Craving mediates stress in predicting lapse during alcohol dependence treatment

Background Stress, craving, and depressed mood have all been implicated in alcohol use treatment lapses. Few studies have examined all 3 factors. Progress has been limited because of difficulties with craving assessment. The Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire (ACE) is a new measure of alcohol craving. It is both psychometrically sound and conceptually rigorous. This prospective study examines a stress–treatment response model that incorporates mediation by craving and moderation by depressed mood and pharmacotherapy. Methods Five hundred and thirty-nine consecutively treated alcohol-dependent patients voluntarily participated in an abstinence-based 12-week cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) program at a hospital alcohol and drug outpatient clinic. Measures of stress, craving, depressed mood, and alcohol dependence severity were administered prior to treatment. Treatment lapse and treatment dropout were assessed over the 12-week program duration. Results Patients reporting greater stress experienced stronger and more frequent cravings. Stronger alcohol craving predicted lapse, after controlling for dependence severity, stress, depression, and pharmacotherapy. Alcohol craving mediated stress to predict lapse. Depressed mood and anticraving medication were not significant moderators. Conclusions Among treatment seeking, alcohol-dependent patients, craving mediated the relationship between stress and lapse. The effect was not moderated by depressed mood or anticraving medication.

Understanding Connectivity between Groundwater Chemistry Data and Geological Stratigraphy via 3D Sub-surface Visualization and Analysis

This paper describes the 3D Water Chemistry Atlas - an open source, Web-based system that enables the three-dimensional (3D) sub-surface visualization of ground water monitoring data, overlaid on the local geological model. Following a review of existing technologies, the system adopts Cesium (an open source Web-based 3D mapping and visualization interface) together with a PostGreSQL/PostGIS database, for the technical architecture. In addition a range of the search, filtering, browse and analysis tools were developed that enable users to interactively explore the groundwater monitoring data and interpret it spatially and temporally relative to the local geological formations and aquifers via the Cesium interface. The result is an integrated 3D visualization system that enables environmental managers and regulators to assess groundwater conditions, identify inconsistencies in the data, manage impacts and risks and make more informed decisions about activities such as coal seam gas extraction, waste water extraction and re-use.

Moralpanik eller förnuftslogik - i Jokela-fallets diskursiva efterdyningar

I denna pro gradu avhandling undersöker jag Jokela-fallets diskursiva efterdyningar utgående från ett moralpanikperspektiv. Syftet är att se huruvida reaktionerna på och förklaringarna till skolmassakern i Jokela kan anses präglas av moralpanik, samt vilka andra förklaringsmodeller som präglade den omfattande Jokela-debatten. Avhandling grundar sig på en kvalitativ diskursanalys av förklaringsmodellerna så som de presenterades i opinionstexter och insändare i Helsingin Sanomat hösten 2007. Jag analyserar hur den medierade Jokela-debatten utvecklades och formade perceptionerna om skolskjutningar, ungdomar och det finländska samhällstillståndet i stort. Jokela-fallet väckte starka reaktioner och rädsla. Man försökte förstå och förklara orsakerna till skottdramat. Flera olika förklaringsmodeller presenterades i medierna; en oro över ungdomens mentala hälsa och mobbning, webbens och populärkulturens farliga inflytande, det hårdnade samhällsklimatet och en försvagad välfärd, också den bristfälliga vapenlagstiftningen kritiserades. Den gemensamma nämnaren var att Jokela-fallet uppfattades som en indikator på hela samhällets tillstånd där en gemensam värdegrund och moral håller på att erodera. Mitt teoretiska perspektiv grundar sig främst på moralpanikteorier av Stanley Cohen och Chas Critcher som jag kopplar ihop med Ulrich Becks teori om risksamhället och Emile Durkheims anomiteori. Det här speglar jag mot bland annat Hille Koskelas forskning om rädslans kultur och trygghetssamhället, samt jämför med amerikansk forskning om skolskjutningar. Jokela-debatten formades främst av två dominerande diskurser: a) en rationaliseringsdiskurs som kännetecknas av att man försöker förklara Jokela-fallet genom förnuftsmässiga och logiska resonemang genom att peka på olika samhällsaspekter, b) en risk- och kontrolldiskurs som kännetecknas av moralpaniktendenser främst i form av oro över ungdomar, internet och försvagade samhällsnormer, samt krav på ökad social kontroll och reglering för att säkra trygghet och ordning i samhället. Jokela-fallet var inte ett klassiskt moralpanikfall, men fyllde många av kriterierna för moralpanik. Jokela-debatten uttryckte en rädslans kultur som genomsyrar dagens risksamhälle och som legitimerar ökad riskhantering och social kontroll, som försvar mot de hot och problem som samhället kollektivt upplever. Det ställdes krav på mera social kontroll och reglering på grund av upplevda hot mot samhällets normer och en försvagad moral, vilket är ett uttryck för moralpanik. Jokela-fallets diskursiva efterdyningar visar att tryggheten har blivit ett moraliskt imperativ. Trygghet har blivit något vi förutsätts eftersträva och som vi är färdiga att betala ett allt högre pris för, både mätt i pengar och i frihet.

