Kierrätyspolttoaineen käyttö leijupetikattilan konseptiin

Diplomityö tehtiin Rautjärven kunnassa sijaitsevalle M-real Simpeleen tehtaan voimalaitokselle. Voimalaitoksella on leijupetikattila ja se tuottaa prosessilämmön ja höyryn kartonki- ja paperikoneelle. Vuotuinen energiantuotanto on noin 115 GWh. Diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia kierrätyspolttoaineen käyttöä osana voimalaitoksen polttoainekonseptista. Voimalaitoksen biokattila on leijupetikattila, jossa poltetaan tehtaalta tulevaa kuorta ja lietettä sekä tehtaan ulkopuolisia puuperäisiä biopolttoaineita ja turvetta. Yksi työn päätavoitteista oli laatia voimassa olevan ympäristöluvan muutoshakemus, jotta kierrätyspolttoaineen käytölle saataisiin lupa. Suurten polttolaitosten päästöjen tarkkailu- ja raportointivaatimukset ovat uudistuneet viime vuosina paljon. Suurimpia muutosten aiheuttajia ovat Valtioneuvoston asetukset 1017/2002 ja 362/2003. Tässä työssä kuvataan uusien asetusten tuomia vaatimuksia itse kattilalle ja polttoaineen syötölle, jatkuvatoimisille mittalaitteille ja muille suoritettaville mittauksille. Uutena asiana on myös ilmapäästöjen seurantamittaukset ja -tapa, jolla tulokset ilmoitetaan. Mahdollisimman pieniin leijupetikattilamuutoksiin uskotaan pääsevän korvaamalla kierrätyspolttoaine REF1:llä 5 – 10 % turpeesta tai puupolttoaineista.

Three Wavelength Optical Probe for Surface Roughness Measurements of Paper Samples

In the present diploma work optical inspection methods were used to investigate surface roughness of paper samples. A special measurement setup, which includes three laser light sources of three different wavelengths, photodetector and goniometer, was used to measure the reflected laser light properties. The intensity of the light reflected in specular direction was measured versus the laser incidence angle for reference metal sample. The value of roughness was estimated and compared to initially known value of metal sample roughness. Thus, the measurement equipment and method were validated. Then the reflected intensity was measured versus reflection angle at constant incidence angle for the same metal sample and paper samples under investigation. The final values of the surface roughness were obtained from the analysis of the reflected intensity dependence. The results are in good correlation with other research groups.

Vaahdonestokemikaalin syöttötapahtuman tehostamisen vaikutus märkäosan toimintaan

An improved defoamer dosage procedure and a more efficient dosing point to the approach system were studied in this thesis. Their influence on paper machine wet end operations was investigated. The improved defoamer dosing procedure was examined at UMP-Kymmene Tervasaari PM8. Air content and its controlling methods at the paper machine were studied in the literature survey. Also the influence of dissolved gases and entrained air in the papermaking furnish were introduced. Feeding methods – a TrumpJet chemical mixer and traditional feeding devices – were reviewed. The defoamer’s functioning methods were studied. The influence of the use of defoamers was estimated based on the main selected wet end operations. In the experimental part, defoamer mixing with a traditional feeding method and two improved mixing stages were compared based on the air content profiles in PM8’s approach system. The reference dosage procedure was PM8’s old dosing system. The first dosage procedure in the comparison involved two TrumpJet chemical mixers installed on the bottom wire trays. The second element of comparison involved the improvement brought by a third TrumpJet chemical mixer installed on the top wire tray. This second comparison of the efficient defoamer feeding concept was made at a higher production speed of PM8. The air content control situation was also studied at the higher production speed. In addition the connection between the defoamer and air content was observed and a mill-scale system was studied. The economical benefits of the new dosing procedure were also reviewed. Air content profiles of short circulation were measured in the reference situation and the two comparison points of the study. These air content measurements proved the main gas load is introduced to PM8's paper furnish from the white water tray. Thick stock air content was not essential when the air volume flow was considered. The improved defoamer dosing procedure made lower dosage amounts possible. Compared with the traditional feeding system, the new defoamer feeding concept made only few direct improvements to the wet end operations and the produced paper itself. The lower defoamer need was noticed to have a positive influence on hydrophobic sizing and paper defects. The surfaces of the white water tanks and the operation of pumps were assessed based on the density variations of the suspension. The temperature in the white water silo was stated to have a significant influence on the air content measured in the first centrifugal cleaning stage.

