Promo����o, comunica����o e educa����o em sa��de: a pr��tica da acupuntura e da fitoterapia

Esta pesquisa discute a Comunica����o em Sa��de no contexto das Pr��ticas Integrativas e Complementares (PIC) no Sistema ��nico de Sa��de (SUS), no que concerne ao tratamento do c��ncer realizado num hospital p��blico de Campinas. O arcabou��o te��rico se debru��a sobre as diretrizes do ide��rio da Promo����o da Sa��de e sobre as discuss��es da Educa����o em Sa��de, por serem premissas fundamentais para que a Comunica����o em Sa��de seja participativa e democr��tica, e que a Comunica����o das PIC conquiste maior espa��o na Sa��de P��blica. O objetivo geral foi investigar o processo de comunica����o entre profissionais de sa��de e usu��rios do SUS participantes do Projeto de Constru����o do Cuidado Integrativo (PCCI). A metodologia utilizada foi a qualitativa tendo como instrumentos pesquisa documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas para a coleta dos dados. Os participantes do estudo foram usu��rios que fizeram parte do grupo de Acupuntura e de Fitoterapia e usaram pr��ticas complementares ao tratamento convencional do c��ncer, e tamb��m os profissionais de sa��de envolvidos no PCCI realizado no Hospital de Cl��nicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)/SP. Os dados foram analisados por meio da an��lise tem��tica de conte��do de Bardin, que permitiu identificar as seguintes categorias: Medo da interven����o, Analgesia como resultado, Continuidade do tratamento, Falta de informa����o e Divulga����o das pr��ticas. Os resultados mostraram que houve dificuldades de comunica����o, indicando lacunas importantes em rela����o �� infraestrutura, �� falta de divulga����o e continuidade do tratamento complementar com as PIC, a falta de valoriza����o da participa����o popular e est��mulo �� autonomia como preconiza o ide��rio da Promo����o da Sa��de. Concluiu-se que o modelo de sa��de vigente, de base biom��dica, n��o tem permitido a participa����o dos usu��rios, e, mais ainda, tem dificultado o desenvolvimento da comunica����o democr��tica, humanizada e solid��ria. O Projeto (PCCI) foi importante em sua execu����o, uma vez que trouxe resultados positivos com o uso das PIC por melhorar as condi����es da qualidade de vida dos usu��rios e ter promovido analgesia, conferido maior disposi����o e recupera����o dos movimentos. Entretanto, o Projeto (PCCI) n��o teve potencial o suficiente para provocar uma mudan��a na l��gica do tratamento convencional que est�� hegemonicamente imerso no modelo biom��dico, com isso limitando a inser����o e a comunica����o das PIC na Sa��de P��blica e dificultando a abertura para o di��logo entre os diferentes saberes. Entende-se que este �� um dos principais desafios da Medicina Tradicional e Complementar (MTC).

Estudo da aplicabilidade do processo de descontamina����o de drogas vegetais empregando ��xido de etileno

