Novel wireless-communicating textiles made from multi-material and minimally-invasive fibers

The ability to integrate multiple materials into miniaturized fiber structures enables the realization of novel biomedical textile devices with higher-level functionalities and minimally-invasive attributes. In this work, we present novel textile fabrics integrating unobtrusive multi-material fibers that communicate through 2.4 GHz wireless networks with excellent signal quality. The conductor elements of the textiles are embedded within the fibers themselves, providing electrical and chemical shielding against the environment, while preserving the mechanical and cosmetic properties of the garments. These multi-material fibers combine insulating and conducting materials into a well-defined geometry, and represent a cost-effective and minimally-invasive approach to sensor fabrics and bio-sensing textiles connected in real time to mobile communications infrastructures, suitable for a variety of health and life science applications.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida de pacientes portadores de hepatopatias

Pós-graduação em Odontologia Preventiva e Social - FOA

Pulsing With Low Concentration Gibberellin Plus Benzyladenine or Commercial Floral Preservatives Affect Postharvest Longevity, Quality, and Leaf Chlorosis of Cut Lilies and Gladioli

Effects of pulsing with different concentrations of gibberellin plus benzyladenine (GA(4+7) + BA), a proprietary mixture of GA(4+7) plus BA in a commercial floral preservative (GA(4+7) + BA + preservative), or a propriety mixture of sugar plus acidifier developed for bulbous flowers (floral bulb preservative) were studied on postharvest performance and quality of cut lily (Lilium hybrids) and gladiolus ( Gladiolus hybrids) flowers. Pulsing of cut stems of lily with GA(4+7) + BA at 5 or 2 mL.L-1 GA(4+7) + BA + preservative for 20 hours at 3 +/- 1 degrees C extended the vase life and controlled leaf chlorosis of 'Cobra'oriental lily and 'Cappuccino'and Pot Corn'asiatic lily. Cut 'Orange Art'asiatic lily performed best when pulsed with GA(4+7) + BA at 10 mg.L-1. For cut gladiolus, pulsing with GA(4+7) + BA at 10 mg.L-1 extended the vase life of 'Alice', 'Mammoth', and 'Passion', while 'Scarlet'had the longest vase life when pulsed with 5 mg.L-1 GA(4+7) + BA. GA(4+7) + BA + preservative also extended the vase life and controlled leaf chlorosis, but the floral bulb preservative had no effect on vase life extension or preventing leaf chlorosis of lilies. Gladiolus cultivars had no or minor leaf chlorosis during vase period. Overall, overnight pulsing with GA(4+7) + BA + or GA(4+7) + BA + preservative extended the vase life and prevented leaf chlorosis

Doxycycline hyclate: a review of properties, applications and analytical methods

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Bioética para estudantes de ciências biológicas: investigação sobre os fundamentos que compõem ou deveriam compor a área

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A/r/tografia de um corpo-experiência: arte contemporânea, feminismos e produção de subjetividade

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

Vila Universitária

The student residence is a subject widely discussed throughout Brazil. Academics across the country needing assistance. The evasion in universities is still large. IBGE data show that the most needy students coming from public schools, have attended higher education in private universities through programs that facilitate their entry, but still, has made difficult their permanence. The place of living variable, before access to the university, is the most important determinant in academic life, as many move from their family background to enter university. The city of Mogi das Cruzes, strongly presents the problem in question, mainly concerning student housing, where despite a high housing stock and the rest of the country, these are not available to students in general, much less needy because not with the presence of specific houses, and when yes, these are very distant and / or have poor conditions, and a high cost, fully weakening these students to remain in the city. So, is based on this student body and student assistance mainly in affirmative action that include programs in academic life, but do not guarantee its permanence, the present work aims to propose a new proposed student accommodation, which through programs, spaces and actions, consistent with the integrated academic life services, can provide a financial support of these needy students in relation to the costs of their stays at the university, and also benefit the university, since it does not invest in the project without a guaranteed return

