The prognostic impact of clinical and molecular features in hairy cell leukaemia variant and splenic marginal zone lymphoma.

Hairy cell leukaemia variant (HCL-variant) and splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) are disorders with overlapping features. We investigated the prognostic impact in these disorders of clinical and molecular features including IGH VDJ rearrangements, IGHV gene usage and TP 53 mutations. Clinical and laboratory data were collected before therapy from 35 HCL-variant and 68 SMZL cases. End-points were the need for treatment and overall survival. 97% of HCL-variant and 77% of SMZL cases required treatment (P = 0·009). Survival at 5 years was significantly worse in HCL-variant [57% (95% confidence interval 38-73%)] compared with SMZL [84% (71-91%); Hazard Ratio 2·25 (1·20-4·25), P = 0·01]. In HCL-variant, adverse prognostic factors for survival were older age (P = 0·04), anaemia (P = 0·01) and TP 53 mutations (P = 0·02). In SMZL, splenomegaly, anaemia and IGHV genes with >98% homology to the germline predicted the need for treatment; older age, anaemia and IGHV unmutated genes (100% homology) predicted shorter survival. IGHV gene usage had no impact on clinical outcome in either disease. The combination of unfavourable factors allowed patients to be stratified into risk groups with significant differences in survival. Although HCL-variant and SMZL share some features, they have different outcomes, influenced by clinical and biological factors.

Crack propagation in non-homogenous materials: Evaluation of mixed-mode SIFs, T-stress and kinking angle using a variant EFG method

A new variant of the Element-Free Galerkin (EFG) method, that combines the diffraction method, to characterize the crack tip solution, and the Heaviside enrichment function for representing discontinuity due to a crack, has been used to model crack propagation through non-homogenous materials. In the case of interface crack propagation, the kink angle is predicted by applying the maximum tangential principal stress (MTPS) criterion in conjunction with consideration of the energy release rate (ERR). The MTPS criterion is applied to the crack tip stress field described by both the stress intensity factor (SIF) and the T-stress, which are extracted using the interaction integral method. The proposed EFG method has been developed and applied for 2D case studies involving a crack in an orthotropic material, crack along an interface and a crack terminating at a bi-material interface, under mechanical or thermal loading; this is done to demonstrate the advantages and efficiency of the proposed methodology. The computed SIFs, T-stress and the predicted interface crack kink angles are compared with existing results in the literature and are found to be in good agreement. An example of crack growth through a particle-reinforced composite materials, which may involve crack meandering around the particle, is reported.

A Rare Loss-of-Function Variant in Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I (SCARB1) Raises HDL Cholesterol and Increases Risk of Coronary Disease

Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is the major receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol (HDL-C). In humans, high amounts of HDL-C in plasma are associated with a
lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Mice that have depleted Scarb1 (SR-BI
knockout mice) have markedly elevated HDL-C levels but, paradoxically, increased
atherosclerosis. The impact of SR-BI on HDL metabolism and CHD risk in humans remains
unclear. Through targeted sequencing of coding regions of lipid-modifying genes in 328
individuals with extremely high plasma HDL-C levels, we identified a homozygote for a lossof-function
variant, in which leucine replaces proline 376 (P376L), in SCARB1, the gene
encoding SR-BI. The P376L variant impairs posttranslational processing of SR-BI and
abrogates selective HDL cholesterol uptake in transfected cells, in hepatocyte-like cells
derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from the homozygous subject, and in mice.
Large population-based studies revealed that subjects who are heterozygous carriers of
the P376L variant have significantly increased levels of plasma HDL-C. P376L carriers have
a profound HDL-related phenotype and an increased risk of CHD (odds ratio = 1.79, which is
statistically significant).

Étude de l'influence du variant d'histone H2A.Z sur l'organisation des nucléosomes aux enhancers liés par le récepteur alpha de l'oestrogène

