Reference-free high-speed cmos pipeline analog-to-digital converters

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia of Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Project of a bandgap voltage reference and a temperature sensor for "energy harvest" systems

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e Computadores

Enterprise reference lexicon building from business models

Nowadays, a significant increase on the demand for interoperable systems for exchanging data in business collaborative environments has been noticed. Consequently, cooperation agreements between each of the involved enterprises have been brought to light. However, due to the fact that even in a same community or domain, there is a big variety of knowledge representation not semantically coincident, which embodies the existence of interoperability problems in the enterprises information systems that need to be addressed. Moreover, in relation to this, most organizations face other problems about their information systems, as: 1) domain knowledge not being easily accessible by all the stakeholders (even intra-enterprise); 2) domain knowledge not being represented in a standard format; 3) and even if it is available in a standard format, it is not supported by semantic annotations or described using a common and understandable lexicon. This dissertation proposes an approach for the establishment of an enterprise reference lexicon from business models. It addresses the automation in the information models mapping for the reference lexicon construction. It aggregates a formal and conceptual representation of the business domain, with a clear definition of the used lexicon to facilitate an overall understanding by all the involved stakeholders, including non-IT personnel.

Caracterização dos beneficiários do Programa De volta para casa de Belo Horizonte/MG/Brasil quanto à autonomia e comportamento social

RESUMO: INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal descritivo, em etapa única, cujo objetivo foi traçar o perfil dos beneficiários do Programa De volta para casa (PVC), munícipes de Belo Horizonte / Minas Gerais / Brasil, quanto ás habilidades de vida independente (autonomia) e comportamento social. MÉTODO: O universo inicial de beneficiários era de 210, em julho de 2013, data de aprovação do protocolo. Por questões operacionais, o público-alvo considerado e estudado foi de 121 beneficiários. Foram utilizados como instrumentos as escalas Independent Living Skills Survey (ILSS) e Social Behavior Scale (SBS). Foi feita a análise estatística dos dados e os resultados foram analisados à luz do paradigma emergente de produção social da saúde. RESULTADOS: Considerando o total válido estudado de 121 beneficiários, os resultados revelaram que 82,4% apresentam diagnóstico de esquizofrenia e 62% eram do sexo masculino. Apresentaram média de idade de 57,9 anos e tempo médio de internação psiquiátrica antes de inserção no programa de 30,9 anos. Quanto à autonomia, os resultados da ILSS revelaram uma média global de 1,6 sendo que os melhores índices foram alcançados nos subitens Cuidados pessoais (2,69), Alimentação (2,53), Saúde (2,07) e os piores índices foram encontrados nos subitens Emprego (0,47), Lazer (0,86) e Preparo e armazenamento de alimentos (0,98). Quanto aos problemas no comportamento social, os resultados da SBS revelaram uma média global de 0,69 sendo que as áreas de maiores dificuldade foram: Rir ou falar sozinho (40,5%), Incoerência da fala (29%), Auto-cuidado precário e Pouca atividade (ambas com 25,6% cada). As áreas de menores dificuldades, ainda quanto à SBS, foram: Idéias suicidas 92,4%), Comportamento sexual inapropriado (7,4%) e Depressão (9,9%). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que o perfil dos beneficiários do PVC, quanto à autonomia e aos problemas de comportamento social, aponta para médias relativamente baixas. O desafio para o enfrentamento desta questão deverá considerar estratégias múltiplas de ação à luz do paradigma emergente de saúde e da reabilitação psicossocial que priorize o empoderamento e protagonismo do beneficiário. É necessário o desenvolvimento de outros estudos que ampliem o evidenciamento desta clientela no que tange às suas reais necessidades e potencialidades para que se possa efetivar o ajuste necessário para a legitimação do programa enquanto ação efetivo-eficaz de promoção de saúde.-------------ABSTRACT: descriptive cross-sectional study in a single stage was conducted to investigate independent living skills and social behavior profile of beneficiaries of Programa De Volta para casa (PVC) who live in Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais/Brazil. METHODS: The target population included a total of 210 individuals in july 2013, when the study was approved by the ethics committees. Because of operational reasons only 121 individuals were evaluated. Data were collected using the Independent Living Skills Survey (ILSS) and the Social Behavior Scale (SBS). Statistical results were analyzed considering as a reference framework both the emerging paradigm of social health production. RESULTS: Considering a sample of 121 individuals, results revealed that 82.4% were diagnosed with schizophrenia, and 62% were male. The mean age was 57.9 years and the mean stay in the psychiatric hospital prior to PVC was 30.9 years. Independent living skills measured by ILSS revealed a global mean of 1.6, and the best scores were in the following subscales: personal care (2.69), feeding (2.53) and health (2.07). On the other hand, the worst scores were in the following subscales: employment (0.47), leisure (0.86) and food preparation (0.98). Impairment of social functioning measured by SBS revealed a global mean of 0.69, and the best scores were in the following subscales: laughing and talking by itself (40.5%), conversation: incoherence (29%), appearance and personal hygiene (25.6%), and idleness (25.6%). The worst scores were in the following subscales: suicidal ideations (92.4%), improper sexual behavior (7.4%), and depression (9.9%). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the profile of PVC beneficiaries, regarding their autonomy and their problems of social behavior, points to a relatively low average. The challenge of facing this issue should consider multiple strategies of intervention that prioritizes the empowerment and leadership of the beneficiaries, based on the emerging paradigm of health and psychosocial rehabilitation as a reference framework. The development of other studies that expand the evidencing of this target population with respect to their real needs and capabilities in order to carry out the necessary adjustments for the legitimacy of the program as effective health promotion action is required.

