Acompanhamento de direção de obras de reconstrução na Mouraria

Relatório de Estágio para obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Edificações

Interação do planeamento urbano com o envelhecimento ativo : percepção de acessibilidade pedonal dos adultos de 65 ou mais anos residentes no município de Setúbal

RESUMO - Introdução- O envelhecimento populacional expressa crescentes necessidades sociais e em saúde num sistema que se encontra em sobrecarga. Considerando que o meio envolvente influencia as atitudes e o estado de saúde dos indivíduos, é extremamente importante analisar as características físicas que, da perspetiva dos utilizadores, influenciam comportamentos determinantes para o seu bem-estar e qualidade de vida. Esse conhecimento traduz-se na planificação de estratégias adequadas às necessidades desta população mais vulnerável, inibindo iniquidades, estimulando a autonomia dos indivíduos e, prevenindo necessidades de cuidados de saúde. Objetivos- Conhecer qual a acessibilidade pedonal percebida por indivíduos de 65 ou mais anos, residentes no município de Setúbal e avaliar o grau de correlação existente entre a acessibilidade pedonal percebida e a qualidade de vida associada à saúde. Metodologia- Foi utilizada metodologia descritiva, observacional e transversal, tendo sido aplicados 3 questionários (PAP+65, EQ-5D e questionário de caracterização da população), aplicados por hetero-preenchimento. Resultados- Da aplicação do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, observou-se presença de associação estatisticamente significativa entre a acessibilidade pedonal percebida e a qualidade de vida associada à saúde (0,219, para p <0,01). Após dicotomização dos resultados do total da escala PAP+65, verificou-se que 55,6% dos participantes consideram que existe elevada adequabilidade do seu bairro para caminhar, no município de Setúbal. Conclusão- Os resultados demonstraram objetivamente que a perceção da acessibilidade do bairro para caminhar tem associação com a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde, o que sugere que medidas que melhorem a acessibilidade pedonal para a população de maior idade traduzir-se-ão em ganhos em saúde para esta população.

Exposição a radiações ionizantes em cirurgia ortopédica num hospital público de Lisboa.

RESUMO - A monitorização individual dos trabalhadores (dosimetria individual) é obrigatória (Decreto Regulamentar n.o 9/90, de 19 de Abril) para os profissionais de saúde que desempenham funções com risco de exposição à radiação X, quando classificados como categoria A. Apesar disso, a exposição a radiações ionizantes é frequentemente pouco, ou mesmo nada, valorizada pelos profissionais de saúde. O presente estudo, realizado no contexto de intervenções cirúrgicas de ortopedia, teve por objectivos: • avaliar a dose de radiação em diferentes zonas durante as cirurgias ortopédicas; • estimar a dose de exposição a radiações ionizantes dos profissionais de saúde, em função das suas posições, predominantemente adoptadas durante o acto cirúrgico; • sensibilizar os profissionais de saúde para a utilização correcta da dosimetria individual e para a adopção das medidas de protecção radiológica. A avaliação do risco foi efectuada através de: 1) medições preliminares com recurso a um fantoma colocado a 50 cm e a 100 cm do eixo central do feixe de radiação e em direcções de 45°, 90° e 135°; 2) medições durante uma cirurgia ortopédica em «localizações » correspondentes às gónadas, ao cristalino e às mãos dos profissionais de saúde intervenientes na cirurgia (ortopedistas, enfermeiros instrumentistas); 3) medições ao nível do topo da mesa (posição do anestesista) e ao nível do comando do equipamento emissor de raios X (técnico de radiologia); 4) determinação do tempo de utilização dos raios X durante as cirurgias ortopédicas; 5) cálculo da estimativa do número anual de cirurgias ortopédicas realizadas, com base nos registos existentes. Assumindo a não utilização de aventais plúmbeos os valores máximos medidos foram de 2,5 mSv/h (ao nível das gónadas), de 0,6 mSv/h ao nível do cristalino e de 1 mSv/ h ao nível das mãos dos ortopedistas e dos enfermeiros instrumentistas (que se situavam próximo do feixe de raios X, a 50 cm do feixe de radiação). A estimativa de exposição anual (dose equivalente) para os profissionais que operam junto ao feixe de radiação X foi de: • Ortopedistas — 20,63 a 68,75 mSv (gónadas), 4,95 a 16,50 mSv (cristalino) e 8,25 a 27,50 mSv (mãos); • Enfermeiros instrumentistas — 130,63 a 151,25 mSv (gónadas), 31,35 a 36,30 mSv (cristalino) e 52,25 a Os profissionais que ocupam posições mais afastadas do feixe (por exemplo: anestesistas) terão doses de radiação mais reduzidas, embora estas possam ainda ser importantes ao nível das gónadas na zona do topo da mesa (anestesista). Conclui-se que a exposição profissional em blocos operatórios pode implicar, em cirurgia ortopédica, a sujeição a níveis de exposição consideráveis, o que permite classificar estes profissionais de categoria A, justificando a utilização obrigatória (e correcta de acordo com as recomendações) da dosimetria individual e a adopção de medidas de protecção radiológica, tantas vezes negligenciadas.

