源于G.I.Taylor工作的现代经典物理学

一位科学家的工作提供了一门完整课程的素材，涉及从流体动力学稳定性、湍流到流体电动力学、微生物的运动．

Starting Nozzle Flow Simulation Using K-G Two-Equation Turbulence Model

The starting process of two-dimensional nozzle flows has been simulated with Euler, laminar and k - g two-equation turbulence Navier-Stokes equations. The flow solver is based on a combination of LUSGS subiteration implicit method and five spatial discretized schemes, which are Roe, HLLE, MHLLE upwind schemes and AUSM+, AUSMPW schemes. In the paper, special attention is for the flow differences of the nozzle starting process obtained from different governing equations and different schemes. Two nozzle flows, previously investigated experimentally and numerically by other researchers, are chosen as our examples. The calculated results indicate the carbuncle phenomenon and unphysical oscillations appear more or less near a wall or behind strong shock wave except using HLLE scheme, and these unphysical phenomena become more seriously with the increase of Mach number. Comparing the turbulence calculation, inviscid solution cannot simulate the wall flow separation and the laminar solution shows some different flow characteristics in the regions of flow separation and near wall.

Histoire de Portugal : contenant les enterprises, navigations, & gestes memorables des Portugallois, tant en la cõqueste des Indes Orientales par eux descouvertes, qu'és guerres d'Afrique & autres exploits, depuis l'an mil quatre cens nonãte six, jusques à l'an mil cinq cens septante huit, sous Emmanuel premier, Jean troisieme, & Sebastian premier du nom / Pour Antoine Chuppin, ed. ; comprinse en vingt livres, dont les douze premiers sont traduits du latin de Ierosme Osorius, Euesque de Sylues en Algarve, les huit suivans prins de Lopez de Castagnede & d'autres historiensNouvellement mise en françois, par S.G.S. avec un discours du fruit qu'on peut recueillir de la lecture de cette histoire, & ample indice des matieres principales y contenues

Contém os empreendimentos, as navegações e os gestos memoráveis dos portugueses, inclusive em suas colônias.

Lagerversuch von frischem bzw. tief gefrorenen gelagerten kalt geräuchertem Atlantischem Lachs (Salmo salar) in 200-g-Fertigpackungen mit sensorischer Beurteilung in Abhängigkeit von der Lagerzeit

After 4 months frozen storage at –18 °C cold smoked Atlantic salmon in consumer packages can hardly be differentiated from the freshly smoked product by sensory assessment by an expert panel and cannot be differentiated by consumers.

Role of G protein coupled inwardly rectifier K+ channels (GIRK) on the neurobiology depression

353 págs.

液氮温区G-M制冷机的数值分析及新型结构制冷机的研制

G-M制冷机是回热式的小型低温制冷机，它利用绝热放气膨胀原理（又称为西蒙膨胀法）获得低温，具有振动小、运行稳定、寿命长、操作方便等特点，在对效率、重量、尺寸等没有太高要求的场合应用非常广泛。在八十年代末，G-M制冷机已经突破了液氦温度，非常适合在液氦温区为超导器件或电子元件提供冷量，在低温真空泵、MRI超导磁体冷却系统、SQUID再冷凝系统等方面有良好的应用前景，推广其应用已属当务之急。本文围绕着探索氦温区G-M制冷机工作机理、提高低温蓄冷器性能及新型结构G-M制冷机的研制等方面，进行了系统地理论分析和纳归纳，以及初步地实验研究：一. 首次比较完善地建立了液氦温区G-M型制冷机整机数值模拟方法，数值模拟方法给出了制冷机内工质参数瞬态分布及动态变化曲线，为分析制冷机独特的循环特性提供了直观的依据，为探讨运行及结构参数对制冷性能的影响机理提供了强有力的工具。模型中考虑了制冷机中的阻力、实际进排气角、物性变化及蓄冷器内空隙率的存在等多种实际因素：解决了一、二级耦合及部件交界处物性变化不连续对计算影响等问题；采取网格非均匀化、牛顿迭代法以及负反馈原理等措施，提高了计算精度和收敛性。在微机上成功地模拟了液氦温区G-M制冷机的工作过程，程序采用模块化编程，具有一定通用性。二. 运用液氦温区整套机数值模拟方法，计算了制冷机内工质参数（氦流温度、压力、流速等）周期性变化和空间分布，采用一级蓄冷器与低温蓄冷器工作特性对比法，从整机内工质参数动态变化规律分析的角度，验证了液氦温区G-M制冷机工质氦的循环主要分为两部分：常规循环、低温循环。并详细地讨论了运行参数（频率、工作压力）及一级制冷机结构参数对整机内工数动态变化的影响规律以及制冷机性能的影响机理。三. 首次建立了较完善的液氦温区多层混合填料型低温蓄冷器的数值模拟方法，运用数值模拟方法，首次详细地研究了常用填料的不同组合、一定组合下填料比例以及蓄冷器结构对制冷机性能的影响机理，提出了不同填料的最佳节组合及一定组合下填料最佳比例的确定和低温蓄冷器结构和填料优化的原则，为合理有效地设计高性能液氦温区低温蓄冷器提供了依据。四. 提出并设计、加工了一种新型结构的液氦温区双级G-M型制冷机，该机结构在国内外属于首创。其具有以下主要结构特点：一、二级分别独立驱动；一、二级之间通过热桥连接；二级蓄冷器外置于汽缸等。同时建立了新型结构液氦温区双级G-M型制冷机实验系统，为今后整机性能和内部动态过程的研究奠定了基础。五. 新型结构双级G-M型制冷机二级单机动转频率为0.6Hz时，制冷温度为13.6K，且在20K时有4.4W的制冷量；制冷机已达到液氦温区，f = 0.4Hz时，最低温度为4.6K；f = 1Hz，制冷温度为10K时，制冷量大于6W，上述结果目前均未见有文献报道。在新型G-M制冷机上，初步进行了低温蓄冷器性能测试实验及运行参数对制冷机性能影响的实验研究。