Lessons from the epidemiological surveillance program, during the influenza A (H1N1) virus epidemic, in a reference university hospital of Southeastern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The case definition of influenza-like illness (ILI) is a powerful epidemiological tool during influenza epidemics. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the impact of two definitions used as epidemiological tools, in adults and children, during the influenza A H1N1 epidemic. Patients were included if they had upper respiratory samples tested for influenza by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction during two periods, using the ILI definition (coughing + temperature > 38ºC) in period 1, and the definition of severe acute respiratory infection (ARS) (coughing + temperature > 38ºC and dyspnoea) in period 2. RESULTS: The study included 366 adults and 147 children, covering 243 cases of ILI and 270 cases of ARS. Laboratory confirmed cases of influenza were higher in adults (50%) than in children (21.6%) ( p < 0.0001) and influenza infection was more prevalent in the ILI definition (53%) than ARS (24.4%) (p < 0.0001). Adults reported more chills and myalgia than children (p = 0.0001). Oseltamivir was administered in 58% and 46% of adults and children with influenza A H1N1, respectively. The influenza A H1N1 case fatality rate was 7% in adults and 8.3% in children. The mean time from onset of illness until antiviral administration was 4 days. CONCLUSIONS: The modification of ILI to ARS definition resulted in less accuracy in influenza diagnosis and did not improve the appropriate time and use of antiviral medication.

Enteric parasites in HIV-1/AIDS-infected patients from a Northwestern São Paulo reference unit in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

INTRODUCTION: We describe the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in patients from an AIDS reference service in Northeastern São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation was done for all HIV-1/AIDS-positive patients whose Hospital de Base/São José do Rio Preto laboratorial analysis was positive for enteroparasites after diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, from January 1998 to December 2008. Statistical analysis was performed using the R statistical software version 2.4.1. The level of significance adopted was 5%. RESULTS: The most frequent protozoan was Isospora belli (4.2%), followed by Giardia lamblia (3.5%), Entamoeba coli (2.8%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (0.3%). Ancylostoma duodenale (1.4%) was the most frequently detected helminth, while Taenia saginata and Strongiloides stercoralis were found in 0.7% of the samples. The results showed that diarrhea was significantly associated with giardiasis and isosporiasis. However, no association was observed between CD4+ cell counts, viral load, and the characteristics of any particular parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Our data may be useful for further comparisons with other Brazilian regions and other developing countries. The data may also provide important clues toward improving the understanding, prevention, and control of enteric parasites around the world.

