Managers Talk about Gender: What Managers in Large Transnational Corporations Say about Gender Policies, Structures and Practices

Mainstream research on management generally continues to ignore gender relations. Even so, over recent years there has been a major growth of international research on gender relations in organizations. Yet, most of this has focused on gender relations in lower or middle levels rather than at the apex of the organization. This book draws on research on gender policies, structures and practices of management in large Finnish corporations. It builds on earlier survey work of gender policies in the 100 largest corporations in Finland, to examine, through qualitative interviews, more detailed gendered processes in seven selected corporations. These represent corporations that are ‘relatively active’, ‘moderately active’, and ‘not active’ in relation to gender equality. Key issues include contrasts between formal policies and organizational practices; different corporate contexts and individual managers’ views; definition and scope of gender policy; and the relation of gender policies and diversity policy. This focus on gender policies is understood and located within organizational structures, most obviously gendered corporate hierarchies. Important structures include national context in relation to transnationalization, relations of headquarters and subsidiaries, and interrelations of management, policy development and policy implementation. Gender relations in practice and gender practices are considered in more detail. These women and men managers operate at the intersections of gendered transnational managerial work, careers and family-type relations, including marriage and children, or lack thereof. Women and men managers may be part of the same management levels or management teams, but have totally different family-type situations and gendered experiences. Interconnections of management, domestic life and transnationalizations are intensely gendered matters. The debate on the public/private continues to be important for both gender relations and organizational relations, but complicated through transnationalizations. The modern transnational corporation is considered in terms of gender divisions and gender power, with particular reference to top management. The concluding discussion notes implications for research and policy.

Am unexpected entry into the silver(I) chemistry of diphosphazane ligands: Crystal and molecular structures of [Ag{Ph2PN(Pr-i)PPh2}(CF3SO3)](2), [Ag{Ph2PN(Pr-i)PPh(OC6H3Me2-2,6)}(2)]PF6, and [Ag-3(mu-Cl)(2){Ph2PN(R)PPh2}(3)]PF6 (R = H, Pr-i)

Mononuclear, binuclear and trinuclear silver(l) complexes were obtained unexpectedly while probing the reactivity of diphosphazane ligands of the type X2PN(Pr-i)PXY towards the ruthenium-based precursor Ru(bipy)(2)Cl-2 center dot 2H(2)O, in the presence of a silver salt as a chloride scavenger. Subsequently, the reactions of AgX [X = Cl, NO3 or CF3SO3] with Ph2PN(R)PPh(Y) [R = H, Y = Ph; R = Pr-i, Y = Ph or OC6H3Me2-2,6] in a 1: 1 or 1:2 molar ratio have been investigated. Mononuclear or binuclear Ag(I) complexes containing either chelating or bridging diphosphazane ligands are obtained. Trinuclear silver(l) complexes are accessible by the treatment of diphosphazane ligands, Ph2PN(R)PPh2 [R = H, Pr-i] with AgCl using piperidine as the solvent. In the presence of a suitable chloride donor species, the mononuclear and binuclear complexes of Ph2PN(Pr-i)PPh2 are transformed slowly to the trinuclear complex [Ag-3(mu-Cl)(2){Ph2PN(Pr-i)PPh2}(3)]X, over a period 20 h. The structures of representative complexes have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography and the salient structural features are discussed

Adhesively-bonded Patch Repair with Composites

Adhesively-bonded composite patch repairs over cracked or corrosion-damaged metallic aircraft structures have shown great promise for extending life of ageing structures. This study presents the numerical investigation into the interface behaviour of adhesively-bonded cracked aluminum alloy substrate patched with fibre-reinforced composite material. The adhesive is modelled as an elasto-plastic bilinear material to characterise the debond behaviour, while the defective substrate is regarded as linear elastic continuum. Two typical patch shapes were selected based on information available in the literature. Geometric and material nonlinear analyses for square and octagonal patches were performed to capture peel and shear stresses developed between the substrate and the patch to examine the possibility of interface delamination/debonding. Parametric studies on adhesive thickness and patch thickness were carried out to predict their infuence on damage tolerance of repaired structures.

Study of the electronic structures of high Tc cuprate superconductors by electron energy loss and secondary electron emission spectroscopies

Energy loss spectra of superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.9' Bi1.5Pb0.5Ca2.5Sr1.5Cu3O10+δ and Tl2CaBa2Cu3O8 obtained at primary electron energies in the 170–310 eV range show features reflecting the commonalities in their electronic structures. The relative intensity of the plasmon peak shows a marked drop across the transition temperature. Secondary electron emission spectra of the cuprates also reveal some features of the electronic structure.

Novel organic porous solids with channel and layered structures from 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triaminehexaacetic acid and its calcium salt

Single crystals of a symmetrically substituted molecule, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triaminehexaacetic acid, (TTHA) and its Ca2+ salt have been synthesized, the analysis of which reveals the existence of novel channel type cavities and helical packing organizations in the crystals.