O consumo de plantas medicinais no pa��s tem aumentado de maneira significativa nas ��ltimas d��cadas. Dados da Organiza����o mundial de Sa��de estimam que 80% da popula����o mundial usam plantas medicinais como alternativa terap��utica. No entanto, pouca informa����o se encontra dispon��vel sobre os constituintes dos mesmos, bem como sobre o potencial de riscos �� sa��de humana. Assim, quest��es relacionadas �� qualidade dessas drogas apresentam fundamental import��ncia. Em fun����o de sua origem, a carga microbiana detectada em drogas vegetais pode ser considerada normalmente elevada, oferecendo riscos potenciais ao usu��rio. Desta forma, a avalia����o de sua qualidade sanit��ria bem como a utiliza����o de processos descontaminantes constituem-se em etapas importantes no que se refere ao aspecto de seguran��a ao consumidor. Portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi a determina����o dos n��veis de contamina����o, a pesquisa de indicadores patog��nicos; al��m da efic��cia da exposi����o de 30 e 60 minutos ao g��s ��xido de etileno, a determina����o de residuais t��xicos e a verifica����o de poss��veis altera����es nos n��veis de marcadores em amostras de Matricaria recutita L., Cynara scolimus L., Paulinia cupana H.B.K. e Ginkgo biloba L. proveniente de tr��s fornecedores diferentes. Todas as drogas vegetais analisadas continham elevados n��veis de bact��rias e fungos, na ordem de 105 ufc/g, al��m de terem sido detectados microrganismos patog��nicos nas amostras estudadas. Entretanto ap��s a exposi����o destas por 30 e 60 minutos ao g��s ��xido de etileno, observou-se a elimina����o de cerca de 90% e 99,8% respectivamente. No que se refere aos pat��genos espec��ficos a exposi����o de 30 minutos foi capaz de elimin��-los completamente. Os n��veis residuais de ��xido de etileno nas drogas vegetais analisadas, foram reduzidos a ��ndices aceit��veis ap��s 14 dias de aera����o ambiental, j�� os n��veis de etilenoglicol e etilenocloridrina mantiveram-se dentro do limite da sensibilidade do m��todo adotado. Com rela����o �� an��lise de principios ativos naturais, n��o houve altera����o nas concentra����es dos marcadores das drogas vegetais camomila, ginkgo biloba e guaran�� analisadas mesmo ap��s ciclo de exposi����o de 60 minutos ao g��s ��xido de etileno. Sendo assim verifica-se a necessidade da ado����o de m��todos de descontamina����o microbiana com o intuito de fornecer um produto mais seguro para o consumo humano visto que estes s��o por vezes consumidos por enfermos, idosos e crian��as com a sa��de comprometida. Pode-se concluir tamb��m que o processo de descontamina����o de drogas vegetais por ��xido de etileno �� um processo eficaz e seguro, desde que sejam adotados os requisitos de seguran��a necess��rios que infelizmente, nem sempre s��o adotadas no mercado nacional

MANDR��GORAS: MITOS E ASPECTOS DA CULTURA DE ISRAEL A PARTIR DE G��NESIS 25 A 36

A sexualidade de Lea e Raquel, o ��tero, as mandr��goras e o corpo de Jac�� s��o fatores que definem o alicerce do nosso texto como espa��os de di��logo, media����o e estrutura do cen��rio. O destaque principal est�� sob o cap��tulo 30.14-16 que retrata a mem��ria das mandr��goras. Como plantas m��sticas elas dominam o campo religioso e como plantas medicinais elas s��o utilizadas para solucionar problemas biol��gicos. As institui����es e sociedades detentoras de uma ideologia e de leis que regulamentam uma exist��ncia apresentam na narrativa, duas irm��s, mas tamb��m esposas de um mesmo homem que, manipuladas por essa institui����o que minimiza e oprime a mulher, principalmente a est��ril, confina-as como simples objeto de sexualidade e mantenedoras da descend��ncia por meio da maternidade.A mem��ria das mandr��goras �� sinal de que a pr��tica existente circundava uma religi��o n��o monote��sta. Ela existia sociologicamente por meio de sincretismos, for��a e poderes s��cio-culturais e religiosos. Era constitu��da das mem��rias de mulheres que manipulavam e dominavam o poder sagrado para controle de suas necessidades. O discurso dessas mulheres, em nossa unidade, prova que o discurso dessa narrativa n��o se encontra somente no plano individual, mas tamb��m se estende a n��vel comunit��rio, espa��o que as define e lhes concede import��ncia por meio do casamento e d��divas da maternidade como continuidade da descend��ncia. S��o mulheres que dominaram um espa��o na hist��ria com suas lutas e vit��rias, com atos de amor e de sofrimento, de cren��as e poderes numa experi��ncia religiosa dominada pelo masculino que vai al��m do nosso conhecimento atual. As lutas firmadas na f�� e na ideologia dessas mulheres definiram e acentuaram seu papel de protagonistas nas narrativas 9 b��blicas que estudamos no G��nesis. A conserva����o dessas narrativas, e do espa��o teol��gico da ��poca, definiu espa��os, vidas, gera����es e tribos que determinaram as gera����es prometidas e fecharam um ciclo: o da promessa de Iahweh quanto �� descend��ncia desde Abra��o. Os mitos e as cren��as foram extintos para dar espa��o a uma f�� monote��sta, mas a experi��ncia religiosa dessas mulheres definiu um espa��o: do poder sagrado e m��stico que corroborava com suas necessidades e definiam sua teologia.(AU)