Comparison of GC and HPLC for quantification of organic acids in two jaboticaba (Myrciaria) fruit varieties

Gas chromatography (GC) with trimethylsilyl derivative formation was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantification of organic acids (OAs) in two jaboticaba (Myrciaria) fruit (pulp and pericarp) varieties (Sabará and Açu Paulista). Succinic and citric acids were the major OAs found in all the samples analyzed. Besides being much more tedious, the results obtained with GC were significantly lower than HPLC (p<0.05) when the data (acids, variety, two parts and flowering days) were considered together. The presence of both acids was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

The effect of pulp washing on bleaching efficiency

The main aim of this study was to inspect the influence of the ultrafiltration implementation on the washing and on bleaching efficiency. Four cases corresponding to four washing stages were observed: two with hardwood pulp and two with softwood pulp; each case had a reference and a trial experiment. The experiments with hardwood pulp were arranged in a manner to explore predominantly the possibility of bleaching performance improvement by applying for washing instead of untreated filtrate (reference case) the same treated one (trial case). Despite that the ultrafiltration reduced the COD of the wash filtrates allowing the decreasing of COD carry-over to the bleaching stage it didn’t affect the bleaching performance. Another set was used in the experiments with softwood pulp. It implied the ultrafiltration and recirculation of the filtrate to the same washing stage with the purpose to reduce the volumes and pollution of the bleaching effluents. In one case the negative result was obtained which was expressed by worse parameters of the pulp after bleaching. Another case showed the opportunity to replace hot water with the filtrate and reduce the fresh water consumption.

Magnesiumhydroksidialkalin käytön vaikutukset päällystämättömän aikakauslehtipaperin valmistukseen

Magnesiumhydroksidin on havaittu soveltuvan natriumhydroksidin korvaajaksi mekaanisen massan peroksidivalkaisun alkalina. Työssä selvitettiin, miten magnesiumhydroksidi vaikuttaa paperin valmistukseen ja valmiin paperin ominaisuuksiin. Laboratoriokokeet osoittivat magnesiumhydroksidin soveltuvan mekaanisen massan peroksidivalkaisun alkaliksi, sillä vaaleustavoite saavutettiin sen avulla. Valkaistun massan varaustila, johtokyky sekä ζ -potentiaali laskivat magnesiumhydroksidin vaikutuksesta. Nämä johtivat huomattavasti korkeampaan paperin täyteaineretentioon. Massan vedenpidätyskyky kasvoi korvattaessa natriumhydroksidi magnesiumhydroksidilla. Arkkien ominaisuuksista vetoindeksi, valonsirontakerroin ja taivutusjäykkyys kasvoivat. Kaikki edellä mainitut ominaisuudet viittaavat siihen, että magnesiumhydroksidin käyttö parantaa hienoaineen sitoutumista paperiin.