L'identité et la réactivité cellulaires sont établies, maintenues et modulées grâce à l'orchestration de programmes transcriptionnels spécifiques. Les éléments régulateurs, des régions particulières de la chromatine responsables de l'activation ou de la répression des gènes, sont au coeur de cette opération. Ces dernières années, de nombreuses études ont révélé le rôle central des « enhancers » dans ce processus. En effet, des centaines de milliers « enhancers » seraient éparpillés dans le génome humain, majoritairement dans sa portion non-codante, et contrairement au promoteur, leur activation varierait selon le type ou l'état cellulaire ou en réponse à une stimulation physiologique, pathologique ou environnementale. Les « enhancers » sont, en quelque sorte, des carrefours où transitent une multitude de protéines régulées par les signaux intra- et extra-cellulaires et un dialogue s'établit entre ces diverses protéines et la chromatine. L'identification des « enhancers ainsi qu'une compréhension de leur mode de fonctionnement sont donc cruciales, tant au plan fondamental que clinique. La chromatine joue un rôle indéniable dans l'activité des éléments régulateurs, tant par sa composition que par sa structure, en régulant, entre autres, l'accessibilité de l'ADN. En effet, l'ADN des régions régulatrices est bien souvent masqué par un nucléosome occlusif, lequel doit être déplacé ou évincé afin de permettre la liaison des protéines régulatrices, notamment les facteurs de transcription (FTs). Toutefois, la contribution de la composition de la chromatine à ce processus reste incomprise. Le variant d'histone H2A.Z a été identifié comme une composante de la chromatine aux régions accessibles, dont des « enhancers » potentiels. Toutefois son rôle y est inconnu, bien que des études récentes suggèrent qu'il pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la structure de la chromatine à ces régions. Par ailleurs, un lien étroit existe entre H2A.Z et la voie de signalisation des oestrogènes (notamment la 17-[beta]-estradiol (E2)). Ainsi, H2A.Z est essentiel à l'expression de plusieurs gènes cibles de l'E2. Les effets de l'E2 sont en partie exercés par un FT, le récepteur alpha des oestrogènes (ER[alpha]), lequel se lie à l'ADN suite à son activation, et ce majoritairement à des « enhancers », et permet l'établissement d'un programme transcriptionnel spécifique. Cette thèse vise à définir le rôle d'H2A.Z aux « enhancers », et plus particulièrement son influence sur l'organisation des nucléosomes aux « enhancers » liés par ER[alpha]. D'abord, mes travaux effectués à l'échelle du génome ont démontré qu'H2A.Z n'est présent qu'à certains ER[alpha]-« enhancers » actifs. Cette particularité a fait en sorte que nous avons pu comparer directement les « enhancers » actifs occupés par H2A.Z à ceux non-occupés, afin de mettre en évidence sa relation à l'environnement chromatinien. Étonnamment, il est apparu qu'H2A.Z n'introduit pas une organisation unique ou particulière des nucléosomes aux « enhancers ». Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent qu'H2A.Z joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation de l'activité des « enhancers ». En effet, nous avons observé que suite à leur activation par l'E2, les « enhancers » occupés par H2A.Z recrutent l'ARN polymérase II (ARNPII) et produisent un transcrit. Ils recrutent également RAD21, une composante du complexe cohésine impliqué, entre autres, dans des interactions chromosomiques entre « enhancers » et promoteurs. De façon intéressante, nous avons mis en évidence que ces trois évènements, connus pour leur importance dans l'activité des « enhancers », sont dépendants d'H2A.Z. Ainsi, la présence d'H2A.Z à l' « enhancer » pourrait permettre un environnement chromatinien favorable à trois aspects clés de l'activité des « enhancers » : la présence de l'ARNPII, la transcription et la formation d'une boucle d'interaction, et par la suite, de par la proximité « enhancer »-promoteur ainsi créée, augmenter la concentration d'ARNPII à proximité du promoteur favorisant l'expression du gène cible. Un tel rôle central d'H2A.Z dans l'activité d' « enhancers » spécifiques pourrait participer à un mécanisme épigénétique ciblé de la régulation de l'expression des gènes.

Hemoglobin conformational properties and ionic composition of red blood cells in vascular diseases patients

This is an abstract of a presented talk at the European Biotechnology Conference held in Latvia during 05–07 May 2016

Tumor-related splicing variant RAC1b in colorectal cancer: regulation and role in tumorigenesis

