategista päätöksentekoa sekä tuotteen elinkaaren kokonaiskustannusten avulla että elinkaarikustannusmallin epäsuorien vaikutusten kautta

Measurement of social value creation with non-financial measures

This research examines the concept of social entrepreneurship which is a fairly new business model. In the field of business it has become increasingly popular in recent years. The growing awareness of the environment and concrete examples of impact created by social entrepreneurship have encouraged entrepreneurs to address social problems. Society’s failures are tried to redress as a result of business activities. The purpose of doing business is necessarily no longer generating just profits but business is run in order to make a social change with the profit gained from the operations. Successful social entrepreneurship requires a specific nature, constant creativity and strong desire to make a social change. It requires constant balancing between two major objectives: both financial and non-financial issues need to be considered, but not at the expense of another. While aiming at the social purpose, the business needs to be run in highly competitive markets. Therefore, both factors need equally be integrated into an organization as they are complementary, not exclusionary. Business does not exist without society and society cannot go forward without business. Social entrepreneurship, its value creation, measurement tools and reporting practices are under discussion in this research. An extensive theoretical basis is covered and used to support the findings coming out of the researched case enterprises. The most attention is focused on the concept of Social Return on Investment. The case enterprises are analyzed through the SROI process. Social enterprises are mostly small or medium sized. Naturally this sets some limitations in implementing measurement tools. The question of resources requires the most attention and therefore sets the biggest constraints. However, the size of the company does not determine all – the nature of business and the type of social purpose need to be considered always. The mission may be so concrete and transparent that in all cases any kind of measurement would be useless. Implementing measurement tools may be of great benefit – or a huge financial burden. Thus, the very first thing to carefully consider is the possible need of measuring value creation.

Barriers to Service-sector SME Internationalization in the EU Business Environment

The service sector in the global world is constantly growing: in Europe, they account currently approximately for 70 per cent of the total economy. Yet service internationalization is rather a new phenomenon: services have been traditionally seen as local entities, which also explains why research on service internationalization has properly begun only few decades ago. Even though the Single European Market allows free service movement between Member States, services do not move as actively as desired: approximately only one fifth of services are involved in cross-border trade. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the EU business environment. To address the research purpose, the internationalization of service-sector SMEs in the EU area is first described and thereafter, the barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the European context are mapped and analyzed from intra- and extra-firm perspectives. In order to understand the topic area and the phenomenon, a short glance is first taken into Europe as a business environment for service industries: the market characteristics and benefits of the common free trade area for service industries are described. Also earlier literature on service internationalization and barriers to international service trade are discussed. Due to low previous research activity on barriers specifically to international service trade, the discussion is improved by presenting general findings of barriers to SME internationalization. This research is conducted with qualitative methods: there is only a limited amount of previous research and qualitative methods provide a way of gathering in-depth information and reaching understanding from respondents’ perspectives. The evidence presented in the study was collected through six semi-structured interviews with six different small or medium sized international service firm representatives that all had the first-hand knowledge regarding their company’s process of delivering services from home market to other European countries. The results of the study provide a detailed description and analysis of intra- and extra-firm barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the context of EU and indicate that in general, internal firm-specific barriers have a greater impact in determining firm’s possibilities to be engaged in cross-border service trade – external barriers played a smaller role. What might explain these results is that first of all, the study has full focus on service firms of smaller size and internal barriers tend to be particularly effective to SMEs as their resources, skills and capabilities are often limited, which limits internationalization possibilities. Second, the results may indicate that EU’s internal market and the free trade concept function quite well from service firms’ perspective, and the low service movement rate may be rather caused by firm’s own competences and resource-related difficulties than directly by flaws in the market. The results complete earlier literature and provide new and more detailed knowledge of barriers to cross-border service trade in the context of Europe. They also indicate that service internationalization should be observed separately from internationalization of traditional manufacturing firms due to unique service-specific characteristics. The findings of this study are particularly beneficial for small or medium sized service firm managers as it provides knowledge of delivering services across borders in Europe and of barriers that relate to that process.

Energy Efficiency in Electrical Drive Systems: Technical potentials, barriers and policy approaches for small and medium industries in Ghana

Today industries and commerce in Ghana are facing enormous energy challenge. The pressure is on for industries to reduce energy consumption, lower carbon emissions and provide se-cured power supply. Industrial electric motor energy efficiency improvement is one of the most important tools to reduce global warming threat and reduce electricity bills. In order to develop a strategic industrial energy efficiency policy, it is therefore necessary to study the barriers that inhibit the implementation of cost – effective energy efficiency measures and the driving forces that promote the implementation. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the energy consumption pattern of electric motors, study factors that promote or inhibit energy efficiency improvements in EMDS and provide cost – effective solutions that improve energy efficiency to bridge the existing energy efficiency gap in the surveyed industries. The results from this thesis has revealed that, the existence of low energy efficiency in motor-driven systems in the surveyed industries were due to poor maintenance practices, absence of standards, power quality issues, lack of access to capital and limited awareness to the im-portance of energy efficiency improvements in EMDS. However, based on the results pre-sented in this thesis, a policy approach towards industrial SMEs should primarily include dis-counted or free energy audit in providing the industries with the necessary information on potential energy efficiency measures, practice best motor management programmes and estab-lish a minimum energy performance standard (MEPS) for motors imported into the country. The thesis has also shown that education and capacity development programmes, financial incentives and system optimization are effective means to promote energy efficiency in elec-tric motor – driven systems in industrial SMEs in Ghana

Las TIC en la administración de la cadena de suministro y su incidencia en el desempeño operacional

Las tecnologías de la información han empezado a ser un factor importante a tener en cuenta en cada uno de los procesos que se llevan a cabo en la cadena de suministro. Su implementación y correcto uso otorgan a las empresas ventajas que favorecen el desempeño operacional a lo largo de la cadena. El desarrollo y aplicación de software han contribuido a la integración de los diferentes miembros de la cadena, de tal forma que desde los proveedores hasta el cliente final, perciben beneficios en las variables de desempeño operacional y nivel de satisfacción respectivamente. Por otra parte es importante considerar que su implementación no siempre presenta resultados positivos, por el contrario dicho proceso de implementación puede verse afectado seriamente por barreras que impiden maximizar los beneficios que otorgan las TIC.

Gestão, inovação e empreendorismo nas pequenas e médias empresas em Portugal

O presente trabalho visa analisar a forma como as pequenas e médias empresas em Portugal atuam no que toca à sua gestão que para garantir a continuada sustentabilidade no mercado, a inovação levada a cabo, tendo em conta que é um fator que difere uma empresa da outra e por fim o empreendedorismo levado a cabo pelos mesmos. Neste contexto, a atenção será direcionada para as pequenas e médias empresas com atividade nacional e internacional, o intuito deste trabalho é verificar a capacidade das empresas conseguirem vingar no mercado em que se encontram através de todos os mecanismos que se encontram à sua disposição, investindo na investigação e desenvolvimento de capacidades dos seus recursos humanos através de formação contínua, tornando-os imprescindíveis para o crescimento da empresa. Outro aspeto a analisar é, até que ponto as pequenas e médias empresas podem contribuir para a melhoria da economia portuguesa, tendo em conta também o papel da banca no financiamento dos projetos das PME’s.