As peculiaridades da democratização da região do Cáucaso do Sul no contexto da Política Europeia de Vizinhança

O período após o colapso da União Soviética foi o tempo da procura de novas identidades na nova realidade e de escolha de novos parceiros e aliados, o tempo da construção de novos estados e de formulação das regras e normas nacionais. Após o desmoronamento da ideologia soviética - um facto reconhecido oficialmente durante o período da Perestroika –, as pessoas sentiram uma necessidade de preencher o vácuo ideológico e desenvolver uma nova identidade. Foi proclamada a rejeição da estrutura política administrativa herdada da União Soviética e do sistema de economia planificada, e desenvolvida a tendência para a construção do estado democrático fundado numa economia de mercado. As expectativas relativas às transformações no período pós-soviético estavam relacionadas com o Ocidente (EUA e UE), e a construção do estado soberano foi fundada em modelos ocidentais de estado de direito, ‘boa governança’ e a economia de mercado. A UE desempenhou um papel importante na democratização dos estados da região do Sul do Cáucaso através de vários projetos e programas bilaterais e multilaterais no âmbito da Política Europeia de Vizinhança e da Parceria Oriental. Embora as reformas democráticas tenham sido realizadas com vista ao estabelecimento de uma Constituição democrática, à implementação de eleições democráticas e ao desenvolvimento da sociedade civil, fortaleceram, também, ainda mais, a natureza autoritária do poder, impediram a criação de um estado de direito, reforçaram violação dos direitos e das liberdades humanas. (NODIYA, 2003: 30; BAKHMAN, 2003: 17; BADALOV, 2003: 20). Deste modo, o processo da promoção da democracia através das reformas nos três estados do Sul do Cáucaso conduziu à criação de estados de “conteúdo autocrático misto, mas de forma democrática” (CHETERYAN, 2003: 41). Embora seja possível identificar as semelhanças entre os três estados da região do Sul do Cáucaso nas reformas do processo de desenvolvimento, os métodos e meios de implementação de reformas nas realidades dos estados regionais pela administração nacional foram bastante diferentes, por razões associadas às especificidades de cada um (DELCOUR e WOLCZUK, 2013: 3). Cada país é caracterizado pelas suas peculiaridades ao nível da situação geopolítica e diversidade do potencial económico – fatores que definem a trajetória política e económica do estado no período pós-soviético e, em certa medida, influenciam o modo como se desenvolvem as relações com a UE e, portanto, o processo de adoção das reformas e a sua introdução a nível nacional.

What happens in the first 200 ms of word reading : ERP studies on visual word recognition with top-down and bottom-up approaches /

