Topographie de l’activité EEG en fuseaux au cours du sommeil chez des enfants et adultes autistes

Les fuseaux de sommeil sont des ondes électroencéphalographiques reflétant les mécanismes électrophysiologiques de protection du sommeil. Les adultes autistes ont un sommeil léger et moins de fuseaux de sommeil que des adultes neurotypiques. L’étude vérifie si les enfants autistes montrent également moins de fuseaux de sommeil que les enfants neurotypiques et documente leur évolution avec l’âge. Nous avons enregistré le sommeil de 34 adultes (16 autistes) et 26 enfants (13 autistes) et comparé la quantité de fuseaux de sommeil enregistrés aux électrodes préfrontales (Fp1, Fp2) et centrales (C3, C4). Les deux groupes montrent une diminution similaire des fuseaux en vieillissant. Le groupe d’enfants autistes montre moins de fuseaux que le groupe témoin aux électrodes Fp2 et C4; les adultes autistes montrent significativement moins de fuseaux que les adultes contrôles aux deux électrodes centrales. Le mauvais sommeil des autistes pourrait être causé par une faible protection du sommeil déjà présente en bas âge.

Érotisme pudique et dissolution des limites dans Hamaguri d’Aki Shimazaki ; suivi de Probablement personne

Recourant volontiers au voilement ou à un jeu de paravents, l’écriture pudique est marquée par la précaution – souvent troublante en soi – d’éviter de provoquer le trouble chez son lecteur. Hamaguri d’Aki Shimazaki se construit autour d’un noyau apparemment contradictoire qui transcende le tabou de l’inceste. L’étude de ce roman, mis en parallèle avec L’amant de Duras et Les belles endormies de Kawabata, permet de mettre en relief un érotisme pudique dont la principale caractéristique consiste en une remise en cause de son principe transgressif, découlant de la dissolution de la limite tracée par l’interdit. Dans un phénomène de coïncidence des opposés, l’érotisme pudique aplanit le rapport dualiste entre des éléments donnés comme inconciliables : chair et esprit, Éros et Thanatos, licite et illicite. Empreint de ce type d’érotisme, Probablement personne met en scène une jeune femme et son professeur de peinture sumi-e, de quarante ans son aîné. Une passion indéfinissable, à la lisière de la hantise, les lie de plus en plus étroitement l’un à l’autre. Leur relation se joue dans le non-dit, les regards, la gestuelle; elle se révèle graduellement à travers des traits d’encre sur le papier et la symbolique de la fleur : fascinante, cueillie, flétrie… Leur drame se joue dans la zone grise entre ce qui a eu lieu et n’a jamais eu lieu.

L’univers dans un point noir : esthétique et matérialité dans l’oeuvre de Jack Kirby

Notre recherche étudie les particularités esthétiques et matérialistes de l’oeuvre du bédéiste américain Jack Kirby (1917-1994) et la manière dont elles répondent d’agencements qui visent à déconstruire et reconstruire les formes sur la page. Contemporain de Will Eisner, Kirby est largement considéré comme l'auteur et dessinateur le plus influent de son époque, co-signant les premières aventures de certains des super-héros qui perdurent et qui sont aujourd’hui la manne de l’industrie hollywoodienne (Captain America, les Fantastic Four, Hulk, etc.). Son oeuvre protéiforme est composée de superpositions de textures, d’objets récupérés, de figures déviées et trouve dans son rapport à la matière les principaux axiomes qui la définissent. Cherchant dans son travail à cerner les fonctions des nombreux amoncellements de points noirs (baptisés kirby dots par la critique et l’industrie), nous nous écartons des modèles d’analyse sémiologiques pour constituer une approche écosophique de la bande dessinée. Dans cette dernière, nous avons recours à la schizo-analyse théorisée par Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari dans leur ouvrage L’Anti-OEdipe (1972) afin de cerner les conditions de la production de sens et de non-sens du point kirbyen. Pour ce faire, nous proposons de reconsidérer la BD comme une écologie séquentialisée, composée de cases sans icônes, c’est-à-dire d’un espace pris au plus près de la planche, pour soi et en soi, sans rapport de causalité fixe ou de structure prédéterminée. Nous envisageons ensuite les territorialités archaïques de la bande dessinée pour mieux définir son ontogénie, puis pour étudier les rapports machiniques et schizos qu’entretiennent entre eux les différents espaces (que nous distinguons en espaces striés et en espaces lisses) ainsi que les différents traits de la planche. Finalement, nous expliquerons en quoi le point kirbyen apparaît comme une machine abstraite, c’est-à-dire une instance capable d’auto-générer, d’auto-poïétiser, son propre mystère représentationnel.

