Predictions for Partial-Dislocation-Mediated Processes in Nanocrystalline Ni by Generalized Planar Fault Energy Curves: An Experimental Evaluation

Generalized planar fault energy (GPFE) curves have been used to predict partial-dislocation-mediated processes in nanocrystalline materials, but their validity has not been evaluated experimentally. We report experimental observations of a large quantity of both stacking faults and twins in nc Ni deformed at relatively low stresses in a tensile test. The experimental findings indicate that the GPFE curves can reasonably explain the formation of stacking faults, but they alone were not able to adequately predict the propensity of deformation twinning.

Experimental study on two-phase gas-liquid flow patterns at normal and reduced gravity conditions

Experimental studies have been performed for horizontal two-phase air-water flows at normal and reduced gravity conditions in a square cross-section channel. The experiments at reduced gravity are conducted on board the Russian IL-76 reduced gravity airplane. Four flow patterns, namely bubble, slug, slug-annular transition and annular flows, are observed depending on the liquid and gas superficial velocities at both conditions. Semi-theoretical Weber number model is developed to include the shape influence on the slug-annular transition. It is shown that its prediction is in reasonable agreement with the experimental slug-annular transition under both conditions. For the case of two-phase gas-liquid flow with large value of the Froude number, the drift-flux model can predict well the observed boundary between bubble and slug flows.

Evaluación de dieciseis variedades de maiz (Zea mays L.) normal y de alta calidad de proteina en cinco ambientes de Nicaragua

Con el fin de identificar variedades de maíz que respondan consistentemente a las diferentes condiciones ambientales y con buen potencial de rendimiento se realizó el presente estudio en época de primera (Mayo-Junio) del 2004, donde se evaluaron 16 genotipos de alta calidad de proteína y normales en cinco localidades de Nicaragua. El diseño utilizado fue un Látice simple 4 x 4 con 3 réplicas, cada tratamiento estuvo formado por 2 hileras de 5 metros de longitud con separación de 0.25 y 0.80 metros entre plantas e hileras, respectivamente. La parcela útil estuvo formada por las dos hileras. Se realizó análisis de varianza para el rendimiento de grano por localidad y a través de las localidades; y se calculó la Diferencia Mínima Significativa (∝=0.05). La interacción genotipo x ambiente (G-A) se determinó a través del análisis Efectos Principales Aditivos e Interacciones Multiplicativas(AMMI). El modelo AMMI identificó las localidades de Santa Rosa, Jucuapa y Melchorita como ambientes desfavorables (con rendimientos de 2.40, 3.17 y 4.48 t ha-1 y puntuaciones AMMI de 0.44, 1.07 y 0.11, respectivamente) y a Campos Azules y Quilalí (con rendimientos de 8.46 y 7.40 t ha-1 y puntuaciones AMMI de -1.02 y -0.60, respectivamente) como ambientes favorables o productivos. Las variedades que menos interactuaron con el ambiente(-0.04, 0.03 y-0.10 valores AMMI, respectivamente) fueron ACROS0043, S00TLWQ-B, y S00SEQTLW. En general ninguna variedad estudiada superó significativamente al testigo TLAYOLLY (5.59 tha-1) en cuanto a rendimiento de grano, aunque algunas variedades fueron superiores al testigo NB-NUTRINTA (4.38 t ha-1), pero con niveles de estabilidad inferior a ACROS0043, S00TLWQ-B, y S00SEQTLW.

Normal shock boundary layer control with various vortex generator geometries

Various vortex generators which include ramp, split-ramp and a new hybrid concept "ramped-vane" are investigated under normal shock conditions with a diffuser at Mach number of 1.3. The dimensions of the computational domain were designed using Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes studies to be representative of the flow in an external-compression supersonic inlet. Using this flow geometry, various vortex generator concepts were studied with Implicit Large Eddy Simulation. In general, the ramped-vane provided increased vorticity compared to the other devices and reduced the separation length downstream of the device centerline. In addition, the size, edge gap and streamwise position respect to the shock were studied for the ramped-vane and it was found that a height of about half the boundary thickness and a large trailing edge gap yielded a fully attached flow downstream of the device. This ramped-vane also provided the largest reduction in the turbulent kinetic energy and pressure fluctuations. Additional benefits include negligible drag while the reductions in boundary layer displacement thickness and shape factor were seen compared to other devices. © 2010 by Sang Lee.

Normal shock boundary layer control with various vortex generator geometries

Various vortex generators which include ramp, split-ramp and a new hybrid concept "ramped-vane" are investigated under normal shock conditions with a diffuser at Mach number of 1.3. The dimensions of the computational domain were designed using Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes studies to be representative of the flow in an external-compression supersonic inlet. Using this flow geometry, various vortex generator concepts were studied with Implicit Large Eddy Simulation. In general, the ramped-vane provided increased vorticity compared to the other devices and reduced the separation length downstream of the device centerline. In addition, the size, edge gap and streamwise position respect to the shock were studied for the ramped-vane and it was found that a height of about half the boundary thickness and a large trailing edge gap yielded a fully attached flow downstream of the device. This ramped-vane also provided the largest reduction in the turbulent kinetic energy and pressure fluctuations. Additional benefits include negligible drag while the reductions in boundary layer displacement thickness and shape factor were seen compared to other devices. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Statistical analysis of synthetic earthquake catalogs generated by models with various levels of fault zone disorder

The stress release model, a stochastic version of the elastic rebound theory, is applied to the large events from four synthetic earthquake catalogs generated by models with various levels of disorder in distribution of fault zone strength (Ben-Zion, 1996) They include models with uniform properties (U), a Parkfield-type asperity (A), fractal brittle properties (F), and multi-size-scale heterogeneities (M). The results show that the degree of regularity or predictability in the assumed fault properties, based on both the Akaike information criterion and simulations, follows the order U, F, A, and M, which is in good agreement with that obtained by pattern recognition techniques applied to the full set of synthetic data. Data simulated from the best fitting stress release models reproduce, both visually and in distributional terms, the main features of the original catalogs. The differences in character and the quality of prediction between the four cases are shown to be dependent on two main aspects: the parameter controlling the sensitivity to departures from the mean stress level and the frequency-magnitude distribution, which differs substantially between the four cases. In particular, it is shown that the predictability of the data is strongly affected by the form of frequency-magnitude distribution, being greatly reduced if a pure Gutenburg-Richter form is assumed to hold out to high magnitudes.

Fracture statistics of brittle materials: Weibull or normal distribution

The fit of fracture strength data of brittle materials (Si3N4, SiC, and ZnO) to the Weibull and normal distributions is compared in terms of the Akaike information criterion. For Si3N4, the Weibull distribution fits the data better than the normal distribution, but for ZnO the result is just the opposite. In the case of SiC, the difference is not large enough to make a clear distinction between the two distributions. There is not sufficient evidence to show that the Weibull distribution is always preferred to other distributions, and the uncritical use of the Weibull distribution for strength data is questioned.