In this thesis, three main questions were addressed using event-related potentials (ERPs): (1) the timing of lexical semantic access, (2) the influence of "top-down" processes on visual word processing, and (3) the influence of "bottom-up" factors on visual word processing. The timing of lexical semantic access was investigated in two studies using different designs. In Study 1,14 participants completed two tasks: a standard lexical decision (LD) task which required a word/nonword decision to each target stimulus, and a semantically primed version (LS) of it using the same category of words (e.g., animal) within each block following which participants made a category judgment. In Study 2, another 12 participants performed a standard semantic priming task, where target stimulus words (e.g., nurse) could be either semantically related or unrelated to their primes (e.g., doctor, tree) but the order of presentation was randomized. We found evidence in both ERP studies that lexical semantic access might occur early within the first 200 ms (at about 170 ms for Study 1 and at about 160 ms for Study 2). Our results were consistent with more recent ERP and eye-tracking studies and are in contrast with the traditional research focus on the N400 component. "Top-down" processes, such as a person's expectation and strategic decisions, were possible in Study 1 because of the blocked design, but they were not for Study 2 with a randomized design. Comparing results from two studies, we found that visual word processing could be affected by a person's expectation and the effect occurred early at a sensory/perceptual stage: a semantic task effect in the PI component at about 100 ms in the ERP was found in Study 1 , but not in Study 2. Furthermore, we found that such "top-down" influence on visual word processing might be mediated through separate mechanisms depending on whether the stimulus was a word or a nonword. "Bottom-up" factors involve inherent characteristics of particular words, such as bigram frequency (the total frequency of two-letter combinations of a word), word frequency (the frequency of the written form of a word), and neighborhood density (the number of words that can be generated by changing one letter of an original word or nonword). A bigram frequency effect was found when comparing the results from Studies 1 and 2, but it was examined more closely in Study 3. Fourteen participants performed a similar standard lexical decision task but the words and nonwords were selected systematically to provide a greater range in the aforementioned factors. As a result, a total of 18 word conditions were created with 18 nonword conditions matched on neighborhood density and neighborhood frequency. Using multiple regression analyses, we foimd that the PI amplitude was significantly related to bigram frequency for both words and nonwords, consistent with results from Studies 1 and 2. In addition, word frequency and neighborhood frequency were also able to influence the PI amplitude separately for words and for nonwords and there appeared to be a spatial dissociation between the two effects: for words, the word frequency effect in PI was found at the left electrode site; for nonwords, the neighborhood frequency effect in PI was fovind at the right elecfrode site. The implications of otir findings are discussed.

Confocal and two-photon microscopy : image enhancement /

Confocal and two-photon microcopy have become essential tools in biological research and today many investigations are not possible without their help. The valuable advantage that these two techniques offer is the ability of optical sectioning. Optical sectioning makes it possible to obtain 3D visuahzation of the structiu-es, and hence, valuable information of the structural relationships, the geometrical, and the morphological aspects of the specimen. The achievable lateral and axial resolutions by confocal and two-photon microscopy, similar to other optical imaging systems, are both defined by the diffraction theorem. Any aberration and imperfection present during the imaging results in broadening of the calculated theoretical resolution, blurring, geometrical distortions in the acquired images that interfere with the analysis of the structures, and lower the collected fluorescence from the specimen. The aberrations may have different causes and they can be classified by their sources such as specimen-induced aberrations, optics-induced aberrations, illumination aberrations, and misalignment aberrations. This thesis presents an investigation and study of image enhancement. The goal of this thesis was approached in two different directions. Initially, we investigated the sources of the imperfections. We propose methods to eliminate or minimize aberrations introduced during the image acquisition by optimizing the acquisition conditions. The impact on the resolution as a result of using a coverslip the thickness of which is mismatched with the one that the objective lens is designed for was shown and a novel technique was introduced in order to define the proper value on the correction collar of the lens. The amoimt of spherical aberration with regard to t he numerical aperture of the objective lens was investigated and it was shown that, based on the purpose of our imaging tasks, different numerical apertures must be used. The deformed beam cross section of the single-photon excitation source was corrected and the enhancement of the resolution and image quaUty was shown. Furthermore, the dependency of the scattered light on the excitation wavelength was shown empirically. In the second part, we continued the study of the image enhancement process by deconvolution techniques. Although deconvolution algorithms are used widely to improve the quality of the images, how well a deconvolution algorithm responds highly depends on the point spread function (PSF) of the imaging system applied to the algorithm and the level of its accuracy. We investigated approaches that can be done in order to obtain more precise PSF. Novel methods to improve the pattern of the PSF and reduce the noise are proposed. Furthermore, multiple soiu'ces to extract the PSFs of the imaging system are introduced and the empirical deconvolution results by using each of these PSFs are compared together. The results confirm that a greater improvement attained by applying the in situ PSF during the deconvolution process.