A UML profile for the OBO relation ontology

Background: Ontologies have increasingly been used in the biomedical domain, which has prompted the emergence of different initiatives to facilitate their development and integration. The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry consortium provides a repository of life-science ontologies, which are developed according to a set of shared principles. This consortium has developed an ontology called OBO Relation Ontology aiming at standardizing the different types of biological entity classes and associated relationships. Since ontologies are primarily intended to be used by humans, the use of graphical notations for ontology development facilitates the capture, comprehension and communication of knowledge between its users. However, OBO Foundry ontologies are captured and represented basically using text-based notations. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides a standard and widely-used graphical notation for modeling computer systems. UML provides a well-defined set of modeling elements, which can be extended using a built-in extension mechanism named Profile. Thus, this work aims at developing a UML profile for the OBO Relation Ontology to provide a domain-specific set of modeling elements that can be used to create standard UML-based ontologies in the biomedical domain. Results: We have studied the OBO Relation Ontology, the UML metamodel and the UML profiling mechanism. Based on these studies, we have proposed an extension to the UML metamodel in conformance with the OBO Relation Ontology and we have defined a profile that implements the extended metamodel. Finally, we have applied the proposed UML profile in the development of a number of fragments from different ontologies. Particularly, we have considered the Gene Ontology (GO), the PRotein Ontology (PRO) and the Xenopus Anatomy and Development Ontology (XAO). Conclusions: The use of an established and well-known graphical language in the development of biomedical ontologies provides a more intuitive form of capturing and representing knowledge than using only text-based notations. The use of the profile requires the domain expert to reason about the underlying semantics of the concepts and relationships being modeled, which helps preventing the introduction of inconsistencies in an ontology under development and facilitates the identification and correction of errors in an already defined ontology.

History and Epistemology of Science in the Classroom: The Synthesis of Quinine as a Proposal

The history of the quinine synthesis can be used as a case study to emphasize that science is influenced by social and historical processes. The first efforts toward the synthesis of this substance, which until recently was the only treatment for malaria, were by Perkin in 1856 when, trying to obtain quinine,,. he synthesized mauveine. Since then, the quest for the total synthesis of quinine involved several characters in a web of controversies. A major step in this process was made in 1918 by Rabe and Kindler, who proposed the synthesis of quinine from quinotoxine. Twenty-six years later, after obtaining the total synthesis of quinotoxine, Woodward and Doering announced the total synthesis of quinine. However, the lack of experimental details about Rabe and Kindler's process, associated with Woodward and Doering's failure to reproduce it, raised a series of doubts about the synthesis. Stork and colleagues questioned the veracity of the experimental data and even the scientific reputation of the involved researchers. Doubts remained alive until 2008, when Williams and Smith reported, not without reservations, the reproducibility of Rabe and Kindler's protocol. The scientific knowledge as a social and historical development, its legitimating process, and the absence of neutrality in science constitute aspects that can be discussed from this case study, providing significant contributions to science education, in particular, to the initial or continued training of chemistry teachers.

A Low Consumption Real Time Environmental Monitoring System for Smart Cities based on ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network

Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in wireless sensor networks (WSN) for environmental monitoring systems because it can be used to improve the quality of life and living conditions are becoming a major concern to people. This paper describes the design and development of a real time monitoring system based on ZigBee WSN characterized by a lower energy consumption, low cost, reduced dimensions and fast adaptation to the network tree topology. The developed system encompasses an optimized sensing process about environmental parameters, low rate transmission from sensor nodes to the gateway, packet parsing and data storing in a remote database and real time visualization through a web server.