Pala kakusta : tulonjaon oikeudenmukaisuus modernissa poliittisessa filosofiassa

Pro gradu -tutkielmani käsittelee tulonjaon oikeudenmukaisuuteen liittyviä kysymyksiä viime vuosikymmenien poliittisessa filosofiassa. Työni tutkimuskohteena ovat erilaiset distribuutiomallit ja redistribuution oikeutus. Lähtökohtanani työssäni toimi John Rawlsin aloittama keskustelu distributiivisesta oikeudenmukaisuudesta. Rawlsin teos A Theory of Justice (1971) toimi modernin tulonjaon oikeudenmukaisuus-keskustelun lähtölaukauksena. Rawlsin näkemyksien pääkommentaattoreina työssäni toimivat G.A Cohen, Robert Nozick, Michael Walzer, Thomas Nagel, Liam Murphy ja Thomas Pogge. Tutkimukseni tarkoituksena on tutkia yhteiskunnallisen tulonjaon oikeudenmukaisuutta. Käsittelen kysymyksiä siitä kuinka yhteiskunnalliset hyvät tulisi jakaa ja millaisia tulisi olla niiden rakenteellisten ratkaisujen, jotka mahdollistavat oikeudenmukai- sen yhteiskunnan. Toinen tärkeä kysymys työssäni on, kuinka voimme oikeuttaa jo kertaalleen jaetun uudelleenjakamisen eli redistribuution, ilman että kajoamme yksilöiden perusoikeuksiin. Tutkin työssäni distribuutioon ja redistribuutioon liittyvien näkemysten suhdetta niihin arvoihin, joita länsimaiset liberalismiin ja demokratiaan sitoutuneet yhteiskunnat korostavat, kuten ihmisten perusoikeudet, riittävä toimeentulo ja vapaus. Millaisilla tulonjakoon liittyvillä keinolla voimme päästä lähemmäksi kyseisten arvoja toteutumista yhteiskunnissamme? Tällöin kuvaan astuu myös kysymys lähtökohtien ja lopputuloksen oikeudenmukaisuuden merkityksestä. Voimmeko muutella toteutettua distribuutiota redistribuution avulla, jos emme saa aikaan niitä tuloksia, joita olimme toivoneet? Työni lopussa kysyn: jos toteamme, että meidän tulisi pyrkiä kohti oikeudenmukaisempaa tulonjakoa kansallisvaltioiden sisällä, niin miten tämän tulisi vaikuttaa näkemyksiimme kansainvälisestä tulonjaosta? Tutkimuksessani selvisi, että on vaikea löytää moraalisia perusteita sille, miksi yhteiskunnissamme ei tulisi pyrkiä kohti tasa- arvoisempaa tulonjakoa. Markkinoiden vapautta ja absoluuttisia omistusoikeuksia korostavilla näkemyksillä ei ole moraalisesti kestäviä perusteita, minkä vuoksi niihin vetoaminen ei ole riittävä syy olla puuttumatta tulonjakoon oikeudenmukaisuuden näkökulmasta. Länsimaisissa yhteiskunnissa arvopohjanamme ovat ihmis- ja kansalaisoikeudet. Samoin on linjattu, että yhteis- kuntaan kuuluu alueita, jotka eivät toimi markkinapohjaisesti. Yhteiskunnan puuttuminen tulonjakoon ei itsessään loukkaa kenenkään perusoikeuksia Redistribuutio on osa samaa prosessia kuin distribuutio. Mitään distribuutiota on vaikea pitää abso- luuttisena, eikä mikään distribuutio pysy muuttumattomana. Näin ollen redistribuutio jatkaa samaa oikeudenmukaisen jaon pyrkimystä, mikä ilmeni aikaisemmassa jaossa. Asioiden uudelleenjakaminen hyvästä syystä ei ole itsessään moraalisesti kestämätöntä. Verotusta on vaikea pitää moraalisena ongelmana, sillä verotus linkittyy yhteiskunnissamme samaan rakenteeseen kuin omistusoikeudet. Näin ollen samalla kun yhteiskunta takaa omistusoikeudet, se varaa myös oikeuden puuttua tulonjakoon.