Reliability models for existing structures based on dynamic state estimation and data based asymptotic extreme value analysis

The problem of time variant reliability analysis of existing structures subjected to stationary random dynamic excitations is considered. The study assumes that samples of dynamic response of the structure, under the action of external excitations, have been measured at a set of sparse points on the structure. The utilization of these measurements m in updating reliability models, postulated prior to making any measurements, is considered. This is achieved by using dynamic state estimation methods which combine results from Markov process theory and Bayes' theorem. The uncertainties present in measurements as well as in the postulated model for the structural behaviour are accounted for. The samples of external excitations are taken to emanate from known stochastic models and allowance is made for ability (or lack of it) to measure the applied excitations. The future reliability of the structure is modeled using expected structural response conditioned on all the measurements made. This expected response is shown to have a time varying mean and a random component that can be treated as being weakly stationary. For linear systems, an approximate analytical solution for the problem of reliability model updating is obtained by combining theories of discrete Kalman filter and level crossing statistics. For the case of nonlinear systems, the problem is tackled by combining particle filtering strategies with data based extreme value analysis. In all these studies, the governing stochastic differential equations are discretized using the strong forms of Ito-Taylor's discretization schemes. The possibility of using conditional simulation strategies, when applied external actions are measured, is also considered. The proposed procedures are exemplifiedmby considering the reliability analysis of a few low-dimensional dynamical systems based on synthetically generated measurement data. The performance of the procedures developed is also assessed based on a limited amount of pertinent Monte Carlo simulations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evidence for two distinct orthorhombic structures associated with different Tc regimes in LnBa2Cu3O7 − δ (Ln = Nd, Eu, Gd and Dy): A study of the dependence of superconductivity on oxygen stoichiometry

Superconductivity in LnBa2Cu3O7 − δ with Ln = Nd, Eu, Gdand Dy has been investigated as a function of δ, closely following the accompanying changes in crystal structure. Orthorhombic GdBa2Cu3O7 − δ and DyBa2Cu3O7 − δ show a Tc of ≈ 90 K up to δ = 0.2 and a lower Tc plateau (40–50 K) in the δ range 02 to 0.4, similar to that found in YBa2Cu3O7 − δ. The orthorhombic structure II in the lower Tc regions is different from the structure I in the 90 K Tc (low δ) region. The unit cell parameters of the orthorhombic I structure in the high Tc region bear the relationship of a a ≠ b not, vert, similar c/3. This relationship is not seen in the low Tc plateau. The low Tc plateau region does not distinctly manifest itself in NdBa2Cu3O7 − δ just as in LaBa2Cu3O7 − δ.

Surface Structures of Silicon and Germanium

Si and Ge were cleaved on the (111) plane under ultra high vacuum and exposed to O and subsequent heat treatment. LEED and spot photometric measurements were taken. Cleaved surfaces for both Si and Ge gave the expected (2 x 1) structure. Results for O exposure were qualitatively for Si and Ge. The 1/2 orders disappeared after exposure to approx = 10 exp - exp 7. Integral orders started to weaken at 10 exp -6 to 10 exp - exp 2 torr min., disappearing at 10 exp -1 torr min. Heat treatment of Si at 900 deg C for several seconds restored the integral orders and further heating gave a new pattern with 1/3 orders. Exposure to 2 x 10 exp -6 torr min O without further heating weakened the fractional orders and at 10 exp -5 torr min they disappeared. Integral orders remained after further heating in O. For Ge integral orders were not restored after 0 exposure until heat treatment had continued at 550 deg C for several min. The (1 x 1) structure disappeared after heating at 590 deg C in 7 x 10 exp -1 torr O and further heating at 590 deg C without O restored the integral order Variations of intensity with voltage were measured for the (00) and (20) spots. The results supported a model proposed by Haneman (Phys. Rev., 1968, 170, 705) involving two kinds of atom sites on the cleaved surface. 20 ref.--E.J.S.

A study of the electronic structures of n---v addition compounds of BH3 by a combined use of ups and eels

Orbital energies and electronic transition energies of BH3·H2S and BH3·CO obtained from ultraviolet (HeI) photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy are discussed in the light of quantum mechanical calculations. BH3·H2O has been characterized, for the first time, by means of the HeI spectrum and the ionization energies assigned to the various orbitals based on calculations.

I–U Characteristics of MOS Structures on Polycrystalline Silicon

Current-voltage (I–U) characteristics of MOS structures on polycrystalline silicon are investigated. A model based on the carrier transport through the traps in the oxide is described to explain the I–U characteristics.Es werden Strom-Spannungs(I–U)-Charakteristiken von MOS-Strukturen auf polykristallinem Silizium untersucht. Ein Modell zur Erklärung der I–U-Charakteristiken wird beschrieben, das auf dem Ladungstransport über Oxidtraps beruht.

Stabilization of unusual structures in peptides using alpha,beta-dehydrophenylalanine: Crystal and solution structures of Boc-Pro-Delta Phe-Val-Delta Phe-Ala-OMe and Boc-Pro-Delta Phe-Gly-Delta Phe-Ala-OMe

The structures of two dehydropentapeptides, Boc-Pro-Delta Phe-Val-Delta Phe-Ala-OMe (I) and Boc-Pro-Delta Phe-Gly-Delta Phe-Ala-OMe (II) (Boc: t-butoxycarbonyl), have been determined by nuclear magnentic resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD), and X-ray, crystallographic studies. The peptide I assumes a S-shaped flat beta-bend structure, characterized by two partially overlapping type II beta-bends and absence of a second 1 <- 4 (N4-H center dot center dot center dot O1') intramolecular hydrogen bond. This is in contrast to the generally observed 3(10)-helical conformation in peptides with Delta Phe at alternate positions. This report describes the novel conformation assumed by peptide I and compares it with that of the conserved tip of the V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 (sequence, G:P319 to F:P324, PDB code IACY). The tip of the V3 loop also assumes a S-shaped conformation with Arg:P322, making an intramolecular side-chain-backbone interaction with the carbonyl oxygen of Gly:P319. Interestingly, in peptide I, C(gamma)HVal(3) makes a similar side-chain-backbone C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond with the carbonyl oxygen of the Boc group. The observed overall similarity indicates the possible use of the peptide as a viral antagonist or synthetic antigen. Peptide 11 adopts a unique turn followed by a 3(10)-helix. Both peptides I and II are classical examples of stabilization of unusual structures in oligopeptides.