Åtgärdsprogram för vattenvården i Nyland för åren 2016 – 2021

Åtgärdsprogrammet för vattenvården i Nyland innehåller uppgifter om vattnens status samt om de åtgärder som krävs för att förbättra och upprätthålla yt- och grundvattnens status under förvaltningsperioden 2016 – 2021. Ytvattnens ekologiska status i är svag i synnerhet på de åkerdominerade avrinningsområdena och i Finska vikens kustvatten. Åarnas och älvarnas status försämras särskilt av eutrofiering till följd av diffus belastning, men också av byggande, reglering och uppdämning. Ytvattnens kemiska status i Nyland har till stor del bedömts vara god. Den sämre än goda kemiska statusen beror i huvudsak på de kvicksilverhalter i abborre som överstiger miljökvalitetsnormen. I Nyland finns 21 grundvattenområden som fastställts ha dålig kemisk status. De vanligaste orsakerna till att den kemiska statu-sen försämrats är grundvattnets kloridhalt, lösningsmedel, bekämpningsmedel samt bensintillsatsen MTBE. De sammanlagda kostnaderna för de åtgärder som föreslås i åtgärdsprogrammet är 372 miljoner euro per år. Härav är 351 mil-joner euro grund- och andra åtgärder som ska vidtas med stöd av annan lagstiftning och 20 miljoner euro åtgärder som kom-pletterar vattenvården. Lagstiftningsbaserade, ekonomiska, förvaltningsmässiga och informationsmässiga styrmetoder har presenterats för att främja genomförandet av åtgärderna. Ansvarsområdena och samarbetsparterna för genomförandet av styr-metoderna har fastställts.

Adherence to Treatment in Psychotic Disorders - Development of user-centered mobile health intervention

The aim of this study was to explore adherence to treatment among people with psychotic disorders through the development of user-centered mobile technology (mHealth) intervention. More specifically, this study investigates treatment adherence as well as mHealth intervention and the factors related to its possible usability. The data were collected from 2010 to 2013. First, patients’ and professionals’ perceptions of adherence management and restrictive factors of adherence were described (n = 61). Second, objectives and methods of the intervention were defined based on focus group interviews and previously used methods. Third, views of patients and professionals about barriers and requirements of the intervention were described (n = 61). Fourth, mHealth intervention was evaluated based on a literature review (n = 2) and patients preferences regarding the intervention (n = 562). Adherence management required support in everyday activities, social networks and maintaining a positive outlook. The factors restricting adherence were related to illness, behavior and the environment. The objective of the intervention was to support the intention to follow the treatment guidelines and recommendations with mHealth technology. The barriers and requirements for the use of the mHealth were related to technology, organizational issues and the users themselves. During the course of the intervention, 33 (6%) out of 562 participants wanted to edit the content, timing or amount of the mHealth tool, and 23 (4%) quit the intervention or study before its conclusion. According to the review, mHealth interventions were ineffective in promoting adherence. Prior to the intervention, participants perceived that adherence could be supported, and the use of mHealth as a part of treatment was seen as an acceptable and efficient method for doing so. In conclusion, the use of mHealth may be feasible among people with psychotic disorders. However, clear evidence for its effectiveness in regards to adherence is still currently inconclusive.

Big datan hyödyntäminen kestävässä liiketoiminnassa

Kestävää kehitystä on tutkittu jo vuosikymmeniä, kun taas kaikkia big datan mahdollisuuksia ei tunneta. Kestävää kehitystä ja big dataa ei ole vielä tutkittu yhdessä laajemmin, mutta voidaan jo todeta, että näiden kahden tekijän välillä on yhteyksiä. Työ käsittelee big datan hyödyntämistä ja sen tarjoamien mahdollisuuksien vaikutuksia kestävässä liiketoiminnassa. Työn alussa määritellään big data ja kestävän kehityksen osa-alueet, joiden pohjalta tutkimusosuudessa syvennytään tarkastelemaan big datan hyötyjä ja sen soveltamisen keinoja kestävän liiketoiminnan tukena. Työn tavoitteena on selvittää, kuinka big dataa voi hyödyntää yrityksen kestävän liiketoiminnan eri osa-alueilla. Työssä kestävä liiketoiminta on jaettu liiketoiminnan johtamiseen ja käytännön operatiiviseen toimintaan. Liiketoiminnan johtaminen sisältää yrityksen strategian sekä innovaatiotoiminnan. Kestävän liiketoiminnan operatiivisissa toiminnoissa keskitytään valmistukseen, tuotteen elinkaaren hallintaan, toimitusketjun hallintaan sekä tiedonhallintaan. Työ tarjoaa keinoja ja ratkaisuja, joilla yritys voi kehittää kestävää liiketoimintaansa. Tutkimusosuuden pohjalta voidaan todeta, että big datasta ja sen harkitusta hyödyntämisestä on hyötyä kestävässä liiketoiminnassa.

