Is mental practice an effective adjunct therapeutic strategy for upper limb motor restoration after stroke? A systematic review and meta- analysis

Stroke is one of the most common conditions requiring rehabilitation, and its motor impairments are a major cause of permanent disability. Hemiparesis is observed by 80% of the patients after acute stroke. Neuroimaging studies showed that real and imagined movements have similarities regarding brain activation, supplying evidence that those similarities are based on the same process. Within this context, the combination of mental practice (MP) with physical and occupational therapy appears to be a natural complement based on neurorehabilitation concepts. Our study seeks to investigate if MP for stroke rehabilitation of upper limbs is an effective adjunct therapy. PubMed (Medline), ISI knowledge (Institute for Scientific Information) and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library) were terminated on 20 February 2015. Data were collected on variables as follows: sample size, type of supervision, configuration of mental practice, setting the physical practice (intensity, number of sets and repetitions, duration of contractions, rest interval between sets, weekly and total duration), measures of sensorimotor deficits used in the main studies and significant results. Random effects models were used that take into account the variance within and between studies. Seven articles were selected. As there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (MP vs control), showed a - 0.6 (95% CI: -1.27 to 0.04), for upper limb motor restoration after stroke. The present meta-analysis concluded that MP is not effective as adjunct therapeutic strategy for upper limb motor restoration after stroke.

From Mind to Body: Is Mental Practice Effective on Strength Gains? A Meta-Analysis

Mental practice is an internal reproduction of a motor act (whose intention is to promote learning and improving motor skills). Some studies have shown that other cognitive strategies also increase the strength and muscular resistance in healthy people by the enhancement of the performance during dynamic tasks. Mental training sessions may be primordial to improving muscle strength in different subjects. The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analiyze studies that assessed whether mental practice is effective in improving muscular strength. We conducted an electronic-computed search in Pub-Med/Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge, Scielo and manual searchs, searching papers written in English between 1991 and 2014. There were 44 studies in Pub-Med/Medline, 631 in ISI Web of Knowledge, 11 in Scielo and 3 in manual searchs databases. After exclusion of studies for duplicate, unrelated to the topic by title and summary, different samples and methodologies, a meta-analysis of 4 studies was carried out to identify the dose-response relationship. We did not find evidence that mental practice is effective in increasing strength in healthy individuals. There is no evidence that mental practice alone can be effective to induce strength gains or to optimize the training effects.

Candida bloodstream infection: data from a teaching hospital in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The incidence of Candida bloodstream infection has increased over the past years. In the Center-West region of Brazil, data on candidemia are scarce. This paper reports a retrospective analysis of 96 cases of Candida bloodstream infection at a Brazilian tertiary-care teaching hospital in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, from January 1998 to December 2006. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected from medical records and from the hospital's laboratory database. Patients' ages ranged from three days to 92 years, with 53 (55.2%) adults and 43 (44.8%) children. Of the latter, 25 (58.1%) were newborns. The risk conditions most often found were: long period of hospitalization, utilization of venous central catheter, and previous use of antibiotics. Fifty-eight (60.4%) patients died during the hospitalization period and eight (13.7%) of them died 30 days after the diagnosis of candidemia. Candida albicans (45.8%) was the most prevalent species, followed by C. parapsilosis (34.4%), C. tropicalis (14.6%) and C. glabrata (5.2%). This is the first report of Candida bloodstream infection in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and it highlights the importance of considering the possibility of invasive Candida infection in patients exposed to risk factors, particularly among neonates and the elderly.

Effective swimmer’s action during the grab start technique

The external forces applied in swimming starts have been often studied, but using direct analysis and simple interpretation data processes. This study aimed to develop a tool for vertical and horizontal force assessment based on the swimmers' propulsive and structural forces (passive forces due to dead weight) applied during the block phase. Four methodological pathways were followed: the experimented fall of a rigid body, the swimmers' inertia effect, the development of a mathematical model to describe the outcome of the rigid body fall and its generalization to include the effects of the inertia, and the experimental swimmers' starting protocol analysed with the inclusion of the developed mathematical tool. The first three methodological steps resulted in the description and computation of the passive force components. At the fourth step, six well-trained swimmers performed three 15 m maximal grab start trials and three-dimensional (3D) kinetic data were obtained using a six degrees of freedom force plate. The passive force contribution to the start performance obtained from the model was subtracted from the experimental force due to the swimmers resulting in the swimmers' active forces. As expected, the swimmers' vertical and horizontal active forces accounted for the maximum variability contribution of the experimental forces. It was found that the active force profile for the vertical and horizontal components resembled one another. These findings should be considered in clarifying the active swimmers' force variability and the respective geometrical profile as indicators to redefine steering strategies.