Avalia����o da atividade anti-Helicobacter pylori e citot��xica in vitro de extratos org��nicos obtidos das folhas de Encholirium spectabile e Syzygium cumini

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral, Gram negative, mobile, and microaerophilic bacteria recognized as a major cause of gastritis, ulcer, gastric cancer, and gastric low grade, B cell, mucosa ��� associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, constituting an important microorganism in medical microbiology. Its importance comes from the difficulty of treatment because the requirement of multiple drugs use, besides the increasing emergence of resistant and multiresistant strains to antibiotics used in th e clinic. In order to expand safe and effective therapeutic options , chemical studies on medicinal plants by obtaining extracts, fractions, isolated compounds or essential oils with some biological activity has been intensified . Given the above, the objective was to evaluate the inhi bitory activity of organic extracts derived from Syzygium cumini and Encholirium spectabile, with antiulcer history, and the essential oil, obtained from S. cumini, against H. pylori (ATCC 43504) by the disk diffusion method, for qualitative evaluation, an d determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution method, for quantitative analysis. Also was evaluated the extracts in vitro toxicity by a hemolytic assay using sheep red blood cells, and VERO and HeLa cells using the MTT assay to analyze cell viability. The extracts of both plant used in antimicrobial assays did not inhibit bacterial growth, however the essential oil of S. cumini (SCFO) proved effective, showing MIC value of 205 ��g/mL (0.024 % dilution of the original oil). In the hemolytic assay, the same oil shows moderate toxicity, by promote 25% hemolysis at 1000 ��g/mL. Regarding the cytotoxicity in cell culture, the SCFO, at 260 ��g/mL, affected the cell viability around 80% of HeLa and 50% of VERO cells. So the oi l obtained from S. cumini leaves has antimicrobial activity against H. pylori and cytotoxicity potential, suggesting a source of new molecule drug candidates, since new stages of toxicity in vitro and in vivo, as well, chemical characterization be evaluate d. Moreover, the development of a prospective drug delivery system can result in a prototype to be used in preclinical tests.

Transforma����es qu��micas, caracteriza����es e estudo de modelagem molecular do clerodano bioativo trans-desidrocrotonina

In this work it were developed synthetic and theoretical studies for clerodane-type diterpenes obtained from Croton cajucara Benth which represents one of the most important medicinal plant of the Brazil amazon region. Specifically, the majoritary biocompound 19-nor-clerodane trans-dehydrocrotonin (t-DCTN) isolated from the bark of this Croton, was used as target molecule. Semi-synthetic derivatives were obtained from t-DCTN by using the followed synthetic procedures: 1) catalytic reduction with H2, 2) reduction using NaBH4 and 3) reduction using NaBH4/CeCl3. The semi-synthetic 19-nor-furan-clerodane alcohol-type derivatives were denominated such as t-CTN, tCTN-������OL, t-CTN-������OL, t-DCTN-������OL, t-DCTN-������OL, being all of them characterized by NMR. The furan-clerodane alcohol derivatives t-CTN-������OL and tCTN-������OL were obtained form the semi-synthetic t-CTN, which can be isolated from the bark of C. cajucara. A theoretical protocol (DFT/B3LYP) involving the prevision of geometric and magnetic properties such as bond length and angles, as well as chemical shifts and coupling constants, were developed for the target t-DCTN in which was correlated NMR theoretical data with structural data, with satisfactory correlation with NMR experimental data (coefficients ranging from 0.97 and 0.99) and X-ray diffraction data. This theoretical methodology was also validated for all semi-synthetic derivatives described in this work. In addition, topological data from the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) showed the presence of H-H and (C)O--H(C) intramolecular stabilized interactions types for t-DCTN e t-CTN, contributing to the understanding of the different reactivity of this clerodanes in the presence of NaBH4.