New approaches to open problems in gene expression microarray data

In the past decade, the advent of efficient genome sequencing tools and high-throughput experimental biotechnology has lead to enormous progress in the life science. Among the most important innovations is the microarray tecnology. It allows to quantify the expression for thousands of genes simultaneously by measurin the hybridization from a tissue of interest to probes on a small glass or plastic slide. The characteristics of these data include a fair amount of random noise, a predictor dimension in the thousand, and a sample noise in the dozens. One of the most exciting areas to which microarray technology has been applied is the challenge of deciphering complex disease such as cancer. In these studies, samples are taken from two or more groups of individuals with heterogeneous phenotypes, pathologies, or clinical outcomes. these samples are hybridized to microarrays in an effort to find a small number of genes which are strongly correlated with the group of individuals. Eventhough today methods to analyse the data are welle developed and close to reach a standard organization (through the effort of preposed International project like Microarray Gene Expression Data -MGED- Society [1]) it is not unfrequant to stumble in a clinician's question that do not have a compelling statistical method that could permit to answer it.The contribution of this dissertation in deciphering disease regards the development of new approaches aiming at handle open problems posed by clinicians in handle specific experimental designs. In Chapter 1 starting from a biological necessary introduction, we revise the microarray tecnologies and all the important steps that involve an experiment from the production of the array, to the quality controls ending with preprocessing steps that will be used into the data analysis in the rest of the dissertation. While in Chapter 2 a critical review of standard analysis methods are provided stressing most of problems that In Chapter 3 is introduced a method to adress the issue of unbalanced design of miacroarray experiments. In microarray experiments, experimental design is a crucial starting-point for obtaining reasonable results. In a two-class problem, an equal or similar number of samples it should be collected between the two classes. However in some cases, e.g. rare pathologies, the approach to be taken is less evident. We propose to address this issue by applying a modified version of SAM [2]. MultiSAM consists in a reiterated application of a SAM analysis, comparing the less populated class (LPC) with 1,000 random samplings of the same size from the more populated class (MPC) A list of the differentially expressed genes is generated for each SAM application. After 1,000 reiterations, each single probe given a "score" ranging from 0 to 1,000 based on its recurrence in the 1,000 lists as differentially expressed. The performance of MultiSAM was compared to the performance of SAM and LIMMA [3] over two simulated data sets via beta and exponential distribution. The results of all three algorithms over low- noise data sets seems acceptable However, on a real unbalanced two-channel data set reagardin Chronic Lymphocitic Leukemia, LIMMA finds no significant probe, SAM finds 23 significantly changed probes but cannot separate the two classes, while MultiSAM finds 122 probes with score >300 and separates the data into two clusters by hierarchical clustering. We also report extra-assay validation in terms of differentially expressed genes Although standard algorithms perform well over low-noise simulated data sets, multi-SAM seems to be the only one able to reveal subtle differences in gene expression profiles on real unbalanced data. In Chapter 4 a method to adress similarities evaluation in a three-class prblem by means of Relevance Vector Machine [4] is described. In fact, looking at microarray data in a prognostic and diagnostic clinical framework, not only differences could have a crucial role. In some cases similarities can give useful and, sometimes even more, important information. The goal, given three classes, could be to establish, with a certain level of confidence, if the third one is similar to the first or the second one. In this work we show that Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) [2] could be a possible solutions to the limitation of standard supervised classification. In fact, RVM offers many advantages compared, for example, with his well-known precursor (Support Vector Machine - SVM [3]). Among these advantages, the estimate of posterior probability of class membership represents a key feature to address the similarity issue. This is a highly important, but often overlooked, option of any practical pattern recognition system. We focused on Tumor-Grade-three-class problem, so we have 67 samples of grade I (G1), 54 samples of grade 3 (G3) and 100 samples of grade 2 (G2). The goal is to find a model able to separate G1 from G3, then evaluate the third class G2 as test-set to obtain the probability for samples of G2 to be member of class G1 or class G3. The analysis showed that breast cancer samples of grade II have a molecular profile more similar to breast cancer samples of grade I. Looking at the literature this result have been guessed, but no measure of significance was gived before.

Structure determination of proteins and peptides in solution: simulation, chirality and NMR studies

The study of protein fold is a central problem in life science, leading in the last years to several attempts for improving our knowledge of the protein structures. In this thesis this challenging problem is tackled by means of molecular dynamics, chirality and NMR studies. In the last decades, many algorithms were designed for the protein secondary structure assignment, which reveals the local protein shape adopted by segments of amino acids. In this regard, the use of local chirality for the protein secondary structure assignment was demonstreted, trying to correlate as well the propensity of a given amino acid for a particular secondary structure. The protein fold can be studied also by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) investigations, finding the average structure adopted from a protein. In this context, the effect of Residual Dipolar Couplings (RDCs) in the structure refinement was shown, revealing a strong improvement of structure resolution. A wide extent of this thesis is devoted to the study of avian prion protein. Prion protein is the main responsible of a vast class of neurodegenerative diseases, known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), present in mammals, but not in avian species and it is caused from the conversion of cellular prion protein to the pathogenic misfolded isoform, accumulating in the brain in form of amiloyd plaques. In particular, the N-terminal region, namely the initial part of the protein, is quite different between mammal and avian species but both of them contain multimeric sequences called Repeats, octameric in mammals and hexameric in avians. However, such repeat regions show differences in the contained amino acids, in particular only avian hexarepeats contain tyrosine residues. The chirality analysis of avian prion protein configurations obtained from molecular dynamics reveals a high stiffness of the avian protein, which tends to preserve its regular secondary structure. This is due to the presence of prolines, histidines and especially tyrosines, which form a hydrogen bond network in the hexarepeat region, only possible in the avian protein, and thus probably hampering the aggregation.