Rapid HIV diagnostic test in undocumented pregnant women applied at an inner-city teaching hospital

A significant number of Brazilian gestational-age women are still not tested for HIV, representing a high risk of transmission to their newborns. The current study sought to identify the number of pregnant women with no previous testing or undocumented for HIV referred to the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of a Regional Teaching Hospital and included diagnosis of HIV infection determined by a rapid test and perinatal transmission in pregnancy. Medical records of all pregnant women admitted to hospital from January 2001 to December 2005 were reviewed. Pregnant women without HIV results were submitted to a rapid HIV test. Those who tested positive were further tested by ELISA and confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIA) or Western blot (WB). The viral load from babies born to HIV-infected mothers was assessed by bDNA. Of the 16,424 pregnant women analyzed (6.6%), 1,089 were undocumented for HIV. Eleven women were positive in rapid testing and 10 were confirmed by ELISA, IIA or WB, with 0.9% seropositivity. Mother/infant pairs received zidovudine monotherapy prophylaxis and infant viral load was lower than 50 copies/mL. A higher number of pregnant women previously tested for HIV during antenatal care was verified, compared to that obtained nationwide.

Relatório de estágio em educação pré-escolar e ensino do 1º ciclo do ensino básico

O presente documento, intitulado Relatório de Estágio de Qualificação Profissional, constitui uma reflexão crítica, em relação à experiência vivenciada nos contextos educativos de Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1. Ciclo do Ensino Básico, no âmbito da unidade curricular de Prática Pedagógica Supervisionada. Este relatório resulta de um quadro teórico conceptual rigoroso, visando o alcance dos objetivos delineados no programa da unidade curricular supramencionada, assim como o desenvolvimento de competência e de saberes, designadamente do perfil específico de desempenho do professor de 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e do Educador de Infância. A ação pedagógica desenvolvida pela formanda, nos centros educativos, foi pautada pela metodologia de investigação-ação, que deve ser a base da prática de qualquer educador/professor na medida em que figurou-se improrrogável a ocorrência de momentos de observação intencional, de planificação e de intervenção no terreno, de reflexão crítica e sistemática, visível nas narrativas individuais e colaborativas, de avaliação individualizada dos alunos, estimulando diferentes momentos de diferenciação pedagógica, bem como de adequação da ação aos contextos educativos, levando a uma presente reflexão crítica sistemática. A pesquisa constituiu, também, uma referência eloquente para encontrar soluções eficazes aos desafios quotidianos. Importa, ainda salvaguardar que a referida, para além de sustentar o desenvolvimento da ação educativa, alicerçou o processo construtivista de crescimento pessoal e profissional da formanda, que assumiu uma atitude indagadora, crítica e reflexiva. De relevar o trabalho colaborativo em díade pela mais-valia neste processo de formação, uma vez que potenciou a partilha de saberes, de experiências, e reflexões importantes para o aperfeiçoamento da prática pedagógica. Assim, este relatório espelha o processo dinâmico de formação contribuindo para a construção da identidade profissional da futura educadora e professora.

Geometria: um estudo sobre quadriláteros no 4.º ano de escolaridade com recurso ao geoplano e ao GeoGebra