Systematics and evolution of the genus Deuterocohnia Mez (Bromeliaceae)

The present study investigates the systematics and evolution of the Neotropical genus Deuterocohnia Mez (Bromeliaceae). It provides a comprehensive taxonomic revision as well as phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences and presents a hypothesis on the evolution of the genus. A broad morphological, anatomical, biogeographical and ecological overview of the genus is given in the first part of the study. For morphological character assessment more than 700 herbarium specimens from 39 herbaria as well as living plant material in the field and in the living collections of botanical gardens were carefully examined. The arid habitats, in which the species of Deuterocohnia grow, are reflected by the morphological and anatomical characters of the species. Important characters for species delimitation were identified, like the length of the inflorescence, the branching order, the density of flowers on partial inflorescences, the relation of the length of the primary bracts to that of the partial inflorescence, the sizes of floral bracts, sepals and petals, flower colour, the presence or absence of a pedicel, the curvature of the stamina and the petals during anthesis. After scrutinizing the nomenclatural history of the taxa belonging to Deuterocohnia – including the 1992 syonymized genus Abromeitiella – 17 species, 4 subspecies and 4 varieties are accepted in the present revision. Taxonomic changes were made in the following cases: (I) New combinations: A. abstrusa (A. Cast.) N. Schütz is re-established – as defined by Castellanos (1931) – and transfered to D. abstrusa; D. brevifolia (Griseb.) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Sm. includes accessions of the former D. lorentziana (Mez) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Sm., which are not assigned to D. abstrusa; D. bracteosa W. Till is synonymized to D. strobilifera Mez; D. meziana Kuntze ex Mez var. carmineo-viridiflora Rauh is classified as a subspecies of D. meziana (ssp. carmineo-viridiflora (Rauh) N. Schütz); D. pedicellata W. Till is classified as a subspecies of D. meziana (ssp. pedicellata (W. Till) N. Schütz); D. scapigera (Rauh & L. Hrom.) M.A. Spencer & L.B. Sm ssp. sanctae-crucis R. Vásquez & Ibisch is classified as a species (D. sanctae-crucis (R. Vásquez & Ibisch) N. Schütz); (II) New taxa: a new subspecies of D. meziana Kuntze ex Mez is established; a new variety of D. scapigera is established; (the new taxa will be validly published elsewhere); (III) New type: an epitype for D. longipetala was chosen. All other species were kept according to Spencer and Smith (1992) or – in the case of more recently described species – according to the protologue. Beside the nomenclatural notes and the detailed descriptions, information on distribution, habitat and ecology, etymology and taxonomic delimitation is provided for the genus and for each of its species. An key was constructed for the identification of currently accepted species, subspecies and varieties. The key is based on easily detectable morphological characters. The former synonymization of the genus Abromeitiella into Deuterocohnia (Spencer and Smith 1992) is re-evalutated in the present study. Morphological as well as molecular investigations revealed Deuterocohnia incl. Abromeitiella as being monophyletic, with some indications that a monophyletic Abromeitiella lineage arose from within Deuterocohnia. Thus the union of both genera is confirmed. The second part of the present thesis describes and discusses the molecular phylogenies and networks. Molecular analyses of three chloroplast intergenic spacers (rpl32-trnL, rps16-trnK, trnS-ycf3) were conducted with a sample set of 119 taxa. This set included 103 Deuterocohnia accessions from all 17 described species of the genus and 16 outgroup taxa from the remainder of Pitcairnioideae s.str. (Dyckia (8 sp.), Encholirium (2 sp.), Fosterella (4 sp.) and Pitcairnia (2 sp.)). With its high sampling density, the present investigation by far represents the most comprehensive molecular study of Deuterocohnia up till now. All data sets were analyzed separately as well as in combination, and various optimality criteria for phylogenetic tree construction were applied (Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian inferences and the distance method Neighbour Joining). Congruent topologies were generally obtained with different algorithms and optimality criteria, but individual clades received different degrees of statistical support in some analyses. The rps16-trnK locus was the most informative among the three spacer regions examined. The results of the chloroplast DNA analyses revealed a highly supported paraphyly of Deuterocohnia. Thus, the cpDNA trees divide the genus into two subclades (A and B), of which Deuterocohnia subclade B is sister to the included Dyckia and Encholirium accessions, and both together are sister to Deuterocohnia subclade A. To further examine the relationship between Deuterocohnia and Dyckia/Encholirium at the generic level, two nuclear low copy markers (PRK exon2-5 and PHYC exon1) were analysed with a reduced taxon set. This set included 22 Deuterocohnia accessions (including members of both cpDNA subclades), 2 Dyckia, 2 Encholirium and 2 Fosterella species. Phylogenetic trees were constructed as described above, and for comparison the same reduced taxon set was also analysed at the three cpDNA data loci. In contrast to the cpDNA results, the nuclear DNA data strongly supported the monophyly of Deuterocohnia, which takes a sister position to a clade of Dyckia and Encholirium samples. As morphology as well as nuclear DNA data generated in the present study and in a former AFLP analysis (Horres 2003) all corroborate the monophyly of Deuterocohnia, the apparent paraphyly displayed in cpDNA analyses is interpreted to be the consequence of a chloroplast capture event. This involves the introgression of the chloroplast genome from the common ancestor of the Dyckia/ Encholirium lineage into the ancestor of Deuterocohnia subclade B species. The chloroplast haplotypes are not species-specific in Deuterocohnia. Thus, one haplotype was sometimes shared by several species, where the same species may harbour different haplotypes. The arrangement of haplotypes followed geographical patterns rather than taxonomic boundaries, which may indicate some residual gene flow among populations from different Deuteroccohnia species. Phenotypic species coherence on the background of ongoing gene flow may then be maintained by sets of co-adapted alleles, as was suggested by the porous genome concept (Wu 2001, Palma-Silva et al. 2011). The results of the present study suggest the following scenario for the evolution of Deuterocohnia and its species. Deuterocohnia longipetala may be envisaged as a representative of the ancestral state within the genus. This is supported by (1) the wide distribution of this species; (2) the overlap in distribution area with species of Dyckia; (3) the laxly flowered inflorescences, which are also typical for Dyckia; (4) the yellow petals with a greenish tip, present in most other Deuterocohnia species. The following six extant lineages within Deuterocohnia might have independently been derived from this ancestral state with a few changes each: (I) D. meziana, D. brevispicata and D. seramisiana (Bolivia, lowland to montane areas, mostly reddish-greenish coloured, very laxly to very densely flowered); (II) D. strobilifera (Bolivia, high Andean mountains, yellow flowers, densely flowered); (III) D. glandulosa (Bolivia, montane areas, yellow-greenish flowers, densely flowered); (IV) D. haumanii, D. schreiteri, D. digitata, and D. chrysantha (Argentina, Chile, E Andean mountains and Atacama desert, yellow-greenish flowers, densely flowered); (V) D. recurvipetala (Argentina, foothills of the Andes, recurved yellow flowers, laxly flowered); (VI) D. gableana, D. scapigera, D. sanctae-crucis, D. abstrusa, D. brevifolia, D. lotteae (former Abromeitiella species, Bolivia, Argentina, higher Andean mountains, greenish-yellow flowers, inflorescence usually simple). Originating from the lower montane Andean regions, at least four lineages of the genus (I, II, IV, VI) adapted in part to higher altitudes by developing densely flowered partial inflorescences, shorter flowers and – in at least three lineages (II, IV, VI) – smaller rosettes, whereas species spreading into the lowlands (I, V) developed larger plants, laxly flowered, amply branched inflorescences and in part larger flowers (I).