Diagn��stico da comercializa����o de produtos da medicina popular em feiras livres do semi��rido do Rio Grande do Norte: avalia����es socioecon��micas e sanit��rias, com proposta de legisla����o espec��fica

Historically, man has empirically acquired knowledge about the therapeutic applications of extracted elements of the natural environment in which belonged. Such knowledge over time culminated in the formation of traditional health systems. Among its features, the use of bioactive plant species - medicinal plants - stands out for its efficiency and high popular acceptance. Despite its importance for public health, the population still has in the open-air fairs the main source for the acquisition of the species used. In these spaces, the trade generally occurs informally, under unfavorable conditions to the quality of the products and to the financial sustainability of the business. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the socioeconomic, cultural and sanitary aspects related to the trade of medicinal plants in municipalities of a semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte, and additionally, proposing a specific legislation to the activity. Socioeconomic data were collected through on-site interviews, guided by structured form. The observations about the hygienic and sanitary adequacy of physical facilities and practices employed at the point of sale /environment were conducted and recorded with the use of assessment tool developed for use in open markets. The adequacy of medicinal plants to consumption was determined by microbiological analysis. The activity was carried out by individuals who are aged between 21 and 81 years of age, low educational level and low-income, predominantly males. The data showed a tendency to extinction of the activity in all the districts studied. It was observed in all the fairs studied hygiene and sanitation inadequacies that characterized very high health risk, representing in this way, the high probability of Food Transmitted Diseases outbreaks Such conditions were reflected in the high percentage of inadequacy to the consumption of the analyzed medicinal plants samples, illustrating the potential health risk to consumers. To contribute to the correction of hygiene and sanitation inadequacies observed in the studied open-air fairs, educational interventions were made to the training of traders in Good Practices. As a complement, was drafted a specific legislation for the marketing of folk medicine's products in open-air fairs. Such actions, products and its developments will contribute significantly to improving the quality of products available to the population and the preservation of activity, potentially reducing the risks to public health.

An��lise fitoqu��mica e avalia����o das atividades anti-inflamat��ria, antipe��onhenta e citot��xica de extratos aquosos de Aspidosperma pyrifolium e Ipomoea asarifolia

