David Hume y su adhesión inconsciente al escepticismo pirrónico

Por sus propias palabras y por las de la mayoría de sus intérpretes, se ha considerado a Hume un escéptico mitigado. Sin embargo, la distinción hecha por el filósofo entre escepticismo pirrónico y académico no es correcta en absoluto. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que quizá la filosofía escéptico-naturalista de Hume no se halla tan distanciada del pirronismo auténtico como lo afirma su propio autor. En tal sentido, intentaremos desentrañar si el 'mitigado' escepticismo del escocés no esconde cierto pirronismo inconsciente, señalando que la clave puede hallarse en el desenlace del escepticismo humeano: la 'cura de la naturaleza'

Detener el mar con un haz de juncos : La religión en la filosofía de David Hume

No resulta fácil desentrañar el pensamiento de un escéptico acerca de temas sobre los que prefiere abstenerse de formular juicios. Es el caso de David Hume y la religión.El filósofo escocés nacido en 1711 dejó varios escritos aludiendo al fenómeno, es decir, a la religión tal como existe de hecho, y manifestó su opinión crítica acerca de las distintas posturas intelectuales de su tiempo en torno a cuestiones religiosas. Pero siempre fue ambiguo e irónico cuando le tocó dejar asentado su propio juicio con respecto a este tema. La dificultad principal reside en que, para Hume, a quien podríamos considerar un ?escéptico mitigado?, los juicios correctos son aquellos que se ajustan a la estrecha capacidad del entendimiento humano, que no va más allá de los límites de la experiencia de la vida cotidiana. Muchos aspectos vinculados a la religión ?tales como la posibilidad de conocer de la esencia y los atributos divinos- exceden nuestras limitadas facultades y, si nos aventuramos a argumentar en ese ámbito, corremos el riesgo de caer en el error y la irracionalidad. Nuestra propuesta consiste en examinar cuál es la postura de Hume sobre los distintos problemas que presentan el conocimiento y la práctica vinculados con la religión. Respecto del conocimiento, las dificultades se plantean a la hora de determinar qué estatuto otorgarle a las creencias religiosas, cuál es el origen en nuestra mente de la religiosidad y cómo justificar por medio de argumentos la existencia y atributos de la divinidad. En cuanto a la práctica, Hume formula una serie de críticas a las actitudes e instituciones religiosas tal como se han dado históricamente a partir del análisis de las consecuencias que observa en la sociedad, de las que surge una contradicción entre un conjunto de principios respetables y un sinnúmero de acciones deplorables. Para examinar estas cuestiones es necesario tener en cuenta el punto de vista desde el que efectúa su análisis, que se vincula, como acabamos de mencionar, con el escepticismo mitigado. Finalmente, evaluaremos si es posible proponer alguna forma de religión que tenga el visto bueno de Hume y, en ese caso, qué características debería revestir. Para lograrlo, deberemos abrirnos paso entre su inteligente ironía y su excesiva prudencia.

S. E. Wilmer and Audrone Zukauskaite. Interrogating Antigone in Postmodern Philosophy and Criticism. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 2010 pp: ix + 448

Fil: Saravia de Grossi, María Inés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

An overview of the ciao multiparadigm language and program development environment and its design philosophy

We describe some of the novel aspects and motivations behind the design and implementation of the Ciao multiparadigm programming system. An important aspect of Ciao is that it provides the programmer with a large number of useful features from different programming paradigms and styles, and that the use of each of these features can be turned on and off at will for each program module. Thus, a given module may be using e.g. higher order functions and constraints, while another module may be using objects, predicates, and concurrency. Furthermore, the language is designed to be extensible in a simple and modular way. Another important aspect of Ciao is its programming environment, which provides a powerful preprocessor (with an associated assertion language) capable of statically finding non-trivial bugs, verifying that programs comply with specifications, and performing many types of program optimizations. Such optimizations produce code that is highly competitive with other dynamic languages or, when the highest levéis of optimization are used, even that of static languages, all while retaining the interactive development environment of a dynamic language. The environment also includes a powerful auto-documenter. The paper provides an informal overview of the language and program development environment. It aims at illustrating the design philosophy rather than at being exhaustive, which would be impossible in the format of a paper, pointing instead to the existing literature on the system.

An overview of ciao and its design philosophy

We provide an overall description of the Ciao multiparadigm programming system emphasizing some of the novel aspects and motivations behind its design and implementation. An important aspect of Ciao is that, in addition to supporting logic programming (and, in particular, Prolog), it provides the programmer with a large number of useful features from different programming paradigms and styles and that the use of each of these features (including those of Prolog) can be turned on and off at will for each program module. Thus, a given module may be using, e.g., higher order functions and constraints, while another module may be using assignment, predicates, Prolog meta-programming, and concurrency. Furthermore, the language is designed to be extensible in a simple and modular way. Another important aspect of Ciao is its programming environment, which provides a powerful preprocessor (with an associated assertion language) capable of statically finding non-trivial bugs, verifying that programs comply with specifications, and performing many types of optimizations (including automatic parallelization). Such optimizations produce code that is highly competitive with other dynamic languages or, with the (experimental) optimizing compiler, even that of static languages, all while retaining the flexibility and interactive development of a dynamic language. This compilation architecture supports modularity and separate compilation throughout. The environment also includes a powerful autodocumenter and a unit testing framework, both closely integrated with the assertion system. The paper provides an informal overview of the language and program development environment. It aims at illustrating the design philosophy rather than at being exhaustive, which would be impossible in a single journal paper, pointing instead to previous Ciao literature.