Bud development, flowering and fruit set of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Horseradish Tree) as affected by various irrigation levels

Moringa oleifera is becoming increasingly popular as an industrial crop due to its multitude of useful attributes as water purifier, nutritional supplement and biofuel feedstock. Given its tolerance to sub-optimal growing conditions, most of the current and anticipated cultivation areas are in medium to low rainfall areas. This study aimed to assess the effect of various irrigation levels on floral initiation, flowering and fruit set. Three treatments namely, a 900 mm (900IT), 600 mm (600IT) and 300 mm (300IT) per annum irrigation treatment were administered through drip irrigation, simulating three total annual rainfall amounts. Individual inflorescences from each treatment were tagged during floral initiation and monitored throughout until fruit set. Flower bud initiation was highest at the 300IT and lowest at the 900IT for two consecutive growing seasons. Fruit set on the other hand, decreased with the decrease in irrigation treatment. Floral abortion, reduced pollen viability as well as moisture stress in the style were contributing factors to the reduction in fruiting/yield observed at the 300IT. Moderate water stress prior to floral initiation could stimulate flower initiation, however, this should be followed by sufficient irrigation to ensure good pollination, fruit set and yield.

El dibujo cient??fico como actividad interdisciplinar

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Alfrombras florales : aplicaciones didácticas de un arte efímero.

El artículo forma parte de una sección de la revista dedicada a experiencias de aula.- Resumen tomado parcialmente de la revista

Anàlisi de la capacitat de regeneració en estadis inicials del desenvolupament en diverses espècies mediterrànies del gènere Quercus