Envenomation caused by venomous animals, mainly scorpions and snakes, are a serious matter of public health. Tityus serrulatus is considered the most venomous scorpion in South America because of the high level of toxicity of its venom. It is responsible for causing serious accidents, mainly with kids. The species Bothrops jararaca is a serpent that has in its venom a complex mixture of enzyme, peptides and other molecules. The toxins of the venom of B. jararaca induce local and systemic inflammatory responses. The treatment chosen to serious cases of envenomation is the intravenous administration of the specific antivenom. However, the treatment is not always accessible to those residents in rural areas, so that they use medicinal plant extracts as the treatment. In this context, aqueous extracts, fractions and isolated compounds of Aspidosperma pyrifolium (pereiro) and Ipomoea asarifolia (salsa, salsa-brava), used in popular medicine, were studied in this research to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity in the peritonitis models induced by carrageenan and peritonitis induced by the venom of the T. serrulatus (VTs), and in the local oedema model and inflammatory infiltrate induced by the venom of the B. jararaca, administrated intravenously. The results of the assays of cytotoxicity, using the MTT, showed that the aqueous extracts from the plant species presented low toxicity to the cells that came from the fibroblast of the mouse embryo (3T3).The chemical analysis of the extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography revealed the presence of the rutin flavonoid, in A. pyrifoliu, and rutin, clorogenic acid and caffeic acid, in I. asarifolia. Concerning the pharmacological evaluation, the results showed that the pre-treatment using aqueous extracts and fractions reduced the total leukocyte migration to the abdominal cavity in the peritonitis model caused by the carrageenan and in the peritonitis model induced by the T. serulatus venom. Yet, these groups presented anti-oedematous activity, in the local oedema model caused by the venom of the B. jararaca, and reduced the inflammatory infiltrate to the muscle. The serum (anti-arachnid and anti-bothropic) specific to each venom acted inhibiting the inflammatory action of the venoms and were used as control. The compounds identified in the extracts were also tested and, similar to the plant extracts, showed meaningful anti-inflammatory effects, in the tested doses. Thus, these results are indicating the potential anti-inflammatory activity of the plants studied. This is the first research that evaluated the possible biological effects of the A. pyrifolium and I. asarifolia, showing the biological potential that these species have.

Avalia����o anti-inflamat��ria e antipe��onhenta das esp��cies Hancornia speciosa e Mimosa tenuiflora em modelos experimentais de inflama����o e envenenamento induzidos por Bothrops jararaca e Tityus serrulatus

Accidents caused by venomous animals represents a significant and serious public health problem in certain regions of Brazil, as well as in other parts of the world by the frequency with which they occur and the mortality they cause. The use of plant extracts as an antidote for poisoning cases is an ancient practice used in many communities that have no access to antivenom. Medicinal plants represent an important source of obtaining bioactive compounds able to assist directly in the treatment of poisoning or indirectly supplementing serum therapy currently used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from M. tenuiflora and H. speciosa in the inflammatory process induced by carrageenan and the venom of B. jararaca and T. serrulatus. The results showed that both M. tenuiflora and H. speciosa were capable of inhibiting cell migration and cytokines levels in peritonitis induced by carrageenin and venom of T. serrulatus. In poisoning by B. jararaca model, mice treated with the plants in studies decreased the leukocyte influx into the peritoneal cavity. Finally the M. tenuiflora and H. speciosa had antiphlogistic activity, reducing edema formation and exerted inhibitory action of leukocyte migration in local inflammation induced by the venom of B. jararaca. Through of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis was possible identified the presence of flavonoids ,saponins and/or terpenes in aqueous extract of M. tenuiflora. By High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis, it was possible to identify the presence of rutin and chlorogenic acid in aqueous extract of H. speciosa. We conclude that the administration of extracts, fractions and isolated compounds of H. speciosa and M. tenuiflora resulted in inhibition of the inflammatory process in different experimental models. This study demonstrates for the first time the effect of M. tenuiflora and H. speciosa in inhibition of the inflammation caused by B. jararaca and T. serrulatus venom.

Avalia����o dos efeitos t��xicos in vitro e in vivo do extrato hidroetan��lico dos frutos de Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) em camundongos Swiss