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no âmbito do Mestrado de Didática da Matemática e Ciências da Natureza, no 1.º e 2.º Ciclos, no domínio da Geometria. Tem como principal objetivo compreender e analisar, através da implementação de uma sequência de tarefas de investigação e exploração, de que forma o processo de ensino e aprendizagem dos alunos, na área dos quadriláteros, com os recursos GeoGebra e o Geoplano, contribui para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio geométrico. Neste sentido, definiram-se as seguintes questões de investigação: (1) Qual a imagem concetual que os alunos possuem de cada um dos quadriláteros? (2) Que conhecimentos têm os alunos sobre as propriedades dos quadriláteros: quadrados, retângulos e losangos? (3) Quais os contributos do Geoplano e do GeoGebra na compreensão e identificação das propriedades dos quadriláteros? A metodologia adotada foi de natureza qualitativa, do tipo interpretativo, baseada em dois estudos de caso. Na recolha de dados, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: observação, questionário, documentos produzidos pelos alunos, entrevistas informais, registos áudio e fotografias aos trabalhos realizados. Na análise dos dados, procurou-se descrever e interpretar os dados recolhidos, no âmbito do objeto do estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a sequência de tarefas e o modo como foram desenvolvidas foram fundamentais na compreensão dos conteúdos trabalhados. Regista-se também que os recursos utilizados motivaram os alunos e contribuíram para a interação, como também para a compreensão dos conceitos geométricos. Por outro lado, a utilização do GeoGebra e do Geoplano contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio espacial e geométrico.

The role of literature: english textbooks and literature in secondary teaching in Portugal

Trabalho de Projecto apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino de Inglês

Thermoterapy effective and safer than miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia

In Colombia, pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine are the drugs of choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis; however, their toxicity, treatment duration, (treatment adherence problems), cost, and decreased parasite sensitivity make the search for alternative treatments of American cutaneous leishmaniasis necessary. Based on the results found in a controlled, open, randomized, phase III clinical trial, the efficacy and safety of miltefosine was compared to that of thermotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Adult patients from the Colombian army participated in the study; they received either 50 mg of miltefosine three times per day for 28 days by the oral route (n = 145) or a thermotherapy (Thermomed®) application of 50 °C for 30 seconds over the lesion and surrounding area (n = 149). Both groups were comparable with respect to their sociodemographic, clinical, and parasitological characteristics. The efficacy of miltefosine by protocol and by intention to treat was 70% (85/122 patients) and 69% (85/145 patients), respectively. The adverse effects were primarily gastrointestinal for miltefosine and pain at the lesion site after treatment for thermotherapy. No statistically significant difference was found in the efficacy analysis (intention to treat and protocol) between the two treatments. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00471705.

Teaching mathematics using Massive Open Online Courses

Distance learning - where students take courses (attend classes, get activities and other sort of learning materials) while being physically separated from their instructors, for larger part of the course duration - is far from being a “new event”. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, this has been done through Radio, Mail and TV, taking advantage of the full educational potential that these media resources had to offer at the time. However, in recent times we have, at our complete disposal, the “magic wonder” of communication and globalization - the Internet. Taking advantage of a whole new set of educational opportunities, with a more or less unselfish “look” to economic interests, focusing its concern on a larger and collective “welfare”, contributing to the development of a more “equitable” world, with regard to educational opportunities, the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) were born and have become an important feature of the higher education in recent years. Many people have been talking about MOOCs as a potential educational revolution, which has arrived from North America, still growing and spreading, referring to its benefits and/or disadvantages. The Polytechnic Institute of Porto, also known as IPP, is a Higher Education Portuguese institution providing undergraduate and graduate studies, which has a solid history of online education and innovation through the use of technology, and it has been particularly interested and focused on MOOC developments, based on an open educational policy in order to try to implement some differentiated learning strategies to its actual students and as a way to attract future ones. Therefore, in July 2014, IPP launched the first Math MOOC on its own platform. This paper describes the requirements, the resulting design and implementation of a mathematics MOOC, which was essentially addressed to three target populations: - pre-college students or individuals wishing to update their Math skills or that need to prepare for the National Exam of Mathematics; - Higher Education students who have not attended in High School, this subject, and who feel the need to acquire basic knowledge about some of the topics covered; - High School Teachers who may use these resources with their students allowing them to develop teaching methodologies like "Flipped Classroom” (available at http://www.opened.ipp.pt/). The MOOC was developed in partnership with several professors from several schools from IPP, gathering different math competences and backgrounds to create and put to work different activities such video lectures and quizzes. We will also try to briefly discuss the advertising strategy being developed to promote this MOOC, since it is not offered through a main MOOC portal, such as Coursera or Udacity.