Aquest treball es centra en l'estudi de la regeneració vegetativa en els estadis inicials del desenvolupament de Quercus coccifera, Q. humilis, Q. ilex i Q. suber, analitzant la capacitat de rebrotada després de l'eliminació de la biomassa aèria. S'ha realitzat una descripció, a nivell histològic, de l'ontogènesi del nus cotiledonar des de l'embrió fins a la plàntula de mig any d'edat de Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex. Així mateix, s'ha analitzat el contingut de midó i de nitrogen a la primavera, l'estiu i l'hivern en diferents parts de les plàntules de les quatre espècies, avaluant, alhora, l'efecte de la tala. D'altra banda, també s'ha estudiat la biometria de les glans, la capacitat de germinació i el creixement de les plàntules de les quatre espècies de Quercus. A partir dels resultats s'ha comprovat que les glans de Q. suber, en general, són més grans, tant en diàmetre com en longitud, i tenen un pes superior, mentre que les de Q. ilex són més petites i pesen menys. En les quatre espècies estudiades, el pes de la llavor està determinat per la longitud i el diàmetre, si bé, també hi ha un cert efecte de l'espècie. Amb les dades obtingudes de les tres variables de la gla s'ha calculat una funció discriminant a partir de la qual es pot determinar, amb un alt grau d'encert, a quina espècie pertany una determinada gla coneixent la mida i el pes. En relació a la capacitat de germinació, en Q. coccifera i Q. ilex la germinació depèn del pes de la gla, mentre que en Q. humilis i Q. suber és independent. Així mateix, també s'ha comprovat que el pes de la llavor afecta positivament en el creixement de les plàntules de tres i sis mesos d'edat. Possiblement un major pes de la gla implica un contingut de substàncies de reserva més elevat, i per tant representa un major subministrament de nutrients cap a la planta, repercutint així en el seu creixement inicial. En plàntules de nou mesos d'edat ja no s'ha trobat relació entre el pes de la gla i el creixement de la planta, la qual cosa es podria explicar pel fet que les substàncies de reserva de la llavor s'han esgotat. Pel que fa al creixement de la plàntula, les plàntules de Q. ilex han tingut la major taxa de creixement per quasi totes les variables estudiades. En aquesta espècie, al principi de l'experiment la grandària de les plàntules ha estat baixa, però al final han crescut més que les de les altres espècies. Les plàntules de Q. coccifera han presentat la menor taxa. En les plàntules de les quatre espècies s'ha constatat, també, que la biomassa del sistema radicular és superior a la de l'aeri. Les plàntules de Q. coccifera i Q. humilis han tingut una relació BA/BR (biomassa aèria/biomassa radicular) més baixa que les de Q. ilex i Q. suber. En espècies mediterrànies s'ha relacionat sovint una baixa relació BA/BR com una adaptació a la sequera. No obstant això, Q. humilis és una espècie que viu en zones més humides que la resta d'espècies estudiades. En referència a la regeneració vegetativa, amb aquest estudi es demostra que les plàntules de les quatre espècies tenen una elevada capacitat d'emissió de rebrots, quan s'elimina la biomassa aèria per sobre la zona d'inserció dels cotilèdons. Tanmateix, el grau de supervivència difereix segons l'espècie i la intervenció. Així, per exemple, les plàntules de Q. ilex han presentat una major mortalitat tant en la primera com en la segona tala, mentre que en Q. humilis i Q. suber la supervivència de les plàntules ha disminuït després de talar dues vegades. En el cas de Q. coccifera el grau de supervivència és bastant similar tant en la primera com en la segona intervenció. La tala successiva afecta negativament al vigor dels rebrots en Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex. Ara bé, en el cas de Q. suber s'ha trobat que els rebrots emesos després de talar dues vegades han estat més grans que els obtinguts després d'una sola tala. Després de tallar la biomassa aèria per sobre la zona d'inserció dels cotilèdons, els rebrots s'originen a partir de les gemmes del nus cotiledonar. L'estudi de l'ontogènesi del nus cotiledonar ens ha permès de constatar que el patró de desenvolupament d'aquest en Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex és similar, però difereix del descrit per a Q. suber. En les tres primeres espècies el nus cotiledonar pràcticament no s'allarga i només es desenvolupen gemmes cotiledonars just en l'axil·la del pecíol cotiledonar. En aquest sentit, cal ressaltar que en el cas de Q. coccifera i Q. ilex les gemmes es formen després de germinar la gla, mentre que en Q. humilis i Q. suber són ja presents en l'embrió. Tal i com també s'ha descrit en Q. suber, en l'estadi de plàntula, en Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex a l'axil·la de la gemma cotiledonar proliferen noves gemmes, de tal manera que es formen plaques de gemmes. Les anàlisis del contingut de midó han permès de determinar que el sistema radicular de les plàntules de Q. coccifera, Q. humilis, Q. ilex i Q. suber conté aproximadament un 90% del midó de tota la planta. Concretament de les diferents fraccions del sistema radicular (nus cotiledonar, 11 pimers centímetres de l'arrel i resta de l'arrel) la major concentració de midó es troba ens els 11 primers cm de l'arrel, que en el cas de Q. suber correspon al nus cotiledonar. Quant a les estacions, a l'estiu la concentració de midó de la part aèria i radicular disminueix en Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex, si bé es recuperen a l'hivern. En canvi en el cas de Q. suber els nivells més baixos de midó s'han obtingut a l'hivern. La tala provoca una disminució dels nivells de midó, ja que una part d'aquest és mobilitzat per a la síntesi dels nous brots. En les quatre espècies la major proporció de midó mobilitzat és en els primers 11 cm de l'arrel, és a dir, el nus cotiledonar en el cas de Q. suber. Per tant, amb aquest estudi es reafirma que el nus cotiledonar de Q. suber és un lignotúber. Tanmateix, Q. coccifera, Q. humilis i Q. ilex no presenten cap lignotúber o estructura especialitzada en la rebrotada, si bé el fet de tenir gemmes i substàncies de reserva els confereix igualment una elevada capacitat per rebrotar. En relació al nitrogen, en les quatre espècies el sistema radicular presenta aproximadament el 70% del nitrogen total de la planta. A l'estiu, la concentració de nitrogen del sistema radicular de Q. humilis i Q. suber és més baixa que a l'hivern, mentre que en Q. coccifera i Q. ilex els valors són bastant similars en ambdues estacions. La tala no provoca una davallada dels nivells de midó, això possiblement es degui a que les plàntules van rebre continuament un aport de nitrogen a través de l'aigua de reg.