Validation of a case definition for leptospirosis diagnosis in patients with acute severe febrile disease admitted in reference hospitals at the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is often mistaken for other acute febrile illnesses because of its nonspecific presentation. Bacteriologic, serologic, and molecular methods have several limitations for early diagnosis: technical complexity, low availability, low sensitivity in early disease, or high cost. This study aimed to validate a case definition, based on simple clinical and laboratory tests, that is intended for bedside diagnosis of leptospirosis among hospitalized patients. METHODS: Adult patients, admitted to two reference hospitals in Recife, Brazil, with a febrile illness of less than 21 days and with a clinical suspicion of leptospirosis, were included to test a case definition comprising ten clinical and laboratory criteria. Leptospirosis was confirmed or excluded by a composite reference standard (microscopic agglutination test, ELISA, and blood culture). Test properties were determined for each cutoff number of the criteria from the case definition. RESULTS: Ninety seven patients were included; 75 had confirmed leptospirosis and 22 did not. Mean number of criteria from the case definition that were fulfilled was 7.8±1.2 for confirmed leptospirosis and 5.9±1.5 for non-leptospirosis patients (p<0.0001). Best sensitivity (85.3%) and specificity (68.2%) combination was found with a cutoff of 7 or more criteria, reaching positive and negative predictive values of 90.1% and 57.7%, respectively; accuracy was 81.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The case definition, for a cutoff of at least 7 criteria, reached average sensitivity and specificity, but with a high positive predictive value. Its simplicity and low cost make it useful for rapid bedside leptospirosis diagnosis in Brazilian hospitalized patients with acute severe febrile disease.

Profile of pregnant women and children treated at a reference center for congenital toxoplasmosis in the northern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of pregnant women and children treated at a reference outpatient clinic for congenital toxoplasmosis. METHODS: Pregnant women potentially exposed to Toxoplasma gondii were observed. Diagnoses were made using serologic tests compatible with acute toxoplasmosis. Children presenting with: Toxoplasma-specific antibodies (IgM or IgA or ascending IgG titers higher than maternal titers in the first 3 months of life) coupled with toxoplasmosis symptoms; intracranial calcifications (by transfontanelar ultrasound or cephalic segment tomography); or retinochoroiditis (by fundoscopy examination) in the first 8 months of life were also included in the study. RESULTS: Fifty-eight mother-child pairs were observed (mean age of the mothers was 22.1 years). Most patients lived in urban areas (86.2%) and had attended less than 8 years of school (51.7%). Diagnosis was made after birth in 19 (32.8%) children. Thirty-four (58.6%) women received some type of treatment during pregnancy. Most (72.4%) of the children did not present with clinical alterations at birth. The main findings were ophthalmological: 20 (34.5%) children with retinochoroiditis, 17 (29.3%) with strabismus, and 7 (12.1%) with nystagmus. Of the children with retinochoroiditis, 9 presented with subnormal vision. Ten (32.3%) out of 31 children presented with intracranial calcifications by cephalic segment congenital toxoplasmosis, and 9 (42.9%) children presented with delayed psychomotor development. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight a critical situation. Protocols for follow-up of pregnant women and their children must be created to improve medical care and minimize sequelae.

Demographic determinants of survival of people living with HIV attending an outpatient reference unit in the city of Três Lagoas, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the period 1984-2009

INTRODUCTION: While the incidence of HIV infection and AIDS is increasing in small Brazilian cities, epidemiological studies are often conducted in large urban centers. METHODS: Our group conducted a retrospective analysis of survival determinants among 358 patients who attended a reference unit in a small city. RESULTS: Death risk was lower among men that had sex with men, patients with an HIV-seropositive partner, and those admitted after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was available. CONCLUSIONS: The study documents the striking beneficial effect of HAART. The finding of other groups with improved survival may aid in the development of programmatic strategies.

Spontaneous reporting of adverse events following pandemic influenza A (H1N1) immunization in a reference center in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Introduction This paper describes adverse events (AEs) temporally associated to the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine observed in a reference center in São Paulo, Brazil, during a 2010 mass vaccination campaign. Methods A retrospective study involving persons who sought medical care for AEs following influenza vaccination. Data were retrieved from medical records, vaccine AE notification forms, and a computerized system for immunobiological registration. Results Sixty-six vaccinees sought medical care for AEs after immunization. The most frequent AEs were fever, headache, myalgia, and pain at the injection site. No serious AEs were reported. Conclusions Few vaccinees spontaneously reported AEs to influenza A (H1N1) vaccine at this center.

Dengue infection in children and adolescents: Clinical profile in a reference hospital in northeast Brazil

Introduction This study aimed to describe the clinical spectrum of dengue in children and adolescents from a hyperendemic region who were admitted for hospitalization. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients diagnosed with dengue infection upon admission to a reference center in Fortaleza, Brazil. Results Of the 84 patients included, 42 underwent confirmatory testing. The main symptoms were fever, abdominal pain and vomiting. The median level of serum aspartate aminotransferase was 143.5±128mg/dL. Conclusions A peculiar clinical profile was evident among children and adolescents with dengue infection in a reference center in northeast Brazil, including gastrointestinal symptoms and liver involvement.