Why Ciao? An overview of the ciao system's design philosophy

Our intention in this note is not to provide a listing of the many features of the Ciao system: this can be found in part for example in the brochures announcing upcoming versions, in the Ciao website, or in more feature-oriented descriptions such as. Instead in this document we would like to describe the objectives and reasoning followed in our design as well as the fundamental characteristics that in our opinion make Ciao quite unique and hopefully really useful to you as a Ciao user.

The theory of electrostatic probes in strong magnetic fields : Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School of the University of Colorado for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Department of Aerospace Engineering Science

A theory is developed of an electrostatic probe in a fully-ionized plasma in the presence of a strong magnetic field. The ratio of electron Larmor radius to probe transverse dimension is assumed to be small. Poisson's equation, together with kinetic equations for ions and electrons are considered. An asymptotic perturbation method of multiple scales is used by considering the characteristic lengths appearing in the problem. The leading behavior of the solution is found. The results obtained appear to apply to weaker fields also, agreeing with the solutions known in the limit of no magnetic field. The range of potentials for wich results are presented is limited. The basic effects produced by the field are a depletion of the plasma near the probe and a non-monotonic potential surrounding the probe. The ion saturation current is not changed but changes appear in both the floating potential Vf and the slope of the current-voltage diagram at Vf. The transition region extends beyond the space potential Vs,at wich point the current is largely reduced. The diagram does not have an exponential form in this region as commonly assumed. There exists saturation in electron collection. The extent to which the plasma is disturbed is determined. A cylindrical probe has no solution because of a logarithmic singularity at infinity. Extensions of the theory are considered.

RECONHECENDO-SE SEM-RELIGIÃO NAS PERIFERIAS DA CIDADE: LIBERDADE COMPARTILHADA COMO RESISTÊNCIA

Reconhecendo, a partir da constatação empírica, a multiplicidade de escolhas de crenças no Mundo e em particular na periferia urbana paulistana, reconhecemos, também, a emergência criativa de novas possibilidades de crer e não crer. Tal amplitude não apenas aponta para o crer (segundo as ofertas de um sem número de religiões) e o não crer (ateu e agnóstico), mas para uma escolha que poderia vir a ser silenciada e esquecida, neste binômio arcaico e obsoleto, quando alguém se dá à liberdade crer sem ter religião. Reconhecer interessadamente os sem-religião nas periferias urbanas paulistanas é dar-se conta das violências a que estes indivíduos estão submetidos: violência econômica, violência da cidadania (vulnerabilidade) e proveniente da armas (grupos x Estado). Tanto quanto a violência do esquecimento e silenciamento. A concomitância espaço-temporal dos sem-religião nas periferias, levou-nos buscar referências em teorias de secularização e de laicidade, e, a partir destas, traçar uma história do poder violento, cuja pretensão é a inelutabilidade, enquanto suas fissuras são abertas em espaços de resistências. A história da legitimação do poder que se quer único, soberano, de caráter universal, enquanto fragmenta a sociedade em indivíduos atomizados, fragilizando vínculos horizontais, e a dos surgimentos de resistências não violentas questionadoras da totalidade trágica, ao reconhecer a liberdade de ser com autonomia, enquanto se volta para a produção de partilha de bens comuns. Propomos reconhecer a igual liberdade de ser (expressa na crença da filiação divina) e de partilhar o bem comum em reconhecimentos mútuos (expressa pela ação social), uma expressão de resistência não violenta ao poder que requer a igual abdicação da liberdade pela via da fragmentação individualizante e submissão inquestionável à ordem totalizante. Os sem-religião nas periferias urbanas, nossos contemporâneos, partilhariam uma tal resistência, ao longo da história, com as melissas gregas, os profetas messiânicos hebreus, os hereges cristãos e os ateus modernos, cuja pretensão não é o poder, mas a partilha igual da liberdade e dos bens comuns. Estes laicos, de fato, seriam agentes de resistências de reconhecimento mútuos, em espaços de multiplicidade crescente, ao poder violento real na história.

Student-adult mentoring relationships : experiences from a Scottish school-based programme

Peer reviewed

Missing Emigrants : Gleanings from Petitions Presented under the Presumption of Life Limitation (Scotland) Acts

Peer reviewed

Maternal smoking dysregulates protein expression in second trimester human fetal livers in a sex-specific manner

Acknowledgments The staff at Grampian National Health Service Pregnancy Counseling Service were essential for collecting fetuses. We thank the Aberdeen Proteomics Core Facility (University of Aberdeen) for their expert assistance. Support for the study was provided by the Chief Scientist Office (Scottish Executive, CZG/1/109, & CZG/4/742), National Health Service Grampian Endowments (08/02), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no 212885, and the Medical Research Council, UK (MR/L010011/1).

Harmonic Monads : Reading Contemporary Scottish Fiction through the Enlightenment

Peer reviewed