Zooplankton structure and dynamics in Mediterranean marshes (Empordà Wetlands): a size-based approach

Zooplankton community structure (composition, diversity, dynamics and trophic relationships) of Mediterranian marshes, has been analysed by means of a size based approach. In temporary basins the shape of the biomass-size spectra is related to the hydrological cycle. Linear shape spectra are more frequent in flooding situations when nutrient input causes population growth of small-sized organisms, more than compensating for the effect of competitive interactions. During confinement conditions the scarcity of food would decrease zooplankton growth and increase intra- and interspecific interactions between zooplankton organisms which favour the greatest sizes thus leading to the appearance of curved shape spectra. Temporary and permanent basins have similar taxonomic composition but the latter have higher species diversity, a more simplified temporal pattern and a size distribution dominated mainly by smaller sizes. In permanents basins zooplankton growth is not only conditioned by the availability of resources but by the variable predation of planktivorous fish, so that the temporal variability of the spectra may also be a result of temporal differences in fish predation. Size diversity seems to be a better indicator of the degree of this community structure than species diversity. The tendency of size diversity to increase during succession makes it useful to discriminate between different succession stages, fact that is not achieved by analysing only species diversity since it is low both under large and frequent or small and rare disturbances. Amino acid composition differences found among stages of copepod species indicate a gradual change in diet during the life cycle of these copepods, which provide evidence of food niche partitioning during ontogeny, whereas Daphnia species show a relatively constant amino acid composition. There is a relationship between the degree of trophic niche overlap among stages of the different species and nutrient concentration. Copepods, which have low trophic niche overlap among stages are dominant in food-limited environments, probably because trophic niche partitioning during development allow them to reduce intraspecific competition between adults, juveniles and nauplii. Daphnia species are only dominant in water bodies or periods with high productivity, probably due to the high trophic niche overlap between juveniles and adults. These findings suggest that, in addition to the effect of interspecific competition, predation and abiotic factors, the intraspecific competition might play also an important role in structuring zooplankton assemblages.

Preservar e desenvolver em museologia, contributo para o estudo do objecto e do processo museológico

Este trabalho procurou uma resposta para a aparente contradição entre os actos de preservar e de desenvolver no trabalho museológico. E desejava, com essa resposta, obter uma compreensão mais profunda sobre a Museologia. Utilizando a metodologia de investigação “Grounded Theory” (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Ellen, 1992; Mark, 1996; Marshall & Rossman, 1999) adoptou a definição de museu dos Estatutos do ICOM (2001) como ponto de partida conceptual para o desenrolar da pesquisa. A - Com o esforço necessário à obtenção da resposta inicial o trabalho pôde alcançar os seguintes resultados: i) Discerniu as fases e a racionalidade do processo museológico, através do qual os objectos adquirem a “identidade patrimonial”. ii) Formulou o conceito de “objecto museológico” numa acepção distinta do de Património ou de “objecto patrimonial”, permitindo confirmar que a contradição formulada na hipótese inicial só poderia desaparecer, ou ser conciliada, num paradigma de trabalho museológico concebido como um acto de comunicação. iii) Propôs, em consequência, um diferente Programa para a orientação do trabalho museológico, demonstrando que garantiria ao património uma maior perenidade e transmissibilidade, sendo ainda capaz de incluir o património referente à materialidade, à iconicidade, à oralidade e à gestualidade dos objectos. iv) Propôs um Léxico de Conceitos capaz de justificar essas novas propostas. v) Sugeriu um índice de desenvolvimento museal (IDM = Σ ƒξ [IP.ID.IC] / CT.CR) para ser possível avaliar e quantificar o trabalho museológico. B – Para o objectivo de uma compreensão mais profunda da Museologia o trabalho alcançaria os seguintes resultados: vi) Verificou a necessidade de se dominarem competências de Gestão, para o trabalho museológico não se restringir apenas a um tipo de colecções ou de património. vii) Sugeriu, para ser possível continuar a investigar a Museologia como um novo ramo ou disciplina do saber, a necessidade estratégica de a ligar ao estudo mais vasto da Memória, apontando dois caminhos: Por um lado, considerar a herança filogenética dos “modos de guardar informações” entre os diferentes organismos e sistemas (Lecointre & Le Guyader, 2001). Por outro lado, considerar os constrangimentos ocorridos durante a ontogenia e a maturação individual que obrigam a ter em consideração, no processamento da memória e do património (codificação, armazenamento, evocação e recuperação, esquecimento), a biologia molecular da cognição (Squire & Kandel, 2002).