The therapeutic use of medicinal plants has contributed since antiquity in a beneficial way for health. However, many species lacks of scientific evidence which provide basis for their use in therapeutic practice. In this context is the Genipa americana L. species (Rubiaceae), popularly known as jenipapo and used to treat syfilis, ulcer and hemorrhagic disturbs. It's also used against bruising, as tonic and as aphrodisiac. Due this species lacks toxicological studies, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity in vivo (acute and sub-chronic toxicity) and in vitro (cytotoxicity) of the hydroethanolic extract from G. americana fruits. The hydroethanolic extract of G. americana fruits was prepared by maceration. A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract. The cytotoxicity study of the extract (0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg / 100 ul) were performed against normal cells (3T3) and tumor (786-0, HepG2 and B16), analyzed by the MTT assay. To evaluate the acute (single dose of 2000 mg / Kg) and subchronic (100, 500 and 1000 mg / kg for 30 days) toxicity Swiss mice of both sexes were used. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and organs were collected for analysis. Data between groups were compared by t test or ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test with 5% significance level. The phytochemical study of the extracts mainly indicated the presence of iridoids. Results for cytotoxicity tests showed up to 70% inhibition of B16 cell line at a dose of 1000 mg / 100 ul, and up to 29% inhibition of 786-0 at a dose of 10 ug / 100 ul. The extract did not cause death in 3T3 and HepG2 cells. During the in vivo assays, there were no animal deaths. Analysis of blood samples revealed that the animals submitted to the evaluation of acute toxicity had changes in AST and ALT, and that the animals evaluated for subchronic toxicity showed changes in the relative wet weight of the kidney and plasma urea concentration. No differences were observed between groups on histopathological evaluation of the collected organs. Despite the changes found in the in vivo toxicity tests, using the criteria described by the OECD Guidelines, it is suggested that the hydroethanolic extract of the fruits of the G. americana is classified as low toxicity. The cytotoxicity of the extract suggests that they have potential against melanoma cell lines (B16).

Avalia����o dos efeitos t��xicos in vitro e in vivo do extrato hidroetan��lico dos frutos de Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) em camundongos Swiss

The therapeutic use of medicinal plants has contributed since antiquity in a beneficial way for health. However, many species lacks of scientific evidence which provide basis for their use in therapeutic practice. In this context is the Genipa americana L. species (Rubiaceae), popularly known as jenipapo and used to treat syfilis, ulcer and hemorrhagic disturbs. It's also used against bruising, as tonic and as aphrodisiac. Due this species lacks toxicological studies, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity in vivo (acute and sub-chronic toxicity) and in vitro (cytotoxicity) of the hydroethanolic extract from G. americana fruits. The hydroethanolic extract of G. americana fruits was prepared by maceration. A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract. The cytotoxicity study of the extract (0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg / 100 ul) were performed against normal cells (3T3) and tumor (786-0, HepG2 and B16), analyzed by the MTT assay. To evaluate the acute (single dose of 2000 mg / Kg) and subchronic (100, 500 and 1000 mg / kg for 30 days) toxicity Swiss mice of both sexes were used. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and organs were collected for analysis. Data between groups were compared by t test or ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test with 5% significance level. The phytochemical study of the extracts mainly indicated the presence of iridoids. Results for cytotoxicity tests showed up to 70% inhibition of B16 cell line at a dose of 1000 mg / 100 ul, and up to 29% inhibition of 786-0 at a dose of 10 ug / 100 ul. The extract did not cause death in 3T3 and HepG2 cells. During the in vivo assays, there were no animal deaths. Analysis of blood samples revealed that the animals submitted to the evaluation of acute toxicity had changes in AST and ALT, and that the animals evaluated for subchronic toxicity showed changes in the relative wet weight of the kidney and plasma urea concentration. No differences were observed between groups on histopathological evaluation of the collected organs. Despite the changes found in the in vivo toxicity tests, using the criteria described by the OECD Guidelines, it is suggested that the hydroethanolic extract of the fruits of the G. americana is classified as low toxicity. The cytotoxicity of the extract suggests that they have potential against melanoma cell lines (B16).

Inibi����o dos efeitos locais induzidos pelas pe��onhas das serpentes Bothrops erythromelas e Bothrops jararaca pelo extrato aquoso das folhas de Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Bail