Ohjaava opetustyyli – opetushenkilöstön käsityksiä ja kokemuksia

Tutkielman aiheena oli selvittää, millaisia käsityksiä opetushenkilöstöllä on ohjaavasta opetustyylistä: Mitä ohjaavalla opetuksella tavoitellaan, millaisia toimintatapoja opetus sisältää ja millaisia haasteita opetushenkilöstö arjessa kohtaa. Alun teoreettisessa osuudessa kuvataan kolmen ohjaavan opetustyylin mallia: Feuersteinin ohjattu oppimiskokemus (Mediated Learning Experience), ohjaava opetuskeskustelu eli scaffolding ja dynaaminen arviointi. Keskeistä näissä malleissa on, että oppija nähdään tiedon aktiivisena prosessoijana, oppiminen tapahtuu taitavamman ohjauksessa ja tavoitteena oppimisessa on oppijan ajattelutaitojen ja oppimisprosessien kehittyminen. Tutkielma on laadullinen, fenomenografinen, tutkimus. Tutkielman aineisto koostui kahdeksan henkilön haastattelusta Uudenmaan opetusyksiköistä. Heistä viisi oli työssä peruskoulun ala- tai yläluokilla ja kolme ammatillisessa peruskoulutuksessa. Haastateltavat olivat työssä sekä yleis- että erityisopetuksessa. Tulokset osoittivat, että haastateltavat pitivät tärkeänä oppijan aktiivista roolia oppimisessa, itseohjautuvuuden kehittymistä ja positiivista näkemystä itsestä oppijana. Oppijan omaa ajattelua korostettiin, ja sen nähtiin kehittyvän taitavamman henkilön ohjauksessa. Tuloksissa näkyi, että haastateltavien käsitys oli ohjaavan opetustyylin mukainen, mutta ajattelutaitojen tietoista ja käsitteidenkäytön täsmällistä ohjaamista esiintyi haastateltavien puheessa melko vähän. Ajattelutaidot ja ongelmanratkaisutaidot ovat esimerkiksi peruskoulun uuden opetussuunnitelman (2014) yleisiä tavoitteita. Tämän tutkielman perusteella ohjaavan opetustyylin mukaista toimintamallia ja ajattelutapaa voisi kouluttamalla tuoda enemmän opetushenkilöstön tietoisuuteen ja toimintaan. Kyse ei ole pelkästään ajattelutaitojen ohjaamisen opettelusta, vaan myös näkökulman ja opettajan roolin muutoksesta sisällön tarjoajasta oppimisen ohjaamiseen.

Kauran beetaglukaanin vaikutus reologiaan ja puolukan aistittavaan laatuun

Puolukan vuosittainen satomäärä on yli 250 miljoonaa kiloa, josta poimitaan vain noin 3–10 %. Puolukassa on paljon sekä kuitua että antioksidantteina toimivia fenolisia yhdisteitä. Fenolisilla yhdisteillä on monia bioaktiivisia ominaisuuksia, kuten antimutageenisia, antikarsinogeenisia ja antimikrobisia. Terveysvaikutusten tiedostamisesta huolimatta puolukan maun karvaus sekä suuta kuivattava ja kurtistava tunne eli astringoivuus, vaikuttavat merkittävästi sen hyödynnettävyyteen. Astringoivan ja karvaan maun aistimista on havaittu voitavan peittää kasvattamalla nestemäisen aineen viskositeettia polysakkaridien, kuten ksantaanikumin, avulla. Lineaarisen polysakkaridin, beetaglukaanin, on taas havaittu kasvattavan nesteen viskositeettia. Beetaglukaanin lisäyksen vaikutusta puolukkamehun aistinvaraisiin ominaisuuksiin ja viskositeettin ei ole tutkittu aikaisemmin. Kauran beetaglukaanilla on terveysvaikutuksia ja sille on myönnetty EU:n hyväksymät terveysväittämät, joiden mukaan se alentaa aterianjälkeistä glukoositasoa ja veren kolesterolipitoisuutta. Työn kokeellisessa osiossa tarkasteltiin kauran beetaglukaanin vaikutusta puolukkamehun aistinvaraisiin ominaisuuksiin. Tavoitteena oli selvittää voiko beetaglukaania käyttää sakeuttamisaineena puolukkamehussa. Puolukkamehusta valmistettiin näytteitä 35–100 %:n konsentraatioilla, joissa oli eri pitoisuuksilla lisättynä beetaglukaania sekä erilaisia kaupallisia sakeuttamisaineita, kuten pektiiniä, ksantaanikumia, herakonsentraattia ja johanneksenleipäpuujauhetta. Tutkimuksessa oli mukana sekä suuren että pienen molekyylipainon beetaglukaaneja. Aistinvaraisissa laadunarvioinneissa tutkittiin näytteiden makeutta, suuta täyttävyyttä, suuta kurtistavuutta, happamuutta, karvautta, juoksevuutta, rakeisuutta, limaisuutta, hyytelömäisyyttä ja tasaisuutta. Lisäksi arvioitiin maun, hajun, rakenteen sekä ulkonäön miellyttävyyttä ja suoritettiin reologisia mittauksia, kuten viskositeettiin ja elastisuuteen liittyviä määrityksiä. Suuren molekyylipainon beetaglukaani käyttäytyi eri mehupitoisuuksissa odotetusti ja viskositeetti kasvoi lineaarisesti beetaglukaanipitoisuuden kasvaessa. Sen sijaan pienen molekyylipainon beetaglukaanin reologiset tulokset eivät osoittaneet selkeää viskositeetin kasvua. Näytteet, joihin oli lisätty jotain sakeuttajista, arvioitiin aistinvaraisissa arvioinneissa makeammiksi ja vähemmän happamiksi kuin puolukkamehu ilman sakeuttajaa.