Applications of Treatment Effects Models and Semiparametric Estimation

This thesis is composed of an introductory chapter and four applications each of them constituting an own chapter. The common element underlying each of the chapters is the econometric methodology. The applications rely mostly on the leading econometric techniques related to estimation of causal effects. The first chapter introduces the econometric techniques that are employed in the remaining chapters. Chapter 2 studies the effects of shocking news on student performance. It exploits the fact that the school shooting in Kauhajoki in 2008 coincided with the matriculation examination period of that fall. It shows that the performance of men declined due to the news of the school shooting. For women the similar pattern remains unobserved. Chapter 3 studies the effects of minimum wage on employment by employing the original Card and Krueger (1994; CK) and Neumark and Wascher (2000; NW) data together with the changes-in-changes (CIC) estimator. As the main result it shows that the employment effect of an increase in the minimum wage is positive for small fast-food restaurants and negative for big fast-food restaurants. Therefore, it shows that the controversial positive employment effect reported by CK is overturned for big fast-food restaurants and that the NW data are shown, in contrast to their original results, to provide support for the positive employment effect. Chapter 4 employs the state-specific U.S. data (collected by Cohen and Einav [2003; CE]) on traffic fatalities to re-evaluate the effects of seat belt laws on the traffic fatalities by using the CIC estimator. It confirms the CE results that on the average an implementation of a mandatory seat belt law results in an increase in the seat belt usage rate and a decrease in the total fatality rate. In contrast to CE, it also finds evidence on compensating-behavior theory, which is observed especially in the states by the border of the U.S. Chapter 5 studies the life cycle consumption in Finland, with the special interest laid on the baby boomers and the older households. It shows that the baby boomers smooth their consumption over the life cycle more than other generations. It also shows that the old households smoothed their life cycle consumption more as a result of the recession in the 1990s, compared to young households.

Pala kakusta : tulonjaon oikeudenmukaisuus modernissa poliittisessa filosofiassa

Pro gradu -tutkielmani käsittelee tulonjaon oikeudenmukaisuuteen liittyviä kysymyksiä viime vuosikymmenien poliittisessa filosofiassa. Työni tutkimuskohteena ovat erilaiset distribuutiomallit ja redistribuution oikeutus. Lähtökohtanani työssäni toimi John Rawlsin aloittama keskustelu distributiivisesta oikeudenmukaisuudesta. Rawlsin teos A Theory of Justice (1971) toimi modernin tulonjaon oikeudenmukaisuus-keskustelun lähtölaukauksena. Rawlsin näkemyksien pääkommentaattoreina työssäni toimivat G.A Cohen, Robert Nozick, Michael Walzer, Thomas Nagel, Liam Murphy ja Thomas Pogge. Tutkimukseni tarkoituksena on tutkia yhteiskunnallisen tulonjaon oikeudenmukaisuutta. Käsittelen kysymyksiä siitä kuinka yhteiskunnalliset hyvät tulisi jakaa ja millaisia tulisi olla niiden rakenteellisten ratkaisujen, jotka mahdollistavat oikeudenmukai- sen yhteiskunnan. Toinen tärkeä kysymys työssäni on, kuinka voimme oikeuttaa jo kertaalleen jaetun uudelleenjakamisen eli redistribuution, ilman että kajoamme yksilöiden perusoikeuksiin. Tutkin työssäni distribuutioon ja redistribuutioon liittyvien näkemysten suhdetta niihin arvoihin, joita länsimaiset liberalismiin ja demokratiaan sitoutuneet yhteiskunnat korostavat, kuten ihmisten perusoikeudet, riittävä toimeentulo ja vapaus. Millaisilla tulonjakoon liittyvillä keinolla voimme päästä lähemmäksi kyseisten arvoja toteutumista yhteiskunnissamme? Tällöin kuvaan astuu myös kysymys lähtökohtien ja lopputuloksen oikeudenmukaisuuden merkityksestä. Voimmeko muutella toteutettua distribuutiota redistribuution avulla, jos emme saa aikaan niitä tuloksia, joita olimme toivoneet? Työni lopussa kysyn: jos toteamme, että meidän tulisi pyrkiä kohti oikeudenmukaisempaa tulonjakoa kansallisvaltioiden sisällä, niin miten tämän tulisi vaikuttaa näkemyksiimme kansainvälisestä tulonjaosta? Tutkimuksessani selvisi, että on vaikea löytää moraalisia perusteita sille, miksi yhteiskunnissamme ei tulisi pyrkiä kohti tasa- arvoisempaa tulonjakoa. Markkinoiden vapautta ja absoluuttisia omistusoikeuksia korostavilla näkemyksillä ei ole moraalisesti kestäviä perusteita, minkä vuoksi niihin vetoaminen ei ole riittävä syy olla puuttumatta tulonjakoon oikeudenmukaisuuden näkökulmasta. Länsimaisissa yhteiskunnissa arvopohjanamme ovat ihmis- ja kansalaisoikeudet. Samoin on linjattu, että yhteis- kuntaan kuuluu alueita, jotka eivät toimi markkinapohjaisesti. Yhteiskunnan puuttuminen tulonjakoon ei itsessään loukkaa kenenkään perusoikeuksia Redistribuutio on osa samaa prosessia kuin distribuutio. Mitään distribuutiota on vaikea pitää abso- luuttisena, eikä mikään distribuutio pysy muuttumattomana. Näin ollen redistribuutio jatkaa samaa oikeudenmukaisen jaon pyrkimystä, mikä ilmeni aikaisemmassa jaossa. Asioiden uudelleenjakaminen hyvästä syystä ei ole itsessään moraalisesti kestämätöntä. Verotusta on vaikea pitää moraalisena ongelmana, sillä verotus linkittyy yhteiskunnissamme samaan rakenteeseen kuin omistusoikeudet. Näin ollen samalla kun yhteiskunta takaa omistusoikeudet, se varaa myös oikeuden puuttua tulonjakoon.