Snakebites are a serious public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries and Bothrops genus is responsible for the accidents in Brazil and throughout Latin America (90% of cases). The local effects (pain, edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis) and systemic (cardiovascular alterations, shock and blood clotting disorders) caused by the venom of Bothrops are due to the numerous protein and non-protein components, which are part of the constitution of the poison. The only form of therapy is scientifically validated antivenom serum therapy which, however, is not effective with respect to local effects produced, risk of immunological reactions, high cost and difficult access in some regions. Thus, the search for new alternatives to serum therapy becomes important, and in this context, many medicinal plants have been highlighted by the popular use as antiophidic. Among these plants, we can mention the species Jatropha mollissima (Euphorbiaceae) which has popular use in traditional medicine as antiophidic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antipyretic. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the neutralizing potential of local effects induced by the venom of Bothrops erythromelas and Bothrops jararaca with the aqueous extract of the leaves of J. mollissima. The leaf extracts were prepared by decoction, fractionated (by liquid-liquid partition) and characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antiophidic activity of the extract was evaluated in model of paw edema, peritonitis, bleeding and myotoxicity induced by venoms of B. jararaca and B. erythromelas. In all models, the extract was evaluated by intraperitoneal route at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, administered 30 minutes prior to injection of the venom (pretreatment protocol). Stains suggestive of the presence of flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside were detected in the extract by co-CCD. By means of HPLC were identified isoorientin, orientin, vitexin and isovitexin. All tested doses of J. mollissima extract reduced the paw edema induced by the venom with intensity similar to dexamethasone. The aqueous extract of J. mollissima leaves on all evaluated doses, inhibited cell migration induced by B. jararaca and B. erythromelas promoting inhibition of recruitment of mononuclear cells and the polymorphonuclear cells. Local bleeding induced by B. jararaca venom was significantly inhibited by the extract. Both venoms were inhibited by the extract in myotoxic activity. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of J. mollissima leaves have snakebite potential, particularly with respect to local effects, which may justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine and complementary therapy as anti-venom serum.

Inibi����o dos efeitos locais induzidos pelas pe��onhas das serpentes Bothrops erythromelas e Bothrops jararaca pelo extrato aquoso das folhas de Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Bail

Snakebites are a serious public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries and Bothrops genus is responsible for the accidents in Brazil and throughout Latin America (90% of cases). The local effects (pain, edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis) and systemic (cardiovascular alterations, shock and blood clotting disorders) caused by the venom of Bothrops are due to the numerous protein and non-protein components, which are part of the constitution of the poison. The only form of therapy is scientifically validated antivenom serum therapy which, however, is not effective with respect to local effects produced, risk of immunological reactions, high cost and difficult access in some regions. Thus, the search for new alternatives to serum therapy becomes important, and in this context, many medicinal plants have been highlighted by the popular use as antiophidic. Among these plants, we can mention the species Jatropha mollissima (Euphorbiaceae) which has popular use in traditional medicine as antiophidic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antipyretic. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the neutralizing potential of local effects induced by the venom of Bothrops erythromelas and Bothrops jararaca with the aqueous extract of the leaves of J. mollissima. The leaf extracts were prepared by decoction, fractionated (by liquid-liquid partition) and characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antiophidic activity of the extract was evaluated in model of paw edema, peritonitis, bleeding and myotoxicity induced by venoms of B. jararaca and B. erythromelas. In all models, the extract was evaluated by intraperitoneal route at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, administered 30 minutes prior to injection of the venom (pretreatment protocol). Stains suggestive of the presence of flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside were detected in the extract by co-CCD. By means of HPLC were identified isoorientin, orientin, vitexin and isovitexin. All tested doses of J. mollissima extract reduced the paw edema induced by the venom with intensity similar to dexamethasone. The aqueous extract of J. mollissima leaves on all evaluated doses, inhibited cell migration induced by B. jararaca and B. erythromelas promoting inhibition of recruitment of mononuclear cells and the polymorphonuclear cells. Local bleeding induced by B. jararaca venom was significantly inhibited by the extract. Both venoms were inhibited by the extract in myotoxic activity. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of J. mollissima leaves have snakebite potential, particularly with respect to local effects, which may justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine and complementary therapy as anti-venom serum.