Germany as viewed by other Member States. EPIN Working Paper No. 33, 21 June 2012

Germany’s problem is not so much that it is generally right about the need for fiscal discipline but that it has to learn how to be right: this is the most difficult issue to manage from a political standpoint. This EPIN (European Policy Institutes Network) paper brings together contributions from a cross-section of EU member states and the Gallup World Poll survey on the question of how Germany is being viewed at this time of economic and political crisis. The conclusions, subtitled: The Narcissism of Small Differences is a refreshingly candid and insightful analysis of current European relations, noting that Germany’s current weight reflects only the conjuncture of extraordinary domestic and international economic factors. How Germany and the other member states behave towards one another now will have implications for all long after this moment has passed.

Impact of polydextrose on the faecal microbiota: a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled feeding study in healthy human subjects

In this placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover human feeding study, the effects of polydextrose (PDX; 8 g/d) on the colonic microbial composition, immune parameters, bowel habits and quality of life were investigated. PDX is a complex glucose oligomer used as a sugar replacer. The main goal of the present study was to identify the microbial groups affected by PDX fermentation in the colon. PDX was shown to significantly increase the known butyrate producer Ruminococcus intestinalis and bacteria of the Clostridium clusters I, II and IV. Of the other microbial groups investigated, decreases in the faecal Lactobacillus–Enterococcus group were demonstrated. Denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis analysis showed that bacterial profiles between PDX and placebo treatments were significantly different. PDX was shown to be slowly degraded in the colon, and the fermentation significantly reduced the genotoxicity of the faecal water. PDX also affected bowel habits of the subjects, as less abdominal discomfort was recorded and there was a trend for less hard and more formed stools during PDX consumption. Furthermore, reduced snacking was observed upon PDX consumption. This study demonstrated the impact of PDX on the

Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation

Common variants at only two loci, FTO and MC4R, have been reproducibly associated with body mass index (BMI) in humans. To identify additional loci, we conducted meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies for BMI (n > 32,000) and followed up top signals in 14 additional cohorts (n > 59,000). We strongly confirm FTO and MC4R and identify six additional loci (P < 5 x 10(-8)): TMEM18, KCTD15, GNPDA2, SH2B1, MTCH2 and NEGR1 (where a 45-kb deletion polymorphism is a candidate causal variant). Several of the likely causal genes are highly expressed or known to act in the central nervous system (CNS), emphasizing, as in rare monogenic forms of obesity, the role of the CNS in predisposition to obesity.