Purpose: Alternative splicing of the small GTPase RAC1 generates RAC1b, a hyperactivated variant that is overexpressed in a subtype of colorectal tumors. The objective of our studies is to understand the molecular regulation of this alternative splicing event and how it contributes to tumorigenesis. Experimental description: The regulation of the RAC1b splicing event in human colon cell lines was dissected using a transfected RAC1 minigene and the role of upstream regulating protein kinases through an RNA interference approach. The functional properties of the RAC1b protein were characterized by experimental modulation of Rac1b levels in colon cell lines. Results: The RAC1b protein results from an in-frame inclusion of an additional alternative exon encoding 19 amino acids that change the regulation and signaling properties of the protein. RAC1b is a hyperactive variant that exists predominantly in the GTP-bound active conformation in vivo and promotes cell cycle progression and cell survival through activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. RAC1b overexpression functionally cooperates with the oncogenic mutation in BRAF-V600E to sustain colorectal tumor cell survival. The splicing factor SRSF1 was identified to bind an exonic splice enhancer element in the alternative exon and acts as a prime regulator of Rac1b alternative splicing in colorectal cells. SRSF1 is controlled by upstream protein kinase SRPK1, the inhibition or depletion of which led to reduced SRSF1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation with a concomitant reduction in RAC1b levels. As further SRSF1-regulating pathways we discovered kinase GSK3 and a cyclooxygenase independent effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Conclusions: Expression of tumor-related RAC1b in colorectal cancer depends critically on SRSF1 for the observed deregulation of alternative splicing during tumorigenesis and is controlled by upstream protein kinases that can be pharmacologically targeted.

On the temperature stability of extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus, at different oxidation states: SAXS and DLS studies

Glossoscolex paulistus hemoglobin (HbGp) was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). DLS melting curves were measured for met-HbGp at different concentrations. SAXS temperature studies were performed for oxy-, cyanomet- and met-HbGp forms, at several pH values. At pH 5.0 and 6.0, the scattering curves are identical from 20 to 60 degrees C, and R-g is 108 angstrom, independent of the oxidation form. At pH 7.0, protein denaturation and aggregation occurs above 55 degrees C and 60 degrees C, for oxy and met-HbGp, respectively. Cyanomet-HbGp, at pH 7.0, is stable up to 60 degrees C. At alkaline pH (8.0-9.0) and higher temperature, an irreversible dissociation process is observed, with a decrease of R-g, D-max and I(0). Analysis by p(r), obtained from GNOM, and OLIGOMER, was used to fit the SAXS experimental scattering curves by a combination of theoretical curves obtained for HbLt fragments from the crystal structure. Our results show clearly the increasing contribution of smaller molecular weight fragments, as a function of increasing pH and temperature, as well as, the order of thermal stabilities: cyanomet-> oxy- > met-HbGp. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A genetic variant of the CAPN10 gene in Mexican subjects with dyslipidemia is associated with increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations after the consumption of a soy protein and soluble fiber dietary portfolio

Dyslipidemia is a major public health problem, and therefore, it is important to develop dietary strategies to diminish the prevalence of this disorder. It was recently reported that diet may play an important role in triggering insulin resistance by interacting with genetic variants at the CAPN10 gene locus in patients with metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether genetic variants of genes involved in the development of type 2 diabetes are associated with variations in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The study used a single-center, prospective, cohort design. Here, we assessed the effect of four variants of the CAPN10 gene on HDL-C levels in response to a soy protein and soluble fiber dietary portfolio in subjects with dyslipidemia. In 31 Mexican dyslipidemic individuals, we analyzed four CAPN10 gene variants (rs5030952, rs2975762, rs3792267, and rs2975760) associated with type 2 diabetes. Subjects with the GG genotype of the rs2975762 variant of the CAPN10 gene were better responders to dietary intervention, showing increased HDL-C concentrations from the first month of treatment. HDL-C concentrations in participants with the wild type genotype increased by 17.0%, whereas the HDL-C concentration in subjects with the variant genotypes increased by only 3.22% (p = 0.03); the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of GG carriers tended to decrease (-12.6%). These results indicate that Mexican dyslipidemic carriers of the rs2975762-GG genotype are better responders to this dietary intervention.

Development of gene therapy to deliver the receptor-specific rhTRAIL DHER variant to induce apoptosis in activated hepatic stellate cells for the treatment of liver fibrosis

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Functional analysis of a transcriptional variant of matrix gla protein (MGP)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

A traceless variant of the Johnson-Segalman viscoelastic model

A traceless variant of the Johnson-Segalman viscoelastic model is presented. The viscoelastic extra stress tensor is de composed into its traceless (deviatoric) and spherical parts, leading to a reformulation of the classical Johnson-Segalman model. The equivalente of the two models is established comparing model predictions for simple test cases. The new model is validated using several 2D benchmark problems.The structure and behavior of the new model are discussed.