Host-parasite relationships in mycoparasite /

A mycoparasite, Piptocephalis virginiana ^ shows a resemblance to fungal parasites of higher plants in the fine structure of hyphae and haustoria. The morphology and fine structure of host and parasitic fungi have been described. The mode of penetration of the host cell, Choanephora cucurbitarum , probably involves mechanical forces. Although the presence of cell wall degrading enzyme was not detected by conventional techniques, its role in penetration can't be ruled out. A collar around the haustorial neck is formed as an extension of the host cell wall. No papilla was detected although appressorixim was seen during penetration. The young haustorium is enclosed in highly invaginating plasmalemma of the host cell and n\imerous cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Appearance of an electron—dense sheath around the mature haustorium seems to coincide with the disappearance of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum from the host cystoplasm in the vicinity of the haustorium. The role of host cytoplasm particularly of endoplasmic reticulum in the development of the sheath is discussed. Extensive accumulation of spherosomes-like bodies, containing lipids, is found in haustorium, parasite and host hypha. Electron microscope revealed the parasiticculture spore has more lipid content than the axenic culture spore of P. virginiana . The biochemical and cytochemical tests also support these results. The mature spore of C. cucurbitarum possesses a thick three-layered cell wall, different from the hyphal wall. Its germination is accompanied by the formation of an elastic thin inner layer which surrounds the emerging germ tube and the growing hypha. High resolution autoradiography showed that H N-acetyl-glucosamine , a precursor of chitin, was incorporated preferentially in the thin inner layer of the spore wall and also in the cell wall of the growing hypha. When the label was fed to the infected cells, at different intervals after inoculation, grains were observed on the sheath which developed around the haustorium of P. virginiana , 30 hours after inoculation. The significance of these results in relation to the origin and composition of the sheath is discussed.

A Profile of Gamblers

This Study Presents Both a Comprehensive Survey Jof the Empirical Literature on Gambling and Our Most Recent Research Based on Data Provided by Both Loto-Quebec and Statistics Canada. in Spite of All the Excitement Surrounding the Subject, the Typical Gambler Emerges with the Relatively Boring Image of a Regular, Relatively Lower Paid Blue Or White Collar Worker, Whose Career Stalled, Who Is Relatively Older and Has More Children Than the Rest of the Population. But He Is Not Criminal and Does Not Spend Recklessly. the Game Gives Him Hope, Type of Hope That No Other Existing Spending Opportunities Can Provide. the Study Also Reveals That People Do Not Tell the Truth About Their Spendings on Games of Chance.

Bayesian Analysis for a Theory of Random Consumer Demand: The Case of Indivisible Goods

McCausland (2004a) describes a new theory of random consumer demand. Theoretically consistent random demand can be represented by a \"regular\" \"L-utility\" function on the consumption set X. The present paper is about Bayesian inference for regular L-utility functions. We express prior and posterior uncertainty in terms of distributions over the indefinite-dimensional parameter set of a flexible functional form. We propose a class of proper priors on the parameter set. The priors are flexible, in the sense that they put positive probability in the neighborhood of any L-utility function that is regular on a large subset bar(X) of X; and regular, in the sense that they assign zero probability to the set of L-utility functions that are irregular on bar(X). We propose methods of Bayesian inference for an environment with indivisible goods, leaving the more difficult case of indefinitely divisible goods for another paper. We analyse individual choice data from a consumer experiment described in Harbaugh et al. (2001).