Human bocavirus infection diagnosed serologically among children admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia in a tropical region

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a human virus associated with respiratory disease in children. Limited information is available on acute infection with HBoV among children admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia in tropical regions and the current diagnosis is inadequate. The aims were to diagnose and describe acute HBoV infections among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. In Salvador, Brazil, 277 children with community-acquired pneumonia were prospectively enrolled. Paired serum samples were tested by IgG, IgM, and IgG-avidity enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) using recombinant HBoV VP2. HBoV DNA was detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates and serum by a quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). HBoV DNA was detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates of 62/268 (23%) children and 156/273 (57%) were seropositive. Acute primary HBoV infection was reliably diagnosed (bearing at least two acute markers: Positive IgM, a fourfold increase/conversion of IgG, low IgG avidity or viremia) in 21 (8%) of 273 patients, 90% of 20 had HBoV DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates, 83% with a high DNA load. The median age of infection with HBoV was 16 months, range 5-36.Community-acquired pneumonia was confirmed radiographically in 85% of 20 patients with acute HBoV infection diagnosed serologically. HBoV DNA was found in nasopharyngeal aspirates of 42/246(17%) children without an acute primary HBoV infection and available nasopharyngeal aspirate. Four children with HBoV secondary immune responses were detected, lacking both IgM and viremia. HBoV infection was diagnosed accurately in children aged 5-36 months with community-acquired pneumonia confirmed radiographically. PCR of nasopharyngeal aspirates is not a reliable marker of acute HBoV infection. J. Med. Virol. 84:253-258, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Relationship between onset-to-door time and door-to-thrombolysis time: a pooled analysis of 10 dedicated stroke centers

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inverse relationship between onset-to-door time (ODT) and door-to-needle time (DNT) in stroke thrombolysis was reported from various registries. We analyzed this relationship and other determinants of DNT in dedicated stroke centers. METHODS Prospectively collected data of consecutive ischemic stroke patients from 10 centers who received IV thrombolysis within 4.5 hours from symptom onset were merged (n=7106). DNT was analyzed as a function of demographic and prehospital variables using regression analyses, and change over time was considered. RESULTS In 6348 eligible patients with known treatment delays, median DNT was 42 minutes and kept decreasing steeply every year (P<0.001). Median DNT of 55 minutes was observed in patients with ODT ≤30 minutes, whereas it declined for patients presenting within the last 30 minutes of the 3-hour time window (median, 33 minutes) and of the 4.5-hour time window (20 minutes). For ODT within the first 30 minutes of the extended time window (181-210 minutes), DNT increased to 42 minutes. DNT was stable for ODT for 30 to 150 minutes (40-45 minutes). We found a weak inverse overall correlation between ODT and DNT (R(2)=-0.12; P<0.001), but it was strong in patients treated between 3 and 4.5 hours (R(2)=-0.75; P<0.001). ODT was independently inversely associated with DNT (P<0.001) in regression analysis. Octogenarians and women tended to have longer DNT. CONCLUSIONS DNT was decreasing steeply over the last years in dedicated stroke centers; however, significant oscillations of in-hospital treatment delays occurred at both ends of the time window. This suggests that further improvements can be achieved, particularly in the elderly.

What does professionalisation mean? Perceptions of professionalisation in swiss sport federations

Introduction: Organisational changes in sports federations are often associated with a drift from a volunteer driven to an increasingly business-like phenomenon (Shilbury & Ferkins, 2011). This process of transfor-mation is be called as “professionalization”. Accordingly, professionalization seems to be an appropriate strategy for sport organisations in order to meet organizational pressure due to challenges of a more complex and dynamic changing environment adequately. Despite the increasing research interest and the attempts for systematization on the phenomenon of professionalization it still remains unclear what does the term professionalization exactly mean (Dowling et al., 2014). Thus, there is a lack of a consistent concept of professionalization that is needed in order to explore different facets and perspectives of this phenomenon more validly. Against this background following question emerged: What is the suitable concept of professionalization for analyzing the actual ongoing processes of change, adaption or transformation in sport federations? Methods: Dealing with this question, following two-step approach was choosen: (1) In a first step a scholar’s perspective at professionalisation of sport organisations will be displayed in order to explore both the common ground as well as divergences and inconsistencies in previous approaches. Therefore, a literature review is indicated. (2) In a second step, and in contrast to previous studies we will consider a practical point of view by a so called second-order observation of experts to gain valuable insights into current thinking and acting towards professionalization in sport federations. In doing so, a hermeneutical approach is used, which is about understanding the meaning of contexts by grasping the everyday world, and draw insight and meaning from it (Shilbury et al., 2013). Accordance with hermeneutics, the explorative interpretive knowledge of expert interviews was used. The interviews were conducted with a sample of six selected experts, who have both dedicated insider knowledge and the overall view of all Swiss sport federations. Results and discussion: The summaries of literature review could be categorized into two research currents. The one defines professionalization as a structural process towards professional status of occupations. The other defines it in a broader sense as an organisational change towards a business-like approach. Whereas the first perspective there is a broad scientific consensus that second isn’t that clear, however. Explorative analysis of interview data reveals different themes in relation to professionalization of sports federation. First theme deals with a changed philosophy as more strategic alignment towards for-profit, efficiency and quality orientation. Second theme refers to paid work associated with more competence orientation and balanced governance between paid and voluntary work. Third theme deals with acting shift towards more rationalization and efficiency by implementation of innovative management and communication tools. Based on findings of both our review of scholar`s perspective as well insights from experts we will provide – in the sense of synthesis – a more clear understanding of what does professionalization mean that can be useful in terms of further studies. References: Dowling, M., Edwards, J. & Washington, M. (2014). Understanding the concept of professionalisation in sport management research. Sport Management Review, 17 (4), 520–529. Shilbury, D., Ferkins, L. & Smythe, L. (2013). Sport governance encounters: Insights from lived experiences. Sport Management Review, 16,349–363. Shilbury, D., & Ferkins, L. (2011). Professionalisation, sport governance and strategic capability. Managing Leisure, 16, 108–127.