In vitro PHYTOTHERAPY OF VECTOR SNAILS BY BINARY COMBINATIONS OF LARVICIDAL ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF FASCIOLIASIS

SUMMARY A food-borne trematode infection fascioliasis is one among common public health problems worldwide. It caused a great economic loss for the human race. Control of snail population below a certain threshold level is one of the important methods in the campaign to reduce the incidence of fascioliasis. The life cycle of the parasite can be interrupted by killing the snail or Fasciola larva redia and cercaria inside of the snail Lymnaea acuminata. In vitro toxicity of different binary combinations (1:1 ratio) of plant-derived larvicidal active components such as citral, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, azadirachtin and allicin against Fasciola redia and cercaria were tested. The mortality of larvae was observed at 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h of treatment. In in vitro condition azadirachtin + allicin (1:1 ratio) was highly toxic against redia and cercaria (8h LC50 0.006 and 0.005 mg/L). Toxicity of citral + ferulic acid was lowest against redia and cercaria larvae.

The Entre4Future project

This paper presents some of the results already achieved in the European project titled "Simulation for Entrepreneurship - ENTRE4FUTURE". Seven organizations from six different countries participate in this project. Organizations are from two different groups. We have a group of five educational organizations from Romania (project leader), Portugal, Spain, Austria and Denmark. The second group is constituted by two affiliates of chambers of commerce of Romania and Cyprus. The purpose of ENTRE4FUTURE is the exchange of professional experience in matters relating to teaching methodologies, with the curricula of the business simulation and the methodology used in the business simulation courses as an effective method in entrepreneurship for education among young people, the use of the innovative technologies in the business simulation courses between two levels of education - high school and university. The project had its start in 2014 and the end will be in 2016. By this time some results have already been achieved, which passed through the creation of the project website, the reports of the three meetings already held, the presentation of a new curricula for the business simulation courses and a first draft of the Good Practice Guide "Simulation for entrepreneurship".

Relatório de estágio

O presente relatório de qualificação profissional, como requisito (parcial) para obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, é o reflexo dos saberes e competências profissionais adquiridas pelas experiências vividas durante a prática pedagógica supervisionada, desenvolvida em dois contextos de estágio: Educação Pré- Escolar e 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Ao longo desta formação inicial a mestranda adquiriu saberes científicos, pedagógicos, didáticos, culturais e de investigação que lhe possibilitaram o desenvolvimento de práticas sustentadas. A interação entre os saberes teóricos mobilizados e a reflexão sobre a prática, possibilitaram a construção de um quadro teórico próprio, com visão e pensamento pessoal, permitindo à futura profissional de educação melhorar e transformar a prática educativa, agindo nos contextos de forma adequada, visando a inclusão e equidade. Através da adoção de uma postura crítica, reflexiva e indagadora, apoiada nos processos da metodologia de investigação-ação – observação, planificação, ação, reflexão e avaliação – a mestranda desenvolveu a práxis de forma cíclica e articulada. Com efeito, a mestranda procurou desenvolver práticas que promovessem aprendizagens significativas e efetivas para as diferentes crianças e que lhes permitissem ser construtoras ativas do seu próprio conhecimento, numa perspetiva holística da educação e do desenvolvimento da criança, encarando-a como centro do processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Em conformidade, os estágios desenvolvidos em ambos os contextos permitiram a construção de um perfil generalista, através do desenvolvimento de competências marcadas por uma (re)construção pessoal e profissional, auxiliadas por processos colaborativos e reflexivos.

How effective are brief interventions in smoking cessation: project of a cohort study in a family health care unit

ABSTRACT: Tobacco use remains the most significant modifiable cause of disability, death and illness1. In Portugal, 19,6% of the population aged ten years or more smoke3. A Cochrane review of 20087 concluded that a brief advice intervention (compared to usual care) can increase the likelihood of a smoker to quit and remain nonsmoker 12 months later by a further 1 to 3 %. Several studies have shown that Primary Care Physicians can play a key role in these interventions8,9,10. However we did not find studies about the effectiveness of brief interventions in routine consultations of Family Doctors in Portugal. For this reason we designed a Cohort Study to make an exploratory study about the effectiveness of brief interventions of less than three minutes in comparison with usual care in routine consultations. The study will be implemented in a Family Healthcare Unit in Beja, during six months. Family Doctors of the intervention group should be submitted for an educational and training program before the study begin. Quit smoking sustained rates will be estimated one year after the first intervention in each smoker. If, as we expect, quit smoking rates will be higher in the intervention group than in the control group, this may change Portuguese Family Doctors attitudes and increase the provision of brief interventions in routine consultations in Primary Healthcare Centers.