Taivekartongin sävytys ja jälkikellertyminen

Taivekartongilta vaaditaan nykyisin korkealaatuista ja tasaista ulkonäköä. Pakkauksen tehtävänä on parantaa myyntiä hyvällä ulkonäöllä ja siisteydellä sekä antaa informaatiota ja käyttöohjeita. Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin taivekartongin sävyttämistä, optisia ominaisuuksia sekä vaaleuden ja sävyjen pysyvyyttä. Kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin paperin ja kartongin optisia ominaisuuksia sekä esiteltiin Kubelka-Munkin teoria. Teoriaa voidaan käyttää mm. monikerroskartongin vaaleuden ja sävyjen mallintamisessa. Esillä oli paljon eri prosessitekijöitä, massoja ja kemikaaleja, jotka vaikuttavat kartongin vaaleuteen ja sävyyn. Työssä kärsiteltiin myös keinoja vaikuttaa kartongin sävyyn sävytyksellä ja sävytyksen eri tapoja. Toisaalta vaaleuden ja sävyn pysyvyyteen vaikuttaa kartongin jälkikellertyminen. Työssä tarkasteltiin jälkikellertymisen mekanismeja ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä esitettiin keinoja ennalta ehkäistä ja estää kellertymistä. Kokeellisessa osassa käsiteltiin massan ja päällystyspastan värjäyksen vaikutuksia ulkonäköön ja optisiin ominaisuuksiin. Sinertävillä tai violeteilla sävyväreillä voidaan pienentää mekaanisten massojen luonnollista kellertyvyyttä, jolloin valkoisuuden vaikutelma lisääntyy. Värien lisääminen heikentää vaaleutta, koska värien lisäys nostaa valon absorptiota. Tämän takia on tärkeää lisätä väri mielellään siihen kerrokseen, jossa kellertävä massa on, joka on tyypillisesti kartongin keskikerros. Pintakerrokset ovat valkaistua sellua ja niillä on tärkeä merkitys kartongin vaaleudelle, joten värin lisäys pintaan alentaisi vielä merkittävämmin kartongin kokonaisvaaleutta. Pastan värjäyksellä saadaan tasaisuutta värjäykseen, mutta sävyn säätö on tehtävä edelleen massavärjäyksellä. Pigmenttivärien käytöllä pystytään lisäämään mm. valonkestoa kartongille. Kartongin ja paperituotteiden valonkeston tutkimiseen ei ole olemassa standardia. Työssä tutkittiin laboratorio-olosuhteissa ja huonevalossa vanhentuneiden kartonkinäytteiden vertailtavuutta. Materiaalivalinnoilla pystytään vaikuttamaan valon-kestoon. Siihen vaikuttavat mm. massan laatu, lateksivalinta sekä pigmenttivärin käyttö. Mekaanista massaa sisältävät tuotteet kellertyvät pääasiassa ligniinin takia. Ligniini sisältää paljon UV-säteilyyn reagoivia ryhmiä, jotka muuttuvat värilliseksi lisäten kellertymistä. Valkaistujen sellujen vanhentuminen on suhteessa mekaaniseen massaan erittäin vähäistä. SA-lateksin havaittiin suojaavan vaaleuden menetykseltä ja lisäävän sävyn pysyvyyttä paremmin kuin SB-lateksi.

Suitability of foam coating on application of thin liquid films

This work aimed to find out the suitability of foam as medium in application of thin liquid films. This consists of research over phenomena related to foam physics and behaviour. Solutions and mixtures to be foamed, foaming agents, foam generation and application methods were evaluated. Over the evaluated solutions and mixtures coating paste and CMC did not foam well. Latex and PVA solutions were foamable and the best solution for foam use was starch. PVA and casein can be used as foaming agents, but the best results were achieved with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). SDS works well with starch solutions producing fine and stable foam. Foaming was done with simple mixers where pressurized air was fed to the solution. The foaming works fine when enough shear force is used together with sufficient foaming agent concentration. Foam application with curtain, rod and cylinder methods with a gap between the application device and paper were not usable because of high coating amount. Coating amounts were smallest with the blade method which achieved 0.9 g/m2 starch layer. Although some strength decrease was expected because of the foaming agent, it dit not have significant effect. The targeted coating amount of 0.5 g/m2 was not achieved due to the limitations with the methods. More precise foam application methods are needed. Continuous foam generation and feed to the paper surface with controllable device such as application teeth could improve the results.

Photo-Fenton process for treating biological laboratory wastewater containing formaldehyde

Laboratories consume great amounts of hazardous chemicals substances and consequently generate wastewater containing them, for example formaldehyde. This substance is widely utilized to preserve biological samples generating many liters of this residue every year. The present work proposes the use of the photo-Fenton process to treat formaldehyde wastewater using sunlight irradiation. Some aspects were investigated such as the iron source, sample and hydrogen peroxide concentration and also the use of stirred systems. The use of ferrioxalate (0.5 mmol L-1) improved the efficiency of the process in relation to the use of iron nitrate, while at least 1.0 mol L-1 H2O2 is necessary to treat the sample of the 500 mg C L-1. Under these conditions, every formaldehyde detectable was degradeted and 89% of the dissolved organic carbon was removed in two hours of exposure to sunlight. These results are satisfaction considerate for São Paulo State Environmental Agency.