Five-year predictors of physical activity decline among adults in low-income communities: a prospective study

Affiliation: J. O'Loughlin: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre de recherche CHUM, Université de Montréal

Analyse multi-échelle des champs magnétiques dans des nuages moléculaires à structures filmentaires

Associée à d'autres techniques observationnelles, la polarimétrie dans le visible ou dans le proche infrarouge permet d'étudier la morphologie des champs magnétiques à la périphérie de nombreuses régions de formation stellaire. A l'intérieur des nuages molécualires la morphologie des champs est connue par polarimétrie submillimétrique, mais rarement pour les mêmes régions. Habituellement, il manque une échelle spatiale intermédiaire pour pouvoir comparer correctement la morphologie du champ magnétique galactique avec celle située à l'intérieur des nuages moléculaires. -- Cette thèse propose les moyens nécessaires pour réaliser ce type d'analyse multi-échelle afin de mieux comprendre le rôle que peuvent jouer les champs magnétiques dans les processus de formation stellaire. La première analyse traite de la région GF 9. Vient ensuite une étude de la morphologie du champ magnétique dans les filaments OMC-2 et OMC-3 suivie d'une analyse multi-échelle dans le complexe de nuages moléculaires Orion A dont OMC-2 et OMC-3 font partie. -- La synthèse des résultats couvrant GF 9 et Orion A est la suivante. Les approches statistiques employées montrent qu'aux grandes échelles spatiales la morphologie des champs magnétiques est poloïdale dans la région GF 9, et probablement hélicoïdale dans la région Orion A. A l'échelle spatiale des enveloppes des nuages moléculaires, les champs magnétiques apparaissent alignés avec les champs situés à leur périphérie. A l'échelle spatiale des coeurs, le champ magnétique poloïdal environnant la région GF 9 est apparemment entraîné par le coeur en rotation, et la diffusion ambipolaire n'y semble pas effective actuellement. Dans Orion A, la morphologie des champs est difficilement détectable dans les sites actifs de formation d'OMC-2, ou bien très fortement contrainte par les effets de la gravité dans OMC-1. Des effets probables de la turbulence ne seont détectés dans aucune des régions observées. -- Les analyses multi-échelles suggèrent donc qu'indépendamment du stade évolutif et de la gamme de masse des régions de formation stellaires, le champ magnétique galactique subit des modifications de sa morphologie aux échelles spatiales comparables à celles des coeurs protostellaires, de la même façon que les propriétés structurelles des nuages moléculaires suivent des lois d'autosimilarité jusqu'à des échelles comparables à celles des coeurs.

Asking practical ethical questions about youth participation

This paper is based on case study research conducted in an economically depressed, immigrant gateway neighborhood of Escondido, California. This study has been in progress since 2005 and involves working with children at the local middle school on rights-based community environmental action research projects in coordination with student facilitators in an upper-division university class titled “Children and the Environment.” This case study has suggested inquiry into the practical ethical dimensions of working with children, administrators, and university students on action research. Examples of the ethical questions which arose during this study include: how can continuity for the middle school children be achieved as different groups of university stu- dents move in and out of the project as they take and finish the “Children and the Environment” class, and is it ethical for the middle school children’s work to be facilitated by university stu- dents only freshly trained in the action research technique? This paper explores these and other ethical questions involving power, coercion, tension over expectations, and obligation and provides direction for on-going ethical questions scholars should pursue in involving children in rights-based community environmental action research.

Une heuristique à grand voisinage pour un problème de confection de tournée pour un seul véhicule avec cueillettes et livraisons et contrainte de chargement

Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons un nouveau type de problème de confection de tour- née pour un seul véhicule avec cueillettes et livraisons et contrainte de chargement. Cette variante est motivée par des problèmes similaires rapportés dans la littérature. Le véhi- cule en question contient plusieurs piles où des colis de hauteurs différentes sont empilés durant leur transport. La hauteur totale des items contenus dans chacune des piles ne peut dépasser une certaine hauteur maximale. Aucun déplacement n’est permis lors de la li- vraison d’un colis, ce qui signifie que le colis doit être sur le dessus d’une pile au moment d’être livré. De plus, tout colis i ramassé avant un colis j et contenu dans la même pile doit être livré après j. Une heuristique à grand voisinage, basé sur des travaux récents dans le domaine, est proposée comme méthode de résolution. Des résultats numériques sont rapportés pour plusieurs instances classiques ainsi que pour de nouvelles instances.

