Demographic Transitions: analyzing the effects of mortality on fertility

The effect of mortality reductions on fertility is one of the main mechanisms stressed by the recent growth literature in order to explain demographic transitions. We analyze the empirical relevance of this mechanism based on the experience of all countries since 1960. We distinguish between the effects on gross and net fertility, take into account the dynamic nature of the relationship and control for alternative explanatory factors and for endogeneity. Our results show that mortality plays a large role in fertility reductions, that the change in fertility behavior comes with a lag of about 10 years and that both net and gross fertility are affected. We find comparatively little support for explanations of the demographic transition based on economic development or technological change.

Towards an emotion-driven interactive music system: ridging the gaps between affect, physiology and sound generation

Report for the scientific sojourn at the Stanford University from January until June 2007. Music is well known for affecting human emotional states, yet the relationship between specific musical parameters and emotional responses is still not clear. With the advent of new human-computer interaction (HCI) technologies, it is now possible to derive emotion-related information from physiological data and use it as an input to interactive music systems. Providing such implicit musical HCI will be highly relevant for a number of applications including music therapy, diagnosis, nteractive gaming, and physiologically-based musical instruments. A key question in such physiology-based compositions is how sound synthesis parameters can be mapped to emotional states of valence and arousal. We used both verbal and heart rate responses to evaluate the affective power of five musical parameters. Our results show that a significant correlation exists between heart rate and the subjective evaluation of well-defined musical parameters. Brightness and loudness showed to be arousing parameters on subjective scale while harmonicity and even partial attenuation factor resulted in heart rate changes typically associated to valence. This demonstrates that a rational approach to designing emotion-driven music systems for our public installations and music therapy applications is possible.

A Framework for Analyzing Language and Welfare

The paper proposes a general model that will encompass trade and social benefits of a common language, a preference for a variety of languages, the fundamental role of translators, an emotional attachment to maternal language, and the threat that globalization poses to the vast majority of languages. With respect to people’s emotional attachment, the model considers minorities to suffer losses from the subordinate status of their language. In addition, the model treats the threat to minority language as coming from the failure of the parents in the minority to transmit their maternal language (durably) to their children. Some familiar results occur. In particular, we encounter the usual social inefficiencies of decentralized solutions to language learning when the sole benefits of the learning are communicative benefits (though translation intervenes). However, these social inefficiencies assume a totally different air when the con-sumer gains of variety are brought in. One fundamental aim of the paper is to bring together contributions to the economics of language from labor economics, network externalities and international trade that are typically treated separately.

A Framework for Analyzing Language and Welfare

The paper proposes a general model that will encompass trade and social benefits of a common language, a preference for a variety of languages, the fundamental role of translators, an emo-tional attachment to maternal language, and the threat that globalization poses to the vast ma-jority of languages. With respect to people’s emotional attachment, the model considers minor-ities to suffer losses from the subordinate status of their language. In addition, the model treats the threat to minority language as coming from the failure of the parents in the minority to transmit their maternal language (durably) to their children. Some familiar results occur. In particular, we encounter the usual social inefficiencies of decentralized solutions to language learning when the sole benefits of the learning are communicative benefits (though translation intervenes). However, these social inefficiencies assume a totally different air when the con-sumer gains of variety are brought in. One fundamental aim of the paper is to bring together contributions to the economics of language from labor economics, network externalities and international trade that are typically treated separately.

Analyzing the effects of transient faults into applications

As computer chips implementation technologies evolve to obtain more performance, those computer chips are using smaller components, with bigger density of transistors and working with lower power voltages. All these factors turn the computer chips less robust and increase the probability of a transient fault. Transient faults may occur once and never more happen the same way in a computer system lifetime. There are distinct consequences when a transient fault occurs: the operating system might abort the execution if the change produced by the fault is detected by bad behavior of the application, but the biggest risk is that the fault produces an undetected data corruption that modifies the application final result without warnings (for example a bit flip in some crucial data). With the objective of researching transient faults in computer system’s processor registers and memory we have developed an extension of HP’s and AMD joint full system simulation environment, named COTSon. This extension allows the injection of faults that change a single bit in processor registers and memory of the simulated computer. The developed fault injection system makes it possible to: evaluate the effects of single bit flip transient faults in an application, analyze an application robustness against single bit flip transient faults and validate fault detection mechanism and strategies.