Experimental studies and phase field modeling of microstructure evolution during solidification with electromagnetic stirring

Thixocasting requires manufacturing of billets with non-dendritic microstructure. Aluminum alloy A356 billets were produced by rheocasting in a mould placed inside a linear electromagnetic stirrer. Subsequent heat treatment was used to produce a transition from rosette to globular microstructure. The current and the duration of stirring were explored as control parameters. Simultaneous induction heating of the billet during stirring was quantified using experimentally determined thermal profiles. The effect of processing parameters on the dendrite fragmentation was discussed. Corresponding computational modeling of the process was performed using phase-field modeling of alloy solidification in order to gain insight into the process of morphological changes of a solid during this process. A non-isothermal alloy solidification model was used for simulations. The morphological evolution under such imposed thermal cycles was simulated and compared with experimentally determined one. Suitable scaling using the thermosolutal diffusion distances was used to overcome computational difficulties in quantitative comparison at system scale. The results were interpreted in the light of existing theories of microstructure refinement and globularisation.

Exact path-integral evaluation of the heat distribution function of a trapped Brownian oscillator

Using path integrals, we derive an exact expression-valid at all times t-for the distribution P(Q,t) of the heat fluctuations Q of a Brownian particle trapped in a stationary harmonic well. We find that P(Q, t) can be expressed in terms of a modified Bessel function of zeroth order that in the limit t > infinity exactly recovers the heat distribution function obtained recently by Imparato et al. Phys. Rev. E 76, 050101(R) (2007)] from the approximate solution to a Fokker-Planck equation. This long-time result is in very good agreement with experimental measurements carried out by the same group on the heat effects produced by single micron-sized polystyrene beads in a stationary optical trap. An earlier exact calculation of the heat distribution function of a trapped particle moving at a constant speed v was carried out by van Zon and Cohen Phys. Rev. E 69, 056121 (2004)]; however, this calculation does not provide an expression for P(Q, t) itself, but only its Fourier transform (which cannot be analytically inverted), nor can it be used to obtain P(Q, t) for the case v=0.