Development of Calculation Procedures for Wastewater Treatment Technologies for a Training System

Efficient designs and operations of water and wastewater treatment systems are largely based on mathematical calculations. This even applies to training in the treatment systems. Therefore, it is necessary that calculation procedures are developed and computerised a priori for such applications to ensure effectiveness. This work was aimed at developing calculation procedures for gas stripping, depth filtration, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and ozonation wastewater treatment technologies to include them in ED-WAVE, a portable computer based tool used in design, operations and training in wastewater treatment. The work involved a comprehensive online and offline study of research work and literature, and application of practical case studies to generate ED-WAVE compatible representations of the treatment technologies which were then uploaded into the tool.

Biochemical Modification of Thermomechanical Pulp Fibers

The first objective of this study was to find out reliable laboratory methods to predict the effect of enzymes on specific energy consumption and fiber properties of TMP pulp. The second one was to find with interactive software called “Knowledge discovery in databases” enzymes or other additives that can be used in finding a solution to reduce energy consumption of TMP pulp. The chemical composition of wood and enzymes, which have activity on main wood components were presented in the literature part of the work. The results of previous research in energy reduction of TMP process with enzymes were also highlighted. The main principles of knowledge discovery have been included in literature part too. The experimental part of the work contains the methods description in which the standard size chip, crushed chip and fiberized spruce chip (fiberized pulp) were used. Different types of enzymatic treatment with different dosages and time were tested during the experiments and showed. Pectinase, endoglucanase and mixture of enzymes were used for evaluation of method reliability. The fines content and fiber length of pulp was measured and used as evidence of enzymes' effect. The refining method with “Bauer” laboratory disc refiner was evaluated as not highly reliable. It was not able to provide high repeatability of results, because of uncontrolled feeding capacity and refining consistency. The refining method with Valley refiner did not have a lot of variables and showed stable and repeatable results in energy saving. The results of experiments showed that efficient enzymes impregnation is probably the main target with enzymes application for energy saving. During the work the fiberized pulp showed high accessibility to enzymatic treatment and liquid penetration without special impregnating equipment. The reason was that fiberized pulp has larger wood surface area and thereby the contact area between the enzymatic solution and wood is also larger. Standard size chip and crushed chip treatment without special impregnator of enzymatic solution was evaluated as not efficient and did not show visible, repeatable results in energy consumption decrease. Thereby it was concluded that using of fiberized pulp and Valley refiner for measurements of enzymes' effectiveness in SEC decrease is more suitable than normal size chip and crushed chip with “Bauer” refiner. Endoglucanase with 5 kg/t dosage showed about 20% energy consumption decrease. Mixture of enzymes with 1.5 kg/t dosage showed about 15% decrease of energy consumption during the refining. Pectinase at different dosages and treatment times did not show significant effect on energy consumption. Results of knowledge discovery in databases showed the xylanase, cellulase and pectinase blend as most promising for energy reduction in TMP process. Surfactants were determined as effective additives for energy saving with enzymes.

On the potential utilisation of sawdust and wood chip screenings

This work is based on the utilisation of sawdust and wood chip screenings for different purposes. A substantial amount of these byproducts are readily available in the Finnish forest industry. A black liquor impregnation study showed that sawdust-like wood material behaves differently from normal chips. Furthermore, the fractionation and removal of the smallest size fractions did not have a significant effect on the impregnation of sawdust-like wood material. Sawdust kraft cooking equipped with an impregnation stage increases the cooking yield and decreases the lignin content of the produced pulp. Impregnation also increases viscosity of the pulp and decreases chlorine dioxide consumption in bleaching. In addition, impregnation increases certain pulp properties after refining. Hydrotropic extraction showed that more lignin can be extracted from hardwood than softwood. However, the particle size had a major influence on the lignin extraction. It was possible to extract more lignin from spruce sawdust than spruce chips. Wood chip screenings are usually combusted to generate energy. They can also be used in the production of kraft pulp, ethanol and chemicals. It is not economical to produce ethanol from wood chip screenings because of the expensive wood material. Instead, they should be used for production of steam and energy, kraft pulp and higher value added chemicals. Bleached sawdust kraft pulp can be used to replace softwood kraft pulp in mechanical pulp based papers because it can improve certain physical properties. It is economically more feasible to use bleached sawdust kraft pulp in stead of softwood kraft pulp, especially when the reinforcement power requirement is moderate.

