I. Electronic processes in α-sulfur. II. Polaron motion in a D.C. electric field

Part I: The mobilities of photo-generated electrons and holes in orthorhombic sulfur are determined by drift mobility techniques. At room temperature electron mobilities between 0.4 cm²/V-sec and 4.8 cm²/V-sec and hole mobilities of about 5.0 cm²/V-sec are reported. The temperature dependence of the electron mobility is attributed to a level of traps whose effective depth is about 0.12 eV. This value is further supported by both the voltage dependence of the space-charge-limited, D.C. photocurrents and the photocurrent versus photon energy measurements.

As the field is increased from 10 kV/cm to 30 kV/cm a second mechanism for electron transport becomes appreciable and eventually dominates. Evidence that this is due to impurity band conduction at an appreciably lower mobility (4.10^-4 cm²/V-sec) is presented. No low mobility hole current could be detected. When fields exceeding 30 kV/cm for electron transport and 35 kV/cm for hole transport are applied, avalanche phenomena are observed. The results obtained are consistent with recent energy gap studies in sulfur.

The theory of the transport of photo-generated carriers is modified to include the case of appreciable thermos-regeneration from the traps in one transit time.

Part II: An explicit formula for the electric field E necessary to accelerate an electron to a steady-state velocity v in a polarizable crystal at arbitrary temperature is determined via two methods utilizing Feynman Path Integrals. No approximation is made regarding the magnitude of the velocity or the strength of the field. However, the actual electron-lattice Coulombic interaction is approximated by a distribution of harmonic oscillator potentials. One may be able to find the “best possible” distribution of oscillators using a variational principle, but we have not been able to find the expected criterion. However, our result is relatively insensitive to the actual distribution of oscillators used, and our E-v relationship exhibits the physical behavior expected for the polaron. Threshold fields for ejecting the electron for the polaron state are calculated for several substances using numerical results for a simple oscillator distribution.

A estrutura de atitudes e referências do imperialismo Romano em Sagunto (II a.C I d.C)

O eixo temático se desenvolveu a partir do questionamento sobre como foi o processo de reconstrução de Sagunto, que foi promovido por Roma. A região de Sagunto configura como o motivo central para o embate entre romanos e cartagineses. Todavia, com o término da Segunda Guerra Púnica (218-202 a.C.), a cidade estava destruída e uma embaixada saguntina foi enviada para Roma, a fim de solicitar ao Senado sua reorganização. O pedido aparece como sendo bem aceito pelos senadores romanos. Contudo, a partir desse momento, começa o silenciamento. A escassez de informações sobre a temática foi o primeiro problema encontrado ao longo da pesquisa. Sendo assim, foi necessário recorrer à documentação arqueológica da cidade, à numismática e à epigrafia para conseguir preencher as lacunas referentes ao tema de pesquisa. Os indícios possibilitaram não somente compreender a cidade de Sagunto e seus vários estatutos jurídicos perante Roma, como também lançar outro olhar sobre as práticas imperialistas. Ao evocar Edward Said como teórico deste trabalho, elemento de inovação da pesquisa, é possível construir a estrutura de atitudes e referências que os romanos, entre os séculos II a.C. e I d.C., aplicaram na região saguntina para consolidar o seu poder. Assim, por meio do estudo das entidades geográficas, compreende-se o espaço físico da cidade e, pelo conceito de entidades culturais, analisam-se o sistema administrativo e os colégios sacerdotais atuantes em Sagunto, no século I d.C. Logo, o imperialismo romano pode ser visto como um mecanismo que se vale de diversos elementos, os quais não se limitam à força no processo de ocupação. Em suma, política e cultura são peças centrais no processo de preservação do poder romano no espaço provincial.

Flavio Josefo e o paradigma de circularidade cultural entre as comunidades judaicas e a sociedade romana na Urbs do século I d.C

O paradigma de circularidade cultural entre a comunidade judaica e a sociedade romana foi construído pela historiografia através da análise do contato sociocultural e embates entre romanos e judeus que, ao longo da história, ocuparam o mesmo espaço em diversas regiões anexadas ao Império Romano. As relações de poder estabelecidas entre Roma e Jerusalém, após a ocupação da Judéia, apontam para uma hierarquização nas relações sociais, culturais e políticas entre romanos e judeus. O conceito de circularidade cultural de Carlo Ginzburg nos permite, a partir da trajetória de Flávio Josefo, identificar a dualidade no mundo social de Josefo, na qual, de um lado estavam as culturas dominantes (sociedade romana) e, do outro, as culturas subalternas (comunidades judaicas) que, apesar da marcação das diferenças, se influenciavam reciprocamente.

Técnicas de metalistería en una moneda romana del siglo 1 d. C.

[ES] Se analiza un sestercio de Nerón usado como elemento ornamental. Un artesano hizo en el reverso de la moneda algunos radios curvos y cinco agujeros. En el artículo se hacen una serie de consideraciones sobre la realización de este inusual trabajo y su posible función. Por otro lado, también se examinan ciertos aspectos de los usos ornamentales de la moneda y la evaluación moral de la figura de Nerón.

