Gibbs energies of formation of intermetallic phases in the systems Pt Mg, Pt Ca and Pt Ba and some applications

The standard Gibbs energies of formation of platinum-rich intermetallic compounds in the systems Pt-Mg, Pt-Ca, and Pt-Ba have been measured in the temperature range of 950 to 1200 K using solid-state galvanic cells based on MgF2, CaF2, and BaF2 as solid electrolytes. The results are summarized by the following equations: ΔG° (MgPt7) = −256,100 + 16.5T (±2000) J/mol ΔG° (MgPt3) = −217,400 + 10.7T (±2000) J/mol ΔG° (CaPt5) = −297,500 + 13.0T (±5000) J/mol ΔG° (Ca2Pt7) = −551,800 + 22.3T (±5000) J/mol ΔG° (CaPt2) = −245,400 + 9.3T (±5000) J/mol ΔG° (BaPt5) = −238,700 + 8.1T (±4000) J/mol ΔG° (BaPt2) = −197,300 + 4.0T (±4000) J/mol where solid platinum and liquid alkaline earth metals are selected as the standard states. The relatively large error estimates reflect the uncertainties in the auxiliary thermodynamic data used in the calculation. Because of the strong interaction between platinum and alkaline earth metals, it is possible to reduce oxides of Group ILA metals by hydrogen at high temperature in the presence of platinum. The alkaline earth metals can be recovered from the resulting intermetallic compounds by distillation, regenerating platinum for recycling. The platinum-slag-gas equilibration technique for the study of the activities of FeO, MnO, or Cr2O3 in slags containing MgO, CaO, or BaO is feasible provided oxygen partial pressure in the gas is maintained above that corresponding to the coexistence of Fe and “FeO.”

Biocorrosion in industrial applications

Industrial situations afflicted by corrosion induced by microorganisms are illustrated with examples. The types and characteristics of microorganisms involved in biocorrosion processes are discussed. Possible mechanisms in biocorrosion as occurring under sub-soil, sea water and fresh water conditions are analyzed. Methods to combat biocorrosion are also outlined.

Large improvements in application throughput of long-running multi-component applications using batch grids

Computational grids with multiple batch systems (batch grids) can be powerful infrastructures for executing long-running multi-component parallel applications. In this paper, we evaluate the potential improvements in throughput of long-running multi-component applications when the different components of the applications are executed on multiple batch systems of batch grids. We compare the multiple batch executions with executions of the components on a single batch system without increasing the number of processors used for executions. We perform our analysis with a foremost long-running multi-component application for climate modeling, the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). We have built a robust simulator that models the characteristics of both the multi-component application and the batch systems. By conducting large number of simulations with different workload characteristics and queuing policies of the systems, processor allocations to components of the application, distributions of the components to the batch systems and inter-cluster bandwidths, we show that multiple batch executions lead to 55% average increase in throughput over single batch executions for long-running CCSM. We also conducted real experiments with a practical middleware infrastructure and showed that multi-site executions lead to effective utilization of batch systems for executions of CCSM and give higher simulation throughput than single-site executions. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A novel space cloth using resistor grid network for radar absorbers in stealth applications

We report novel resistor grid network based space cloth for application in single and multi layer radar absorbers. The space cloth is analyzed and relations are derived for the sheet resistance in terms of the resistor in the grid network. Design curves are drawn using MATLAB and the space cloth is analyzed using HFSS™ software in a Salisbury screen for S, C and X bands. Next, prediction and simulation results for a three layer Jaumann absorber using square grid resistor network with a Radar Cross Section Reduction (RCSR) of -15 dB over C, X and Ku bands is reported. The simulation results are encouraging and have led to the fabrication of prototype broadband radar absorber and experimental work is under progress.