Organic farming in isolated landscapes does not benefit flower-visiting insects and pollination

Organic farming has often been found to provide benefits for biodiversity, but the benefits can depend on the species considered and characteristics of the surrounding landscape. In an intensively farmed area of Northeast Italy we investigated whether isolated organic farms, in a conventionally farmed landscape, provided local benefits for insect pollinators and pollination services. We quantified the relative effects of local management (i.e. the farm system), landscape management (proportion of surrounding uncultivated land) and interactions between them. We compared six organic and six conventional vine fields. The proportion of surrounding uncultivated land was calculated for each site at radii of 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 m. The organic fields did not differ from the conventional in their floral resources or proportion of surrounding uncultivated land. Data were collected on pollinator abundance and species richness, visitation rates to, and pollination of experimental potted plants. None of these factors were significantly affected by the farming system. The abundance of visits to the potted plants in the conventional fields tended to be negatively affected by the proportion of surrounding uncultivated land. The proportion fruit set, weight of seeds per plant and seed weight in conventional and organic fields were all negatively affected by the proportion of surrounding uncultivated land. In vine fields the impact of the surrounding landscape was stronger than the local management. Enhancement of biodiversity through organic farming should not be assumed to be ubiquitous, as potential benefits may be offset by the crop type, organicmanagement practices and the specific habitat requirements in the surrounding landscape.

Plant-pollinator biodiversity and pollination services in a complex Mediterranean landscape

Mediterranean landscapes comprise a complex mosaic of different habitats that vary in the diversity of their floral communities, pollinator communities and pollination services. Using the Greek Island of Lesvos as a model system, we assess the biodiversity value of six common habitats and measure ecosystemic 'health' using pollen grain deposition in three core flowering plants as a measure of pollination services. Three fire-driven habitats were assessed: freshly burnt areas, fully regenerated pine forests and intermediate age scrub; in addition we examined oak woodlands, actively managed olive groves and groves that had been abandoned from agriculture. Oak woodlands, pine forests and managed olive groves had the highest diversity of bees. The habitat characteristics responsible for structuring bee communities were: floral diversity, floral abundance, nectar energy availability and the variety of nectar resources present. Pollination services in two of our plant species, which were pollinated by a limited sub-set of the pollinator community, indicated that pollination levels were highest in the burnt and mature pine habitats. The third species, which was open to all flower visitors, indicated that oak woodlands had the highest levels of pollination from generalist species. Pollination was always more effective in managed olive groves than in abandoned groves. However, the two most common species of bee, the honeybee and a bumblebee, were not the primary pollinators within these habitats. We conclude that the three habitats of greatest overall value for plant-pollinator communities and provision of the healthiest pollination services are pine forests, oak woodland and managed olive groves. We indicate how the highest value habitats may be maintained in a complex landscape to safeguard and enhance pollination function within these habitats and potentially in adjoining agricultural areas. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nectar resource diversity organises flower-visitor community structure

Communities of nectar-producing plants show high spatio-temporal variation in the patterns of volume and concentration presentation. We illustrate a novel approach for quantifying nectar reward structures in complex communities, demonstrating that nectar resource diversity (defined as the variety of nectar volume-concentration combinations available) may be a fundamental factor organising nectarivore communities. In a series of diverse bee and entomophilous flower communities in Israel, our measure of nectar resource diversity alone explains the majority of variation in bee species richness, while other nectar variables (volume, concentration, energy value, and water content) have little predictive value per se. The new measure of nectar resource diversity is highly correlated with floral species richness and particularly with the species richness of annuals, yet it is additive in its effect on bee diversity. We conclude that relying solely upon measurements of mean nectar volume and mean nectar concentration overlooks a key characteristic of community-level reward structure, nectar resource diversity, so that previous studies may have failed to identify an important determinant of flower-visitor community structure.