Dietary aspects of cow's milk allergy in young children

Cow s milk allergy (CMA) affects about 2-6% of infants and young children. Environmental factors during early life are suggested to play a role in the development of allergic diseases. One of these factors is likely to be maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation. The association between maternal diet and development of CMA in offspring is not well known, but diet could contain factors that facilitate development of tolerance. After an established food allergy, another issue is gaining tolerance towards an antigen that causes symptoms. The strictness of the elimination depends on the individual level of tolerance. This study aimed at validating a questionnaire used to inquire about food allergies in children, at researching associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and subsequent development of cow s milk allergy in the offspring, and at evaluating the degree of adherence to a therapeutic elimination diet of children with CMA and factors associated with the adherence and age of recovery. These research questions were addressed in a prospective birth cohort born between 1997 and 2004 at the Tampere and Oulu University Hospitals. Altogether 6753 children of the Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Nutrition cohort were investigated. Questionnaires regarding allergic diseases are often used in studies without validation. High-quality valid tools are therefore needed. Two validation studies were conducted here: one by comparing parentally reported food allergies with information gathered from patient records of 1122 children, and the other one by comparing parentally reported CMA with information in the reimbursement records of special infant formulae in the registers of the Social Insurance Institution for 6753 children. Both of these studies showed that the questionnaire works well and is a valid tool for measuring food allergies in children. In the first validation study, Cohen s kappa values were within 0.71-0.88 for CMA, 0.74-0.82 for cereal allergy, and 0.66-0.86 for any reported food allergy. In the second validation study, the kappa value was 0.79, sensitivity 0.958, and specificity 0.965 for reported and diagnosed CMA. To investigate the associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and CMA in offspring, 6288 children were studied. Maternal diet during pregnancy (8th month) and lactation (3rd month) was assessed by a validated, 181-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and as an endpoint register-based information on diagnosed CMA was obtained from the Social Insurance Institution and complemented with parental reports of CMA in their children. The associations between maternal food consumption and CMA in offspring were analyzed by logistic regression comparing the highest and lowest quarters with two middle quarters of consumption and adjusted for several potential confounding factors. High maternal intake of milk products (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.86 p = 0.002) was associated with a lower risk of CMA in offspring. When stratified according to maternal allergic rhinitis or asthma, a protective association of high use of milk products with CMA was seen in children of allergy-free mothers (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13 - 0.69, p < 0.001), but not in children of allergic mothers. Moreover, low maternal consumption of fish during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of CMA in children of mothers with allergic rhinitis or asthma (OR 1.47, 95% CI 0.96 - 2.27 for the lowest quarter, p = 0.043). In children of nonallergic mothers, this association was not seen. Maternal diet during lactation was not associated with CMA in offspring, apart from an inverse association between citrus and kiwi fruit consumption and CMA. These results imply that maternal diet during pregnancy may contain factors protective against CMA in offspring, more so than maternal diet during lactation. These results need to be confirmed in other studies before giving recommendations to the public. To evaluate the degree of adherence to a therapeutic elimination diet in children with diagnosed CMA, food records of 267 children were studied. Subsequent food records were examined to assess the age at reintroduction of milk products to the child s diet. Nine of ten families adhered to the elimination diet of the child with extreme accuracy. Older and monosensitized children had more often small amounts of cow s milk protein in their diet (p < 0.001 for both). Adherence to the diet was not related to any other sociodemographic factor studied or to the age at reintroduction of milk products to the diet. Low intakes of vitamin D, calcium, and riboflavin are of concern in children following a cow s milk-free diet. In summary, we found that the questionnaires used in the DIPP study are valid in investigating CMA in young children; that there are associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and the development of CMA in offspring; and that the therapeutic elimination diet in children with diagnosed CMA is rigorously adhered to.

Both Surface Proteins (VP4 and VP7) of an Asymptomatic Neonatal Rotavirus Strain (1321) Have High Levels of Sequence Identity with the Homologous Proteins of a Serotype 10 Bovine Rotavirus

The nucleotide sequence of genes 4 and 9, encoding the outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 of a serotype 10 tissue culture-adapted strain, 1321, representative of asymptomatic neonatal rotaviruses isolated from neonates in Bangalore, India, were determined. Comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of 1321 VP4 and VP7 with previously published sequences of various serotypes revealed that both genes were highly homologous to the respective genes of serotype 10 bovine rotavirus, B223. The VP4 of 1321 represents a new human P serotype and the 1321 and related strains represent the first description of neonatal rotaviruses that appear to derive both surface proteins from an animal rotavirus.