Carbonaceous nickel oxide nano-composites: as electrode materials in electrochemical capacitor applications

Carbonaceous nickel oxide powder samples have been synthesized from an adducted nickel beta-ketoester complex used as a ``single source precursor'' through a solution-based microwave-assisted chemical route. Comprehensive analysis of the resulting powder material has been carried out using various characterization techniques. These analysis reveal that, depending on the solvent used, either NiO/C or Ni/NiO/C composites are formed, wherein Ni and/or NiO nanocrystals are enveloped in amorphous carbon. As the components emerge from the same molecular source, the composites are homogeneous on a fine scale, making them promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. Electrochemical capacitive behavior of these oxide composites is studied in a three-electrode configuration. With a specific capacitance of 113 F g(-1), Ni/NiO/C is superior to NiO/C as capacitor electrode material, in 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. This is confirmed by impedance measurements, which show that charge-transfer resistance and equivalent series resistance are lower in Ni/NiO/C than in NiO/C, presumably because of the presence of metallic nickel in the former. The cyclic voltammograms are nearly rectangular and the electrodes display excellent cyclability in different electrolytes: Na2SO4, KOH and Ca(NO3)(2)center dot 4H(2)O. Specific capacitance as high as 143 F g(-1), is measured in Ca(NO3)(2)center dot 4H(2)O electrolyte.

Low order anti-aliasing filters for sparse signals in embedded applications

Major emphasis, in compressed sensing (CS) research, has been on the acquisition of sub-Nyquist number of samples of a signal that has a sparse representation on some tight frame or an orthogonal basis, and subsequent reconstruction of the original signal using a plethora of recovery algorithms. In this paper, we present compressed sensing data acquisition from a different perspective, wherein a set of signals are reconstructed at a sampling rate which is a multiple of the sampling rate of the ADCs that are used to measure the signals. We illustrate how this can facilitate usage of anti-aliasing filters with relaxed frequency specifications and, consequently, of lower order.

A unified view of energetic efficiency in active drag reduction, thrust generation and self-propulsion through a loss coefficient with some applications

An analysis of the energy budget for the general case of a body translating in a stationary fluid under the action of an external force is used to define a power loss coefficient. This universal definition of power loss coefficient gives a measure of the energy lost in the wake of the translating body and, in general, is applicable to a variety of flow configurations including active drag reduction, self-propulsion and thrust generation. The utility of the power loss coefficient is demonstrated on a model bluff body flow problem concerning a two-dimensional elliptical cylinder in a uniform cross-flow. The upper and lower boundaries of the elliptic cylinder undergo continuous motion due to a prescribed reflectionally symmetric constant tangential surface velocity. It is shown that a decrease in drag resulting from an increase in the strength of tangential surface velocity leads to an initial reduction and eventual rise in the power loss coefficient. A maximum in energetic efficiency is attained for a drag reducing tangential surface velocity which minimizes the power loss coefficient. The effect of the tangential surface velocity on drag reduction and self-propulsion of both bluff and streamlined bodies is explored through a variation in the thickness ratio (ratio of the minor and major axes) of the elliptical cylinders.

Mechanical and thermal modeling of In-Cu composites for thermal interface materials applications

In-Cu composite solders have been proposed as an effective thermal interface material. Here, finite element analysis and theoretical treatment of their mechanical and thermal behavior is presented. It was determined that the stresses and the strains were concentrated in the narrow and wider In channels, respectively. Furthermore, it is suggested that an In-Cu composite with disk-shaped Cu inclusions may not only further improve the thermal conductivity but may also reduce the stiffness of In-Cu composites in shear.

Tailoring the Cu(In, Al)S-2 nanostructures for photonic applications

Solvent dependent and low temperature based Chalcopyrite CuIn1-xAlxS2 (CIAS) nano structures were synthesized by a simple one-pot solvothermal route. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the nanostructures structurally and optically. CIAS hollow spheres were constructed from the nanoplates. Detailed formation mechanism of the hollow spheres was explained. Tentative optical phonon vibrational modes have been discussed. Steady state room temperature IR photodectection have been demonstrated with all the CIAS nanostructures under IR lamp illumination. Photo current was amplified by two orders and one order in case of nano needle like structures and hollow spheres respectively, which was explained based upon the trap assisted space charge. Growth and decay constants lasted for few milli seconds.