High-Strength Composite Fibers: Realizing True Potential of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Matrix through Continuous Reticulate Architecture and Molecular Level Couplings

Carbon nanotubes have unprecedented mechanical properties as defect-free nanoscale building blocks, but their potential has not been fully realized in composite materials due to weakness at the interfaces. Here we demonstrate that through load-transfer-favored three-dimensional architecture and molecular level couplings with polymer chains, true potential of CNTs can be realized in composites as Initially envisioned. Composite fibers with reticulate nanotube architectures show order of magnitude improvement in strength compared to randomly dispersed short CNT reinforced composites reported before. The molecular level couplings between nanotubes and polymer chains results in drastic differences in the properties of thermoset and thermoplastic composite fibers, which indicate that conventional macroscopic composite theory falls to explain the overall hybrid behavior at nanoscale.

La gestión de las actividades musicales del G-9 en contextos de educación fornal y no formal

479 p.

Comparative growth and survival of fry of Clarias gariepinus (B), Clarias anguillaris (L), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (G), Heteroclarias, Clariabranchus and Clarias hybrids under outdoor nursery management system

Hybrids of Clariid catfishes; C. gariepinus (Netherlands), C. anguillaris, H. bidorsalis and their parental species were monitored for 8 weeks in 2 x 2 x 1m outdoor concrete tanks. The fry were fed NIFFR diet (40% crude protein) twice daily, 7 days of the week. Growth and survival records were taken weekly. The male HEB X female CLG hybrid showed an overall highest performance in growth rate while the lowest was recorded in male CLA X female CLG hybrid. The male HEB X female CLG hybrid grew at a faster rate than its reciprocal hybrid. In view or their growth rate, it is possible that the growth and survival rates or H. bidorsalis especially at the fry to fingerling stage could be improved through hybridization. The hybrid have potential as commercial food fish

Protecting a threatened coastal fish species through regional collaboration

Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) are small anadromous fish that live in nearshore coastal waters during much of the year and migrate to tidal rivers to spawn during the spring. They are a key prey species in marine food webs, as they are consumed by larger organisms such as striped bass, bluefish, and seabirds. In addition, smelt are valued culturally and economically, as they support important recreational and commercial fisheries. The Atlantic Coast range of rainbow smelt has been contracting in recent decades. Historically, populations extended from the Delaware River to eastern Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Buckley 1989). More recent observations indicate that rainbow smelt spawning populations have been extirpated south of Long Island Sound, and evidence of spawning activity is extremely limited between Long Island and Cape Cod, MA. In the Gulf of Maine region, spawning runs are still observed, but monitoring surveys as well as commercial and recreational catches indicate that these populations have also declined (e.g., Chase and Childs 2001). Many diverse factors could drive the recently noted declines in rainbow smelt populations, including spawning habitat conditions, fish health, marine environmental conditions, and fishing pressure. Few studies have assessed any of these potential threats or their joint implications. In 2004, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) listed rainbow smelt as a species of concern. Subsequently, the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts were awarded a grant through NMFS’s Proactive Conservation Program to gather new information on the status of rainbow smelt, identify factors that affect spawning populations, and develop a multi-state conservation program. This paper provides an overview of this collaborative project, highlighting key biological monitoring and threats assessment research that is being conducted throughout the Gulf of Maine. (PDF contains 4 pages)

Impact assessment of Niger State fisheries legislation on fisheries conservation in Edozhigi local government area (L.G.A.) of Niger State

A preliminary survey was conducted among the fishermen in five selected villages in Edozhigi L.G.A. of Niger State. One hundred and fifty fishermen were randomly selected and interviewed to find out the impact of Niger State fisheries legislation on fisheries conservation resources in the area. The analysis of data collected using descriptive statistics indicated that undersized mesh of gill nets, beach seines and traps are being used unabated. Also, fenced barriers across the entrance of flood plain ponds and Ex-bow lakes from the main stream are in the area. The fisheries rules and regulations implementers are rarely seen or not seen at all in the area. The decreasing nature of fish catches was detected. It is observed that government policy on fish conversation is neglected due to inadequate or lack of funding for meaningful extension and implementation of the fisheries rules and regulations