Toxicological and toxicogenetic effects of plants used in popular medicine and in cattle food

Toxicological and toxicogenetic effects of aqueous (tea) and hexanica fruit extract of Indigofera suffruticosa Mill, and hydroalcoholic root extract od Solanum agrarium Stendt. Were evaluated in Balb C male mice intraperitoneally exposed. A hepatotoxic effect was observed just for animals treated with aqueous fruit extract of I. suffruticosa. In relation to the toxicogenetic effect, just the group trreated with 12.5% of toxic dose of aqueous fruit extract of I. suffruticosa showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations (cytogenetic effect), although a slight increase was also observed for the highest dose (25% of LF50_ of hydroalcoholic root extract of S. agrarium. The results obtanied show that before S. agrarium is used as medicine and before the wide use of I. suffruticosa in cattle food, careful evaluation must be done.

Analyzing aggregate real exchange rate persistence through the lens of sectoral data

In this paper we analyze the persistence of aggregate real exchange rates (RERs) for a group of EU-15 countries by using sectoral data. The tight relation between aggregate and sectoral persistence recently investigated by Mayoral (2008) allows us to decompose aggregate RER persistence into the persistence of its different subcomponents. We show that the distribution of sectoral persistence is highly heterogeneous and very skewed to the right, and that a limited number of sectors are responsible for the high levels of persistence observed at the aggregate level. We use quantile regression to investigate whether the traditional theories proposed to account for the slow reversion to parity (lack of arbitrage due to nontradibilities or imperfect competition and price stickiness) are able to explain the behavior of the upper quantiles of sectoral persistence. We conclude that pricing to market in the intermediate goods sector together with price stickiness have more explanatory power than variables related to the tradability of the goods or their inputs.

Traduccions cantables per a corals infantils catalanes: el repertori anglès-català del SCIC

En primer lloc els objectius que s’estableixen en aquest estudi són: Valorar la importància de la melodia, dels accents i la musicalitat del text en les cançons traduïdes analitzades. Plantejar la necessitat de la traducció de cançons infantils. Analitzar les traduccions existents de l’anglès al català del repertori de cançons infantils que es canten a les corals infantils. Relacionar poesia infantil i cançó. Visualitzar l’ús de la cançó infantil per a l’ensenyament dels infants, tant pel que fa a la transmissió de valors com per a l’ensenyament de llengües. La metodologia utilitzada fa referència a dos aspectes. El mètode qualitatiu amb la lectura d’articles i la bibliografia seleccionada i el mètode quantitatiu amb l’anàlisi de tres entrevistes i vint-i-una enquestes a responsables de corals infantils. En aquest estudi ofereixo l’estat de la qüestió sobre la traducció de cançons, amb especial atenció a la traducció de cançons per ser cantades. Després s’aborda la traducció de cançons infantils per ser cantades, per acabar especificant el tema d’aquest treball d’investigació en concret: la traducció de cançons infantils per ser cantades, amb l’estudi de traduccions de l’anglès al català de cançons cantades per corals infantils de Catalunya, i se n’ubica el context: el moviment coral infantil a Catalunya. Per a la confecció d’aquest estudi s’ha fet un recull de vint-i-set cançons traduïdes (anglès-català) que canten les corals infantils de Catalunya aplegades en el Secretariat de Corals Infantils de Catalunya (SCIC). Se n’ha seleccionat les cançons traduïdes de l’anglès al català, incloent-hi la partitura, la lletra original i la traducció. Aquest recull permet establir un lligam entre la traducció, la música i la pedagogia musical a Catalunya, els tres eixos principals d’aquest treball. D’aquestes cançons se n’han analitzat tres seguint els criteris establerts per autors com Peter Low, per la seva àmplia experiència en la traducció de música vocal. Els criteris són referents al ritme, rima, cantabilitat, naturalitat i sentit. Per tal de fer aquest estudi es van portar a terme tres entrevistes a traductors de cançons infantils: Enriqueta Anglada, Maria Martorell i Josep Vigo. Per valorar l’ús de cançons traduïdes dins del moviment coral infantil en l’actualitat i de manera més global, el treball inclou una enquesta, adreçada a directors de cors infantils, resposta per 21 cors. Aquestes enquestes palesen els canvis produïts amb el temps respecte a la necessitat de traduir cançons, ja que actualment la traducció no és tant important tot i que es continua valorant la seva importància, sobretot per afavorir la comprensió del que es canta. Però alhora es referma el desig de cantar en l’idioma original (especialment en el cas de l’anglès), quan aquest idioma l’entén qui dirigeix o interpreta la cançó, quan aquest fet es veu com a repte, o quan es prioritza la relació original entre música i text.