Recherche d’étoiles jeunes de faible masse dans le voisinage solaire

Formées lors de l’effondrement gravitationnel d’un nuage de gaz moléculaire, les étoiles naissantes auront différentes masses variant entre 0.08 et environ 100M . La majorité de la population stellaire de la Galaxie est constituée d’étoiles dont la masse est inférieure à environ 0.6 M . Le dernier évènement de formation stellaire dans le voisinage solaire s’est produit dans la bulle locale il y a au plus 100 millions d’années, vraisemblablement provoqué par le passage d’une onde de choc dans le bras local de la Galaxie. C’est ainsi que se formèrent de jeunes associations d’étoiles dont les membres se caractérisent en particulier par une vitesse spatiale et une position commune dans la Galaxie. Les associations jeunes étant peu densément peuplées et relativement proches du Soleil, leurs membres se font plutôt rares et dispersés sur toute la voûte céleste. Jusqu’à présent, surtout les étoiles les plus massives (brillantes) ont été répertoriées. Les étoiles jeunes de faible masse, constituant la majorité de la population, restent pour la plupart à être identifiées. Les étoiles jeunes de faible masse représentent une population clef pour contraindre les modèles évolutifs des étoiles M et des naines brunes. Elles sont également d’excellentes candidates pour chercher des exoplanètes via les techniques d’imagerie directe. Ce mémoire présente une nouvelle méthode utilisant un modèle cinématique enrichi d’une analyse statistique Bayesienne pour identifier des étoiles jeunes de faible masse dans les associations beta Pictoris, Tucana-Horologium et AB Doradus. À partir d’un échantillon de 1080 étoiles K et M, toutes comportant des indicateurs de jeunesse tels l’émission Halpha et une forte luminosité dans les rayons X, leurs propriétés cinématiques (mouvement propre) et photométriques sont analysées pour en extraire 98 candidates hautement probables membres d’une des trois associations. Une confirmation de leur statut comme membre nécessitera en particulier une mesure de leur vitesse radiale (prédit par notre analyse) et une mesure de la largeur équivalente du lithium à 6708 Å pour mieux contraindre leur âge.

Étude polarimétrique d’étoiles jeunes

Afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution des étoiles jeunes, nous avons utilisé un code Monte Carlo simulant leur environnement afin d'étudier une nouvelle distribution chez les étoiles Herbig Ae/Be et pour reproduire des cartes d'intensité et de polarisation linéaire obtenues au télescope Canada-France-Hawaii (TCFH) en novembre 2003. Le code datant de la fin des années 80, nous avons dû non seulement le corriger, mais aussi ajouter quelques éléments afin de tenir compte des dernières avancées dans le domaine de la polarisation provenant du milieu circumstellaire. Les étoiles à l'étude étant jeunes (moins de quelques millions d'années), leur voisinage est toujours constitué de grains de poussière mélangés avec du gaz. Selon leur âge, nous retrouvons cette poussière sous différentes structures soit, par exemple, par un disque entouré d'une enveloppe (objets jeunes de classe I) ou par un simple disque (objets de classe II et III). Selon la structure que prend la poussière, les cartes de polarisation et d'intensité qui en résultent vont changer. Nous allons discuter de cette variation des cartes de polarisation selon la distribution de poussière. Suite aux modifications apportées au code, il a fallu s'assurer que celui-ci fonctionne bien. Pour ce faire, nous avons mis au point quelques critères qui nous assurent, s'ils sont satisfaits, que le code Monte Carlo produit de bons résultats. Après avoir validé le code, il est maintenant possible de l'utiliser aux fins d'avancer le domaine de la polarisation. En effet, Dullemond et al.(2001) proposent une nouvelle distribution de grain autour des étoiles Herbig Ae/Be afin de mieux expliquer leur distribution d'énergie spectrale. Par contre, qu'en est-il des cartes de polarisation résultantes? C'est sur cette question que nous nous sommes arrêtés. Par la suite, nous avons essayé de reproduire du mieux possible, tenant compte des limitations du code, les cartes de polarisation obtenues au TCFH. Nous avons étudié en détail les données de R Mon (résultats qui seront présentés sous forme d'article pour fin de publication) et de V376 Cas. De plus, notre étude de V376 Cas nous a permis d'amener des conclusions sur les processus causant les vecteurs parallèles aux disques des étoiles jeunes.