Improvement of electrical conductivity in Pb0.96-yMn0.04SnyTe alloys for high temperature thermoelectric applications

Lead-tin-telluride is a well-known thermoelectric material in the temperature range 350-750 K. Here, this alloy doped with manganese (Pb0.96-yMn0.04SnyTe) was prepared for different amounts of tin. X-ray diffraction showed a decrease of the lattice constant with increasing tin content, which indicated solid solution formation. Microstructural analysis showed a wide distribution of grain sizes from <1 mu m to 10 mm and the presence of a SnTe rich phase. All the transport properties were measured in the range of 300-720 K. The Seebeck coefficient showed that all the samples were p-type indicating holes as dominant carriers in the measurement range. The magnitude increased systematically on reduction of the Sn content due to possible decreasing hole concentration. Electrical conductivity showed the degenerate nature of the samples. Large values of the electrical conductivity could have possibly resulted from a large hole concentration due to a high Sn content and secondly, due to increased mobility by sp-d orbital interaction between the Pb1-ySnyTe sublattice and the Mn2+ ions. High thermal conductivity was observed due to higher electronic contribution, which decreased systematically with decreasing Sn content. The highest zT = 0.82 at 720 K was obtained for the alloy with the lowest Sn content (y = 0.56) due to the optimum doping level.

Exclusive Detection of Sub-Nanomolar Levels of Palladium(II) in Water: An Excellent Probe for Multiple Applications

A new colorimetric probe has been developed for the detection and estimation of Pd-II at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The probe consisted of rhodamine (signaling unit), which was linked with a bis-picolyl moiety (binding site) through a phenyl ring. Pd-II induced opening of the spirolactam ring of the probe with the generation of a prominent pink color. The excellent selectivity of the probe towards Pd-II over Pd-0 or Rh-II ensured its potential utility for the detection of residual palladium contamination in pharma-ceutical drugs and in Pd-catalyzed reactions. The probe showed a ``turn-on'' (bright yellow) fluorescence upon the addition of Pd-II, which made it suitable for the detection of Pd contaminants in mammalian cells.

Handling large variations in mechanics: Some applications

There is a need to use probability distributions with power-law decaying tails to describe the large variations exhibited by some of the physical phenomena. The Weierstrass Random Walk (WRW) shows promise for modeling such phenomena. The theory of anomalous diffusion is now well established. It has found number of applications in Physics, Chemistry and Biology. However, its applications are limited in structural mechanics in general, and structural engineering in particular. The aim of this paper is to present some mathematical preliminaries related to WRW that would help in possible applications. In the limiting case, it represents a diffusion process whose evolution is governed by a fractional partial differential equation. Three applications of superdiffusion processes in mechanics, illustrating their effectiveness in handling large variations, are presented.

3D scaffold alters cellular response to graphene in a polymer composite for orthopedic applications

Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites are being studied for biomedical applications. Polymer nanocomposites can be processed differently to generate planar two-dimensional (2D) substrates and porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. The objective of this work was to investigate potential differences in biological response to graphene in polymer composites in the form of 2D substrates and 3D scaffolds. Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocomposites were prepared by incorporating 1% of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). GO increased modulus and strength of PCL by 44 and 22% respectively, whereas RGO increased modulus and strength by 22 and 16%, respectively. RGO increased the water contact angle of PCL from 81 degrees to 87 degrees whereas GO decreased it to 77 degrees. In 2D, osteoblast proliferated 15% more on GO composites than on PCL whereas RGO composite showed 17% decrease in cell proliferation, which may be attributed to differences in water wettability. In 3D, initial cell proliferation was markedly retarded in both GO (36% lower) and RGO (55% lower) composites owing to increased roughness due to the presence of the protruding nanoparticles. Cells organized into aggregates in 3D in contrast to spread and randomly distributed cells on 2D discs due to the macro-porous architecture of the scaffolds. Increased cell-cell contact and altered cellular morphology led to significantly higher mineralization in 3D. This study demonstrates that the cellular response to nanoparticles in composites can change markedly by varying the processing route and has implications for designing orthopedic implants such as resorbable fracture fixation devices and tissue scaffolds using such nanocomposites. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 732-749, 2016.

Packet error rate and bit error rate non-deterministic relationship in optical network applications

The non-deterministic relationship between Bit Error Rate and Packet Error Rate is demonstrated for an optical media access layer in common use. We show that frequency components of coded, non-random data can cause this relationship. © 2005 Optical Society of America.