Effect of temperature, wetness duration and cultivar on the development of anthracnose in guava fruits

The development of a large number of postharvest diseases is closely associated with fruit ripeness. Environmental conditions may affect both the pathogen development and the fruit ripening rate. The aim of this study was to determine the most favorable temperature and wetness duration to the development of anthracnose in guava fruits. Cultivars 'Kumagai' (white pulp) and 'Pedro Sato' (red pulp) were inoculated with a conidial suspension of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum and incubated at constant temperature ranging from 10 to 35ºC and wetness duration of 6 and 24 hours. Disease severity and incidence were evaluated at every two days during 12 days. No infection occurred at 10 and 35ºC, regardless of the wetness duration. The optimum conditions for fruit infection were 26 and 27ºC for 'Kumagai' and 25 and 26ºC for 'Pedro Sato', adopting 24 hours of wetness. In general, the disease development in 'Kumagai' cultivar was more affected by the wetness period, compared to 'Pedro Sato'. Disease severity for 'Kumagai' fruits was maximal between 25 and 30ºC , depending on the Colletotrichum species. Regarding 'Pedro Sato', the mean diameter of lesions was greater in fruits stored at 20, 25 and 30ºC , compared to 'Kumagai' cultivar, depending on the wetness period and the species. The incubation period (between 6 and 7 days) and the latent period (between 8 and 10 days) were minimal at 30ºC. The data generated in this study will be useful either for the development of a disease warning system or for the increase in the shelf life of guavas in the postharvest.

Germination and vigor of Dimorphandra mollis benth. seeds under different temperatures and substrates

The Dimorphandra mollis Benth. - Caesalpiniaceae is a native forest species coming from the Cerrado and Caatinga due to its economical and ecological use, which justifies the studies on seed germination. In this work, germinative performance of D. mollis seeds were studied in different conditions of temperature regime and substrate. The experimental delineation used was completely randomized in factorial 4 x 4 (4 substrates -sand, coconut fiber, vermiculite and paper towel; and 4 temperatures: 25, 30, 35 and 20-30ºC), with four replications of 25 seeds each. The following parameters were evaluated: seed moisture content, final germination, first germination count, germination speed index, length and dry matter weight. The best germination and vigor is obtained at 30 and 35ºC. The substrates paper towel and vermiculite allow satisfactory germinative performance of seeds, being suitable to evaluate the physiological quality of D. mollis seeds.

Information exchange and disruption risk in multimodal maritime supply chains

Supply chains are becoming increasingly dependent on information ex-change in today’s world, and any disruption can cause severe repercus-sions to the flow of materials in the chain. The speed, accuracy and amount of information are key factors. The aim in this thesis is to address a gap in the research by focusing on information exchange and the risks related to it in a multimodal wood supply chain operating between the Baltic States and Finland. The study involved interviewing people engaged in logistics management in the supply chain in question. The main risk the interviewees identified arose from the sea logistics system, which held a lot of different kinds of information. The threat of breakdown in the Internet connection was also found to hinder the operations significantly. A vulnerability analysis was carried out in order to identify the main actors and channels of infor-mation flow in the supply chain. The analysis revealed that the most important and therefore most vulnerable information-exchange channels were those linking the terminal superintendent, the operative managers and the mill managers. The study gives a holistic picture of the investigated supply chain. Information-exchange-related risks varied greatly. One of the most frequently mentioned was the risk of information inaccuracy, which was usually due to the fact that those in charge of the various functions did not fully understand the consequences for the entire chain.