Rightful Resistance in the Colombian conflict. A theoretical reflection based on a Peace Community

This article considers the opportunities of civilians to peacefully resist violent conflicts or civil wars. The argument developed here is based on a field-based research on the peace community San José de Apartadó in Colombia. The analytical and theoretical framework, which delimits the use of the term ‘resistance’ in this article, builds on the conceptual considerations of Hollander and Einwohner (2004) and on the theoretical concept of ‘rightful resistance’ developed by O’Brien (1996). Beginning with a conflict-analytical classification of the case study, we will describe the long-term socio-historical processes and the organizational experiences of the civilian population, which favoured the emergence of this resistance initiative. The analytical approach to the dimensions and aims of the resistance of this peace community leads to the differentiation of O`Brian’s concept of ‘rightful resistance’.

OBSERVATIONS AND EMISSIONS OF ENERGY-ASSOCIATED OZONE PRECURSORS IN THE MID-ATLANTIC UNITED STATES

Surface ozone is formed in the presence of NOx (NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and is hazardous to human health. A better understanding of these precursors is needed for developing effective policies to improve air quality. To evaluate the year-to-year changes in source contributions to total VOCs, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to perform source apportionment using available hourly observations from June through August at a Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) in Essex, MD for each year from 2007-2015. Results suggest that while gasoline and vehicle exhaust emissions have fallen, the contribution of natural gas sources to total VOCs has risen. To investigate this increasing natural gas influence, ethane measurements from PAMS sites in Essex, MD and Washington, D.C. were examined. Following a period of decline, daytime ethane concentrations have increased significantly after 2009. This trend appears to be linked with the rapid shale gas production in upwind, neighboring states, especially Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Back-trajectory analyses similarly show that ethane concentrations at these monitors were significantly greater if air parcels had passed through counties containing a high density of unconventional natural gas wells. In addition to VOC emissions, the compressors and engines involved with hydraulic fracturing operations also emit NOx and particulate matter (PM). The Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model was used to simulate air quality for the Eastern U.S. in 2020, including emissions from shale gas operations in the Appalachian Basin. Predicted concentrations of ozone and PM show the largest decreases when these natural gas resources are hypothetically used to convert coal-fired power plants, despite the increased emissions from hydraulic fracturing operations expanded into all possible shale regions in the Appalachian Basin. While not as clean as burning natural gas, emissions of NOx from coal-fired power plants can be reduced by utilizing post-combustion controls. However, even though capital investment has already been made, these controls are not always operated at optimal rates. CMAQ simulations for the Eastern U.S. in 2018 show ozone concentrations decrease by ~5 ppb when controls on coal-fired power plants limit NOx emissions to historically best rates.

Design and Applications of a Decade-Spanning Terahertz Frequency Comb Spectrometer: Doppler-limited Rotational Spectroscopy of Methanol and Methanol-OD

<p>This thesis details the design and applications of a terahertz (THz) frequency comb spectrometer. The spectrometer employs two offset locked Ti:Sapphire femtosecond oscillators with repetition rates of approximately 80 MHz, offset locked at 100 Hz to continuously sample a time delay of 12.5 ns at a maximum time delay resolution of 15.6 fs. These oscillators emit continuous pulse trains, allowing the generation of a THz pulse train by the master, or pump, oscillator and the sampling of this THz pulse train by the slave, or probe, oscillator via the electro-optic effect. Collecting a train of 16 consecutive THz pulses and taking the Fourier transform of this pulse train produces a decade-spanning frequency comb, from 0.25 to 2.5 THz, with a comb tooth width of 5 MHz and a comb tooth spacing of ~80 MHz. This frequency comb is suitable for Doppler-limited rotational spectroscopy of small molecules. Here, the data from 68 individual scans at slightly different pump oscillator repetition rates were combined, producing an interleaved THz frequency comb spectrum, with a maximum interval between comb teeth of 1.4 MHz, enabling THz frequency comb spectroscopy.p> <p>The accuracy of the THz frequency comb spectrometer was tested, achieving a root mean square error of 92 kHz measuring selected absorption center frequencies of water vapor at 10 mTorr, and a root mean square error of 150 kHz in measurements of a K-stack of acetonitrile. This accuracy is sufficient for fitting of measured transitions to a model Hamiltonian to generate a predicted spectrum for molecules of interest in the fields of astronomy and physical chemistry. As such, the rotational spectra of methanol and methanol-OD were acquired by the spectrometer. Absorptions from 1.3 THz to 2.0 THz were compared to JPL catalog data for methanol and the spectrometer achieved an RMS error of 402 kHz, improving to 303 kHz when excluding low signal-to-noise absorptions. This level of accuracy compares favorably with the ~100 kHz accuracy achieved by JPL frequency multiplier submillimeter spectrometers. Additionally, the relative intensity performance of the THz frequency comb spectrometer is linear across the entire decade-spanning bandwidth, making it the preferred instrument for recovering lineshapes and taking absolute intensity measurements in the THz region. The data acquired by the Terahertz Frequency Comb Spectrometer for methanol-OD is of comparable accuracy to the methanol data and may be used to refine the fit parameters for the predicted spectrum of methanol-OD.p>

Relación entre atrofia cortical difusa y desempeño cognitivo : estudio en población mayor de 60 años en un hospital universitario en la ciudad de Bogotá

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la existencia de la relación entre la atrofia cortical difusa objetivada por neuroimagenes cerebrales y desempeños cognitivos determinados mediante la aplicación de pruebas neuropsicológicas que evalúan memoria de trabajo, razonamiento simbólico verbal y memoria anterógrada declarativa. Participaron 114 sujetos reclutados en el Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi de la ciudad de Bogotá mediante muestreo de conveniencia. Los resultados arrojaron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos (pacientes con diagnóstico de atrofia cortical difusa y pacientes con neuroimagenes interpretadas como dentro de los límites normales) en todas las pruebas neuropsicológicas aplicadas. Respecto a las variables demográficas se pudo observar que el grado de escolaridad contribuye como factor neuroprotector de un posible deterioro cognitivo. Tales hallazgos son importantes para determinar protocoles tempranos de detección de posible instalación de enfermedades neurodegenerativas primarias.

Book Review of Venereal Disease and the Lewis and Clark Expedition by Thomas P. Lowry

Although Lewis and Clark literature has proliferated in the last decade, few works have added scholarly discourse to this field of study. The highly focused Venereal Disease and the Lewis and Clark Expedition, however, will likely stand out on the Lewis and Clark bookshelf as an important contribution.

Persécutions contre les Juifs de Damas : a la suite de la disparition du R. P. Thomas, religieux de l'ordre des Capuins, et de son domestique ; recueil des documents

Aus: L'Observateur des tribunaux, Nouv. sér ; 1.1840