John Nathan Cobb (1868–1930): Founding Director of the College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle

John Nathan Cobb (1868–1930) became the founding Director of the College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, in 1919 without the benefit of a college education. An inquisitive and ambitious man, he began his career in the newspaper business and was introduced to commercial fisheries when he joined the U.S. Fish Commission (USFC) in 1895 as a clerk, and he was soon promoted to a “Field Agent” in the Division of Statistics, Washington, D.C. During the next 17 years, Cobb surveyed commercial fisheries from Maine to Florida, Hawaii, the Pacific Northwest, and Alaska for the USFC and its successor, the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. In 1913, he became editor of the prominent west coast trade magazine, Pacific Fisherman, of Seattle, Wash., where he became known as a leading expert on the fisheries of the Pacific Northwest. He soon joined the campaign, led by his employer, to establish the nation’s first fisheries school at the University of Washington. After a brief interlude (1917–1918) with the Alaska Packers Association in San Francisco, Calif., he was chosen as the School’s founding director in 1919. Reflecting his experience and mindset, as well as the University’s apparent initial desire, Cobb established the College of Fisheries primarily as a training ground for those interested in applied aspects of the commercial fishing industry. Cobb attracted sufficient students, was a vigorous spokesman for the College, and had ambitions plans for expansion of the school’s faculty and facilities. He became aware that the College was not held in high esteem by his faculty colleagues or by the University administration because of the school’s failure to emphasize scholastic achievement, and he attempted to correct this deficiency. Cobb became ill with heart problems in 1929 and died on 13 January 1930. The University soon thereafter dissolved the College and dismissed all but one of its faculty. A Department of Fisheries, in the College of Science, was then established in 1930 and was led by William Francis Thompson (1888–1965), who emphasized basic science and fishery biology. The latter format continues to the present in the Department’s successor, The School of Aquatic Fisheries and Science.

Response of fishes to the underwater D.C. field

Response to external electric field (D. C.) of three different varieties of fish namely Puntius ticto, Heteropneustis fossilis and Tilapia mossambica having different anatomical and behavioural characteristics were studied. Clearly distinguished reactions occurred one after another m all the varieties of fish with the increase in field intensity with minor specific variations. These reactions can be broadly classified into initial start (first reaction), forced swimming (galvanotaxis), slackening of body muscle (galvanonarcosis) and state of muscular rigidity (tetanus). The orientation of the organism (projection of nervous element) to the surrounding field has been found to have important bearing on the behaviour reactions. Clearly differentiated anodic taxis and true narcosis set in when fish body axis was parallel to the lines of current conduction. But with greater angle between the body axis and the current lines, fish did not show well marked reactions. Fish body, when perpendicular to current lines responded for anodic curvature and off balance swimming followed by tetanus.

Studies on microstructure bilayer film of ultrasonic dipped cadmium sulfide and d.c. sputtered indium tin oxide

A bilayer CdS/ITO film was obtained. The dipped CdS was grown by an ultrasonic colloid deposition (USCD) method. Microstructure of the CdS film made by USCD has a wider transmission range and a higher transmittance. Amorphous indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin film was deposited using d.c. magnetron-sputtering at room temperature. The ITO films exhibited good conductivity and maximum transmittance of 94%. The CdS/ITO bilayer was investigated by means of GIXD (grazing incidence X-ray diffraction) at different incidence angles (alpha = 0.20-5.00degrees) and XRD. We discuss a model for the thin bilayer film. SEM and AFM show that homogeneous CdS films with a bar-shaped ultrafine particles and ITO film with nanometer structure. The mechanism of the bilayer CdS/ITO film is discussed.

The Moravian missions in Ohio. By Francis C. Huebner.

http://www.archive.org/details/moravianmissions014001mbp

LISA SERGIO: HOW MUSSOLINI'S "GOLDEN VOICE" OF PROPAGANDA CREATED AN AMERICAN MASS COMMUNICATION CAREER

In 1937 Lisa Sergio, "The Golden Voice" of fascist broadcasting from Rome, fled Italy for the United States. Though her mother was American, Sergio was classified as an enemy alien once the United States entered World War II. Yet Sergio became a U.S. citizen in 1944 and built a successful career in radio, working first at NBC and then WQXR in New York City in the days when women's voices were not thought to be appropriate for news or "serious" programming. When she was blacklisted as a communist in the early 1950s, Sergio compensated for the loss of radio employment by becoming principally an author and lecturer in Washington, D.C., until her death in 1989. This dissertation, based on her personal papers, is the first study of Sergio's American mass communication career. It points out the personal, political and social obstacles she faced as a woman in her 52-year career as a commentator on varied aspects of world affairs, religion and feminism. This study includes an examination of the FBI investigations of Sergio and the anti-communist campaigns conducted against her. It concludes that Sergio's success as a public communicator was predicated on both her unusual talents and her ability to transform her public image to reflect ideal American values of womanhood in shifting political climates.

Aspectos ecofisiológicos de dos forrajeras estivales de los pastizales de la Depresión del Salado (Paspalum dilatatum Poir. y Bothriochloa laguroides D. C.)

p.57-74

Conditional cash transfer programs and the representations of poverty in Bolivia and Peru

Bolivia and Peru adopted the same instruments of social policy —conditional cash transfer programs— to solve the same public problems under different political regimes. By means of the qualitative methodology of discourse analysis, this paper studies the representations of poverty and State made by key actors of those social programs. Underlying more differences than similarities, one demonstrates that the same social policy is linked to opposite social representations of poverty and the State role in every country. The main explanation for this is, far from being imposed by international organizations, those programs are adopted and adapted by each political regime.

Analysis of the effect of finite d.c. blocking capacitance and finite d.c. feed inductance on the performance of inverse class-E amplifiers

The first analysis and synthesis equations for the newly introduced inverse Class-E amplifier when operated with a finite d.c. blocking capacitance and a finite d.c.-feed inductance are presented in the paper. Closed-form design equations are derived in order to establish the circuit component values required for optimum synthesis. Excellent agreement between numerical simulation results and theoretical prediction is obtained. It is shown that drain efficiency approaching 100 at a pre-specified output power level can be achieved as zero-current switching and zero-current derivative conditions are simultaneously satisfied. The proposed analysis offers the prospect for realistic MMIC implementation.