The Integrated European Project "GEHA - GEnetics of Healthy Aging": recruitment, health status assessment and survival of the Italian 90+ sibpairs

The present study is part of the EU Integrated Project “GEHA – Genetics of Healthy Aging” (Franceschi C et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1100: 21-45, 2007), whose aim is to identify genes involved in healthy aging and longevity, which allow individuals to survive to advanced age in good cognitive and physical function and in the absence of major age-related diseases. Aims The major aims of this thesis were the following: 1. to outline the recruitment procedure of 90+ Italian siblings performed by the recruiting units of the University of Bologna (UNIBO) and Rome (ISS). The procedures related to the following items necessary to perform the study were described and commented: identification of the eligible area for recruitment, demographic aspects related to the need of getting census lists of 90+siblings, mail and phone contact with 90+ subjects and their families, bioethics aspects of the whole procedure, standardization of the recruitment methodology and set-up of a detailed flow chart to be followed by the European recruitment centres (obtainment of the informed consent form, anonimization of data by using a special code, how to perform the interview, how to collect the blood, how to enter data in the GEHA Phenotypic Data Base hosted at Odense). 2. to provide an overview of the phenotypic characteristics of 90+ Italian siblings recruited by the recruiting units of the University of Bologna (UNIBO) and Rome (ISS). The following items were addressed: socio-demographic characteristics, health status, cognitive assessment, physical conditions (handgrip strength test, chair-stand test, physical ability including ADL, vision and hearing ability, movement ability and doing light housework), life-style information (smoking and drinking habits) and subjective well-being (attitude towards life). Moreover, haematological parameters collected in the 90+ sibpairs as optional parameters by the Bologna and Rome recruiting units were used for a more comprehensive evaluation of the results obtained using the above mentioned phenotypic characteristics reported in the GEHA questionnaire. 3. to assess 90+ Italian siblings as far as their health/functional status is concerned on the basis of three classification methods proposed in previous studies on centenarians, which are based on: • actual functional capabilities (ADL, SMMSE, visual and hearing abilities) (Gondo et al., J Gerontol. 61A (3): 305-310, 2006); • actual functional capabilities and morbidity (ADL, ability to walk, SMMSE, presence of cancer, ictus, renal failure, anaemia, and liver diseases) (Franceschi et al., Aging Clin Exp Res, 12:77-84, 2000); • retrospectively collected data about past history of morbidity and age of disease onset (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, cancer, osteopororis, neurological diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ocular diseases) (Evert et al., J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 58A (3): 232-237, 2003). Firstly these available models to define the health status of long-living subjects were applied to the sample and, since the classifications by Gondo and Franceschi are both based on the present functional status, they were compared in order to better recognize the healthy aging phenotype and to identify the best group of 90+ subjects out of the entire studied population. 4. to investigate the concordance of health and functional status among 90+ siblings in order to divide sibpairs in three categories: the best (both sibs are in good shape), the worst (both sibs are in bad shape) and an intermediate group (one sib is in good shape and the other is in bad shape). Moreover, the evaluation wanted to discover which variables are concordant among siblings; thus, concordant variables could be considered as familiar variables (determined by the environment or by genetics). 5. to perform a survival analysis by using mortality data at 1st January 2009 from the follow-up as the main outcome and selected functional and clinical parameters as explanatory variables. Methods A total of 765 90+ Italian subjects recruited by UNIBO (549 90+ siblings, belonging to 258 families) and ISS (216 90+ siblings, belonging to 106 families) recruiting units are included in the analysis. Each subject was interviewed according to a standardized questionnaire, comprising extensively utilized questions that have been validated in previous European studies on elderly subjects and covering demographic information, life style, living conditions, cognitive status (SMMSE), mood, health status and anthropometric measurements. Moreover, subjects were asked to perform some physical tests (Hand Grip Strength test and Chair Standing test) and a sample of about 24 mL of blood was collected and then processed according to a common protocol for the preparation and storage of DNA aliquots. Results From the analysis the main findings are the following: - a standardized protocol to assess cognitive status, physical performances and health status of European nonagenarian subjects was set up, in respect to ethical requirements, and it is available as a reference for other studies in this field; - GEHA families are enriched in long-living members and extreme survival, and represent an appropriate model for the identification of genes involved in healthy aging and longevity; - two simplified sets of criteria to classify 90+ sibling according to their health status were proposed, as operational tools for distinguishing healthy from non healthy subjects; - cognitive and functional parameters have a major role in categorizing 90+ siblings for the health status; - parameters such as education and good physical abilities (500 metres walking ability, going up and down the stairs ability, high scores at hand grip and chair stand tests) are associated with a good health status (defined as “cognitive unimpairment and absence of disability”); - male nonagenarians show a more homogeneous phenotype than females, and, though far fewer in number, tend to be healthier than females; - in males the good health status is not protective for survival, confirming the male-female health survival paradox; - survival after age 90 was dependent mainly on intact cognitive status and absence of functional disabilities; - haemoglobin and creatinine levels are both associated with longevity; - the most concordant items among 90+ siblings are related to the functional status, indicating that they contain a familiar component. It is still to be investigated at what level this familiar component is determined by genetics or by environment or by the interaction between genetics, environment and chance (and at what level). Conclusions In conclusion, we could state that this study, in accordance with the main objectives of the whole GEHA project, represents one of the first attempt to identify the biological and non biological determinants of successful/unsuccessful aging and longevity. Here, the analysis was performed on 90+ siblings recruited in Northern and Central Italy and it could be used as a reference for others studies in this field on Italian population. Moreover, it contributed to the definition of “successful” and “unsuccessful” aging and categorising a very large cohort of our most elderly subjects into “successful” and “unsuccessful” groups provided an unrivalled opportunity to detect some of the basic genetic/molecular mechanisms which underpin good health as opposed to chronic disability. Discoveries in the topic of the biological determinants of healthy aging represent a real possibility to identify new markers to be utilized for the identification of subgroups of old European citizens having a higher risk to develop age-related diseases and disabilities and to direct major preventive medicine strategies for the new epidemic of chronic disease in the 21st century.