In vitro antimalarial activity of tigecycline against Plasmodium falciparum culture-adapted reference strains and clinical isolates from the Brazilian Amazon

Introduction: We evaluated the in vitro antimalarial activity of tigecycline as an alternative drug for the treatment of severe malaria. Methods: A chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum reference strain, a chloroquine-resistant reference strain, and three clinical isolates were tested for in vitro susceptibility to tigecycline. A histidine-rich protein in vitro assay was used to evaluate antimalarial activity. Results: The geometric-mean 50% effective concentration (EC50%) of tigecycline was 535.5 nM (confidence interval (CI): 344.3-726.8). No significant correlation was found between the EC50% of tigecycline and that of any other tested antimalarial drug. Conclusions: Tigecycline may represent an alternative drug for the treatment of patients with severe malaria.

Performance of the Vitek 2 system software version 5.03 in the bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test: evaluation study of clinical and reference strains of Gram-positive cocci

Introduction. The genera Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are recognized as important Gram-positive human pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Vitek 2 in identifying Gram-positive cocci and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Methods. One hundred four isolates were analyzed to determine the accuracy of the automated system for identifying the bacteria and their susceptibility to oxacillin and vancomycin. Results. The system correctly identified 77.9% and 97.1% of the isolates at the species and genus levels, respectively. Additionally, 81.8% of the Vitek 2 results agreed with the known antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Conclusion. Vitek 2 correctly identified the commonly isolated strains; however, the limitations of the method may lead to ambiguous findings.

A generic treatment of Alismatidae in the Neotropics with special reference to Brazil

A Subclasse Alismatidae nos neotrópicos é composta de nove famílias com 11 gêneros das quais, nove ocorrem na bacia amazônica e cinco no Brasil extra-amazônico. Apenas duas famílias não estão presentes no Brasil e mais duas ausentes da Amazônia brasileira. Este trabalho apresenta descrições detalhadas das famílias e gêneros, além de comentários sobre distribuição geográfica dos gêneros. As famílias estão organizadas na sequência sistemática que nós aceitamos. Os gêneros de cada família estão organizados em ordem alfabética i=sem significado sistemático. Fornecemos desenhos de pelo menos um gênero para cada família. Referências importantes -- tais como revisões genéricas, levantamentos da literatura, ou monografias de áreas neotropicais — estão relacionadas no início de cada tratamento a nível de família. As excelentes coleções do Projeto Flora Amazônica foram de importância decisiva para nosso trabalho-, sem elas não poderiamoi fazer um tratamento genérico completo para toda a região neotrópica.

O estatuto disciplinar da literatura angolana : contributo para uma epistemologia dos estudos literários africanos

A presente investigação procura inscrever-se no domínio da epistemologia dos estudos literários, fazendo apelo a uma abordagem interdisciplinar que aponta para a necessidade de um comparatismo literário africano e, ao mesmo tempo, mundial. O conceito-chave com que operamos neste trabalho é o de disciplinarização, tendo em conta o seu potencial explicativo para entender o processo que nos irá conduzir à integração dos Estudos Literários Africanos no sistema disciplinar actual. Por disciplinarização entendemos o processo de definição que consiste na demarcação de uma determinada disciplina, por força de dinâmicas endógenas e exógenas, durante o qual se transita de uma fase pré-disciplinar para outra disciplinar, admitindo-se a existência de uma compatibilidade entre os fundamentos epistemológicos e metodológicos da produção e transmissão de conhecimentos e, por outro lado, a consagração da institucionalidade da disciplina como objecto de estudo. A profissionalização disciplinar será uma consequência desse processo e da formação de comunidades de agentes epistémicos que, conhecendo profundamente a história e os universos de referência da disciplina, sejam capazes de aplicar as metodologias mais adequadas no domínio da investigação e do ensino. Para compreender os fundamentos epistemológicos dos Estudos Literários Africanos, importa refletir sobre o momento a partir do qual se constituem como campo disciplinar na história da produção do conhecimento sobre o continente africano. Por outro lado, com o presente trabalho pretende-se avaliar o estatuto disciplinar da Literatura Angolana, num exercício que procura justificar as determinações da epistemologia disciplinar, operacionalizando os sentidos em que se pode analisar o conceito de disciplina. Deste modo, a atribuição do referido estatuto pressupõe o domínio de um instrumental teórico que implica a descrição dos tipos de conhecimento veiculados através dos processos de transmissão que caracterizam as disciplinas escolares e as disciplinas académicas.