La literatura popular del nord del Marroc

Treball de recerca realitzat per una alumna d'ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit cientí¬fic del Jovent l'any 2009. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és fer un recull de literatura de transmissió oral i reunir d’aquesta manera les històries, els contes, les llegendes. etc. que els avis de l’autora li contaven. Un dels objectius era que servís alhora de mitjà de coneixement per a tots els nens i nenes que, tenint un origen marroquí o berber, han nascut a Catalunya, per la qual cosa no han tingut accés a aquest tipus de literatura. Ja que, per una banda han estat sempre escolaritzats en català, i per l altra la font de coneixement que suposen els avis s ha quedat al Marroc. Aquests nens tenen poc coneixement sobre la seva cultura d’origen i més si aquesta gaudeix de poc valor.

Sacred Music, Sacred Journeys : What Makes an Event Postcolonial?

Fanon, Senghor, and Ela took a radical stance in criticising the structures and mechanisms of power in hegemonic situations and relations between colonial subjects and colonial masters. They aimed to liberate African societies by decolonising the mind, culture and religion of colonial subjects. In this respect, we are concerned with the continuities and ruptures of the colonial encounter and its unequal relationships. Switzerland does not have an official colonial history and yet, Swiss companies and migrants were and are part of the world's colonies. In our contribution, we question what makes an event postcolonial : in other words, how are postcolonial relations negotiated in Switzerland? We discuss this question by analysing two annual sacred journeys in Switzerland that have been invented for and by African Christians (clerics and laity) together with the leaders of the Swiss Catholic church : one to the relics of African saints in St. Maurice, canton Valais and the other to the Black Madonna, the Virgin Mary of Einsiedeln, in the canton Schwyz. These events are empowered by the performance of African choirs - their music, dance, and costumes - but to which end and in which way?

Analyzing complexity in foreign language monologic oral production in a CLIL context

The study tested three analytic tools applied in SLA research (T-unit, AS-unit and Idea-unit) against FL learner monologic oral data. The objective was to analyse their effectiveness for the assessment of complexity of learners' academic production in English. The data were learners' individual productions gathered during the implementation of a CLIL teaching sequence on Natural Sciences in a Catalan state secondary school. The analysis showed that only AS-unit was easily applicable and highly effective in segmenting the data and taking complexity measures

Hyperventilation in anticipatory music performance anxiety

Objectives and Methods: Self-report studies have shown an association between music performance anxiety (MPA) and hyperventilation complaints. However, hyperventilation was never assessed physiologically in MPA. This study investigated the self-reported affective experience, self-reported physiological symptoms, and cardiorespiratory variables including partial pressure of end-tidal CO(2) (Petco(2)), which is an indicator for hyperventilation, in 67 music students before a private and a public performance. The response coherence between these response domains was also investigated.ResultsFrom the private to the public session, the intensity of all self-report variables increased (all p values < .001). As predicted, the higher the musician's usual MPA level, the larger were these increases (p values < .10). With the exception of Petco(2), the main cardiorespiratory variables also increased from the private to the public session (p values < .05). These increases were not modulated by the usual MPA level (p values > .10). Petco(2) showed a unique response pattern reflected by an MPA-by-session interaction (p < .01): it increased from the private to the public session for musicians with low MPA levels and decreased for musicians with high MPA levels. Self-reported physiological symptoms were related to the self-reported affective experience (p values < .05) rather than to physiological measures (p values > .17).ConclusionsThese findings show for the first time how respiration is stimulated before a public performance in music students with different MPA levels. The hypothesis of a hyperventilation tendency in high-performance-anxious musicians is supported. The response coherence between physiological symptoms and physiological activation is weak.

Music identification

L'evolució ens els últims decennis de les possibilitats relacionades amb les tecnologies de la informació han provocat l'aparició de diferents camps, entre ells l'anomenat “recuperació de música basant-se en el contingut”, que tracta de calcular la similitud entre diferents sons. En aquest projecte hem fet una recerca sobre els diferents mètodes que existeixen avui en dia, i posteriorment n'hem comparat tres, un basat en característiques del so, un basat en la transformada discreta del cosinus, i un que combina els dos anteriors. Els resultats han mostrat, que el basat en la transformada de Fourier és el més fiable.