Strukturbildungsverhalten kettensteifer Polyelektrolyte in wässrigen Lösungen am Beispiel von Poly(para-phenylen)sulfonat

An einer Vielzahl biogener Polyelektrolyte, wie z.B. den Nukleinsäuren DNA und RNA sowie Proteinen, ist die Ausbildung von Strukturhierarchien durch Selbstorganisation von Strukturelementen zu beobachten. Dabei wird das Strukturbildungsverhalten durch eine Kopplung von Wechselwirkungen auf verschiedenen Längenskalen, den kurzreichweitigen ausgeschlossenen Volumen und den langreichweitigen elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen (Coulomb-Wechselwirkungen), die wiederum durch eine Vielzahl mikroskopische Parameter (z.B. Konformation) beeinflusst werden, bestimmt. Durch diese Komplexität ist es nicht möglich, den für die Strukturbildung hochgeladener Systeme bedeutsamen Beitrag der elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen isoliert zu betrachten. Aus diesem Grund werden zur Aufklärung von Wechselwirkungs- und Strukturbildungsmechanismen vereinfachte Modell-Systeme herangezogen. Eine Möglichkeit besteht in der Verwendung synthetischer, kettensteifer Polyelektrolyte. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde das Aggregationsverhalten wässriger Lösungen dodecylsubstituierter Poly(para-phenylen)sulfonate (PPPS) sowie die Beeinflussung der Strukturbildung durch verschiedene Parameter charakterisiert. Als Einflussparameter wurden einerseits die Gegenion-Spezies und andererseits die Temperatur- und Konzentrations-Abhängigkeit untersucht. Hierzu wurden wässrige Lösungen der freien Säuren der PPPS mit Molekulargewichten zwischen MW = 18 kg/mol bis 58 kg/mol mittels Licht-, Röntgen- und Neutronenstreuung sowie durch Licht-, Polarisations-, Transmissionselektronen- und Rasterkraftmikroskopie in einem Konzentrationsbereich von 0,0008 < c < 1,1 g/L untersucht.