A Missense Change in the ATG4D Gene Links Aberrant Autophagy to a Neurodegenerative Vacuolar Storage Disease.

Inherited neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases that occur across different species. We have performed clinical, pathological and genetic studies to characterize a novel canine neurodegenerative disease present in the Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed. Affected dogs suffer from progressive cerebellar ataxia, sometimes accompanied by episodic nystagmus and behavioral changes. Histological examination revealed unique pathological changes, including profound neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolization in the nervous system, as well as spheroid formation and cytoplasmic aggregation of vacuoles in secretory epithelial tissues and mesenchymal cells. Genetic analyses uncovered a missense change, c.1288G>A; p.A430T, in the autophagy-related ATG4D gene on canine chromosome 20 with a highly significant disease association (p = 3.8 x 10-136) in a cohort of more than 2300 Lagotto Romagnolo dogs. ATG4D encodes a poorly characterized cysteine protease belonging to the macroautophagy pathway. Accordingly, our histological analyses indicated altered autophagic flux in affected tissues. The knockdown of the zebrafish homologue atg4da resulted in a widespread developmental disturbance and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. Our study describes a previously unknown canine neurological disease with particular pathological features and implicates the ATG4D protein as an important autophagy mediator in neuronal homeostasis. The canine phenotype serves as a model to delineate the disease-causing pathological mechanism(s) and ATG4D function, and can also be used to explore treatment options. Furthermore, our results reveal a novel candidate gene for human neurodegeneration and enable the development of a genetic test for veterinary diagnostic and breeding purposes.

What does professionalization mean? Developing a conceptual framework of professionalization in sports federations

Professionalization seems to be an appropriate strategy for sports organizations to meet organizational pressure due to challenges of a more complex and dynamic changing environment (e.g. Shilbury & Ferkins, 2011). However, despite the increasing number of studies attempting to disclose professionalization in sports organizations, it still remains unclear, what the term professionalization actually mean, and which aspects a suitable concept of professionalization for studying the phenomena should consist in (Dowling et al., 2014). To bridge this gap, we firstly display scholars’ perspective of professionalization in sports organizations in order to explore the common ground as well as divergences in previous approaches. We will then consider practical views of Swiss experts to gain valuable insight, as pointed out by Slack (2014), into current thinking and acting towards professionalization in sports federations in Switzerland. In semi-structured interviews, we asked six experts, who accompany the professionalization processes of Swiss national sports federations, about their subjective understanding of professionalization, and its characteristics. The interviews were analyzed applying hermeneutic approach to systematically reconstruct the observed characteristics of professionalization resulting in three main topics: (1) changed management philosophy, (2) specialization and functional differentiation, and (3) management tools. Based on the literature review as well as insights from the Swiss experts, we will provide a synthesis of crucial aspects for developing a conceptual framework of professionalization that can be useful for further studies. References Dowling, M., Edwards, J., & Washington, M. (2014). Understanding the concept of professionalisation in sport management research. Sport Management Review, 17, 520-529. Shilbury, D., & Ferkins, L. (2011). Professionalisation, sport governance and strategic capability. Managing Leisure, 16, 108-127. Slack, T. (2014). The social and commercial impact of sport, the role of sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14, 454–463.

Multi-grade teaching practices in Austrian and Finnish primary schools

This article describes the teaching strategies used in multi-grade classes in five small rural primary schools in Austria and Finland on the basis of the content analysis of transcribed teacher interviews. Two main types of strategies were identified: practices that (1) aim to reduce or (2) capitalize on students’ heterogeneity. The results illustrate how differently multi-grade teaching can be realized and how it can effectively support individual student learning. The findings are discussed with regard to teacher education with the intention of increasing the awareness of the professional skills required in high-quality teaching practices in multi-grade teaching.