Size dependence of the bulk modulus of semiconductor nanocrystals from first-principles calculations

The variation in the bulk modulus of semiconductor nanoparticles has been studied within first-principles electronic-structure calculations using the local density approximation (LDA) for the exchange correlation. Quantum Monte Carlo calculations carried out for a silicon nanocrystal Si87H76 provided reasonable agreement with the LDA results. An enhancement was observed in the bulk modulus as the size of the nanoparticle was decreased, with modest enhancements being predicted for the largest nanoparticles studied here, a size just accessible in experiments. To access larger sizes, we fit our calculated bulk moduli to the same empirical law for all materials, the asymptote of which is the bulk value of the modulus. This was found to be within 2-10% of the independently calculated value. The origin of the enhancement has been discussed in terms of Cohen's empirical law M.L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 32, 7988 (1985)] as well as other possible scenarios.

CM defect and Hilbert functions of monomial curves

In this article we consider a semigroup ring R = KGamma] of a numerical semigroup Gamma and study the Cohen- Macaulayness of the associated graded ring G(Gamma) := gr(m), (R) := circle plus(n is an element of N) m(n)/m(n+1) and the behaviour of the Hilbert function H-R of R. We define a certain (finite) subset B(Gamma) subset of F and prove that G(Gamma) is Cohen-Macaulay if and only if B(Gamma) = empty set. Therefore the subset B(Gamma) is called the Cohen-Macaulay defect of G(Gamma). Further, we prove that if the degree sequence of elements of the standard basis of is non-decreasing, then B(F) = empty set and hence G(Gamma) is Cohen-Macaulay. We consider a class of numerical semigroups Gamma = Sigma(3)(i=0) Nm(i) generated by 4 elements m(0), m(1), m(2), m(3) such that m(1) + m(2) = mo m3-so called ``balanced semigroups''. We study the structure of the Cohen-Macaulay defect B(Gamma) of Gamma and particularly we give an estimate on the cardinality |B(Gamma, r)| for every r is an element of N. We use these estimates to prove that the Hilbert function of R is non-decreasing. Further, we prove that every balanced ``unitary'' semigroup Gamma is ``2-good'' and is not ``1-good'', in particular, in this case, c(r) is not Cohen-Macaulay. We consider a certain special subclass of balanced semigroups Gamma. For this subclass we try to determine the Cohen-Macaulay defect B(Gamma) using the explicit description of the standard basis of Gamma; in particular, we prove that these balanced semigroups are 2-good and determine when exactly G(Gamma) is Cohen-Macaulay. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Line clipping revisited: Two efficient algorithms based on simple geometric observations

Two new line clipping algorithms, the opposite-corner algorithm and the perpendicular-distance algorithm, that are based on simple geometric observations are presented. These algorithms do not require computation of outcodes nor do they depend on the parametric representations of the lines. It is shown that the opposite-corner algorithm perform consistently better than an algorithm due to Nicholl, Lee, and Nicholl which is claimed to be better than the classic algorithm due to Cohen-Sutherland and the more recent Liang-Barsky algorithm. The pseudo-code of the opposite-corner algorithm is provided in the Appendix.

Molecular structure and reactions of 1,1 '-bi(acenaphthen-1-ylidene)-2,2 '-dione

The molecular structure of 1,1'-bi(acenaphthen-1-ylidene)-2,2'-dione 1, a potential building-block for the synthesis of fullerene fragments, has been investigated by X-ray crystallography and semi-empirical (AM1 and PM3) calculations. There is a good agreement between the calculated and crystal structure which is essentially planar and has E-configuration. In the solid state, molecules of 1 pack in an interesting manner as corrugated sheets sustained by a network of C-H ... O hydrogen bonds and resulting in the formation of tetrameric loops. While steric factors limit the reactivity of the carbonyl groups in 1, the ene double bond of the ene-dione moiety present in it exhibits propensity toward [4 + 2]-cycloadditions to furnish novel and highly compressed polycycles 8-10.

Acyclic Edge-Coloring of Planar Graphs

A proper edge-coloring with the property that every cycle contains edges of at least three distinct colors is called an acyclic edge-coloring. The acyclic chromatic index of a graph G, denoted. chi'(alpha)(G), is the minimum k such that G admits an acyclic edge-coloring with k colors. We conjecture that if G is planar and Delta(G) is large enough, then chi'(alpha) (G) = Delta (G). We settle this conjecture for planar graphs with girth at least 5. We also show that chi'(alpha) (G) <= Delta (G) + 12 for all planar G, which improves a previous result by Fiedorowicz, Haluszczak, and Narayan Inform. Process. Lett., 108 (2008), pp. 412-417].