Einfluss subviraler Partikel des humanen Cytomegalovirus auf die Induktion der antiviralen Immunantwort

Das humane Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) ist ein opportunistischer Krankheitserreger, der insbesondere bei Patienten mit unreifem oder geschwächtem Immunsystem schwere, teilweise lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen verursacht. Aufgrund der klinischen Relevanz wird die Entwicklung einer Impfung gegen HCMV mit großem Nachdruck verfolgt. Subvirale Partikel des HCMV, sogenannte Dense Bodies (DB), stellen eine vielversprechende Impfstoff-Grundlage dar. Die innere Struktur der Partikel besteht aus viralen Proteinen, die als dominante Antigene der zellulären Immunantwort gegen HCMV identifiziert wurden. Die äußere Hülle der Partikel entspricht der Virushülle, sie enthält die viralen Oberflächenproteine als Zielantigene der neutralisierenden Antikörper (NTAk)-Antwort in ihrer natürlichen Konformation. Die für ein Totantigen außergewöhnlich hohe Immunogenität der Partikel wurde bereits in Vorarbeiten dokumentiert. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den molekularen Hintergrund für die herausragenden, immunogenen Eigenschaften von DB aufzuklären. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde daher die Hypothese geprüft, dass DB geeignet sind, die Ausreifung und Aktivierung von dendritischen Zellen (DC) zu vermitteln und damit deren Fähigkeit zur Antigenpräsentation zu stimulieren. Derart aktivierten DC kommt eine wichtige Rolle beim Priming der T-lymphozytären Immunantwort zu. In der Tat konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Behandlung von unreifen dendritischen Zellen (iDC) mit DB zu verstärkter Expression von solchen Molekülen auf der DC-Oberfläche führt, die mit Ausreifung der Zellen verknüpft sind. Der Nachweis der verstärkten Freisetzung proinflammatorischer Zytokine belegte die Aktivierung der Zellen im Sinne einer entzündlichen Reaktion. Die erfolgreiche Stimulation von CD4 und CD8 T-Lymphozyten durch DB-behandelte DC belegte schließlich die funktionelle Relevanz der Ergebnisse. Zusammengefasst konnten in diesem Abschnitt der Arbeit die molekularen Grundlagen der adjuvanten Wirkung von DB aufgeklärt werden. rnIn einem zweiten Abschnitt wurde die NTAk-Antwort nach DB-Immunisierung näher untersucht. Der humoralen Immunantwort kommt eine entscheidende Bedeutung bei der Prävention der HCMV-Übertragung zu. Hier galt es zu prüfen, welchen Einfluss stammspezifische Unterschiede in der Expression viraler Oberflächenproteine auf die Induktion der NTAk-Antwort nach DB-Immunisierung nehmen. Im Fokus stand dabei die variable Expression des pentameren Proteinkomplexes aus den viralen Proteinen gH/gL/pUL128-UL131A. Dieser Komplex wird nur von kliniknahen HCMV-Stämmen (HCMVKlin) exprimiert und ist für deren breiten Zelltropismus verantwortlich. Der pentamere Komplex fehlte in allen bisherigen Analysen der DB-Immunogenität, die auf der Grundlage von Laborstämmen des HCMV (HCMVLab) durchgeführt worden waren. Ein erster Versuchsansatz zeigte, dass die NTAk-Antwort, die durch DB von HCMVLab (DBLab) induziert wird, auch gegen die Infektion mit HCMVKlin einen gewissen Schutz vermittelt. Dies war ein überraschender Befund, da Antikörpern gegen den pentameren Komplex eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Neutralisation von HCMVKlin zugeschrieben wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigten jedoch, dass Antikörper gegen andere Zielstrukturen zur Neutralisation von HCMVKlin beitragen. Hieraus resultierte unmittelbar die Frage, inwieweit eine Aufnahme des pentameren Komplexes in einen DB-basierten Impfstoff überhaupt notwendig war. Um dies zu beantworten war es notwendig, DB herzustellen, die den pentameren Komplex enthielten. Hierzu wurde ein HCMVLab durch Mutagenese des 235 kpb Genoms so modifiziert, dass von dem resultierenden Stamm der pentamere Komplex exprimiert wurde. In gereinigten DB dieses Stammes konnten die Komponenten des pentameren Komplexes nachgewiesen werden. Die Seren von Tieren, die mit DB dieses neuen Stammes immunisiert wurden, zeigten in der Tat eine deutlich gesteigerte Kapazität zur Neutralisation von HCMVKlin auf verschiedenen Zielzellen. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen schlussendlich, dass die Expression des pentameren Komplexes einen Vorteil bei der Induktion der antiviralen NTAk-Antwort erbringt. Zusammengefasst liefern die Erkenntnisse aus dieser Arbeit einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der immunogenen Wirkung von DB. Auf dieser Grundlage war es nunmehr möglich, ein Projekt zur Austestung der DB-Vakzine in einer ersten klinischen Studie zu initiieren.