Enhancing pollinator biodiversity in intensive grasslands

Increased agricultural intensification has led to well-documented declines in the fauna and flora associated with intensive grasslands in the UK. We aimed to quantify the effectiveness of different field margin management strategies for putting bumblebee and butterfly biodiversity back into intensive grasslands. Using four intensive livestock farms in south-west England, we manipulated conventional management practices (addition of inorganic fertilizer, cutting frequency and height, and aftermath grazing) to generate seven grass-based treatments along a gradient of decreasing management intensity. We also tested two more interventionist treatments which introduced sown components into the sward: (i) a cereal, grass and legume mix, and (ii) a diverse conservation mix with kale, mixed cereals, linseed and legumes. These crop mixtures were intended to provide forage and structural resources for pollinators but were not intended to have agronomic value as livestock feed. Using a replicated block design, we monitored bumblebee and butterfly responses in 27 plots (10 x 50 m) in each farm from 2003 to 2006. Bumblebees were most abundant, species-rich and diverse in the sown treatments and virtually absent from the grass-based treatments. The diverse conservation mix treatment supported larger and more diverse bumblebee assemblages than the cereal, grass and legume mix treatment. The sown treatments, and the most extensively managed grass-based treatments, had the highest abundance, species richness and diversity of adult butterflies, whereas butterfly larvae were only found in the grass-based treatments. Bumblebee and butterfly assemblage structure was driven by floral abundance, floral richness, the availability of nectar resources, and sward structure. Only vegetation cover was correlated with butterfly larval abundance. Synthesis and applications. This study has identified management options in the margins of intensive grasslands which can enhance bumblebee and butterfly biodiversity. Extensification of conventional grass management by stopping fertilization, reducing cutting frequency and not grazing, benefits butterflies. However, to enhance bumblebees requires a more interventionist approach in the form of sowing flower-rich habitat. Both approaches are potentially suitable for adoption in agri-environment schemes in the UK and Europe.

The influence of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp oleifera var. biennis) canopy size on grass weed growth and grass weed seed return

Four experiments conducted over three seasons (2002-05) at the Crops Research Unit, University of Reading, investigated effects of canopy management of autumn sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera var. biennis (DC.) Metzg.) on competition with grass weeds. Emphasis was placed on the effect of the crop on the weeds. Rape canopy size was manipulated using sowing date, seed rate and the application of autumn fertilizer. Lolium multiflorum Lam., L. x boucheanum Kunth and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. were sown as indicative grass weeds. The effects of sowing date, seed rate and autumn nitrogen on crop competitive ability were correlated with rape biomass and fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by the rape floral layer, to the extent that by spring there was good evidence of crop: weed replacement. An increase in seed rate up to the highest plant densities tested increased both rape biomass and competitiveness, e.g. in 2002/3, L. multiflorum head density was reduced from 539 to 245 heads/m(2) and spikelet density from 13 170 to 5960 spikelets/m(2) when rape plant density was increased from 16 to 81 plants/m(2). Spikelets/head of Lolium spp. was little affected by rape seed rate, but the length of heads of A. myosuroides was reduced by 9 % when plant density was increased from 29-51 plants/m(2). Autumn nitrogen increased rape biomass and reduced L. multiflorum head density (415 and 336 heads/m(2) without and with autumn nitrogen, respectively) and spikelet density (9990 and 8220 spikelets/m(2) without and with autumn nitrogen, respectively). The number of spikelets/head was not significantly affected by autumn nitrogen. Early sowing could increase biomass and competitiveness, but poor crop establishment sometimes overrode the effect. Where crop and weed establishment was similar for both sowing dates, a 2-week delay (i.e. early September to mid-September) increased L. multiflorum head density from 226 to 633 heads/m(2) and spikelet density from 5780 to 15 060 spikelets/m(2).