Avalia����o de duas variedades de Passiflora edulis sobre as respostas comportamentais de camundongos e um poss��vel mecanismo de a����o

The medicinal plants constitute a rich source of biologically active compounds used for the treatment of many psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders and depression. Generalized anxiety disorder has increased significantly, being the second most prevalent disorder in care facilities to public health. Depression is considered a chronic and common psychiatric disorder that affects 350 million people of all ages around the world. In this context, the pharmacological intervention conduits have been employed, effective, although leave to be desired when observed adverse effects. The genus Passiflora is commonly commercially known by its fruit, but is also widely used in traditional Brazilian medicine. Passiflora edulis displays considerable morphological variability. This plant produces two types of fruit: Purple (Passiflora edulis Sims fo. edulis) and yellow (Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa Degener). This study investigated the central effects of aqueous extract of the leaves of the two varieties of the species Passiflora edulis in tests used to assess behavior related to anxiety and depression, as well as investigating the potential effect of the antidepressant-like fractions of edulis fo. edulis and neuropharmacological mechanisms responsible for this action. To conduct this study used male Swiss mice (2 months old, weighing 30-35 g). The animals received the aqueous extract of the leaves of the two species of Passiflora: edulis fo. edulis (100, 300, 1000 mg / kg) and fractions ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous waste (25, 50, 75, 100 mg / kg) and edulis fo. flavicarpa (30, 100, 300, 1000 mg / kg) or saline by gavage 60 minutes prior to the maze tests at high cross the open field test, test forced swim test and sedation induced by thiopental. To investigate the mechanism of action of the activity of antidepressant type of fractions the following drugs were used: PCPA (inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis) AMPT (inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis), DSP-4 (noradrenergic neurotoxin) and Sulpiride (antagonist selective dopamine D2 receptor). They were used as a standard positive control, fluoxetine and nortriptyline. The results of the phytochemical profile show very different characteristics to the aqueous extract of the varieties of Passiflora edulis "flavicarpa" and "edulis". The aqueous extracts of both varieties of Passiflora edulis share anxiolytic activity type (edulis fo. edulis 300 mg/kg; edulis fo. flavicarpa 300 and 1000 mg/kg) and antidepressant (edulis fo. edulis 300 mg/kg; edulis fo flavicarpa 1000 mg/kg), while the effect hipolocomotor/sedative was only seen for edulis fo. edulis (1000 mg/kg). Both fractions ethyl acetate, butanol aqueous extract edulis fo. edulis showed activity type antidepressant at a dose of 50 mg/kg in the forced swim test. The data suggest that the effect of antidepressant-like fractions edulis fo. edulis involves catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, particularly dopaminergic, there is seen that pre-treatment DSP-4 is not affected antidepressant action of fractions as was dependent activation of dopamine D2 receptors.

Avalia����o de duas variedades de Passiflora edulis sobre as respostas comportamentais de camundongos e um poss��vel mecanismo de a����o

The medicinal plants constitute a rich source of biologically active compounds used for the treatment of many psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders and depression. Generalized anxiety disorder has increased significantly, being the second most prevalent disorder in care facilities to public health. Depression is considered a chronic and common psychiatric disorder that affects 350 million people of all ages around the world. In this context, the pharmacological intervention conduits have been employed, effective, although leave to be desired when observed adverse effects. The genus Passiflora is commonly commercially known by its fruit, but is also widely used in traditional Brazilian medicine. Passiflora edulis displays considerable morphological variability. This plant produces two types of fruit: Purple (Passiflora edulis Sims fo. edulis) and yellow (Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa Degener). This study investigated the central effects of aqueous extract of the leaves of the two varieties of the species Passiflora edulis in tests used to assess behavior related to anxiety and depression, as well as investigating the potential effect of the antidepressant-like fractions of edulis fo. edulis and neuropharmacological mechanisms responsible for this action. To conduct this study used male Swiss mice (2 months old, weighing 30-35 g). The animals received the aqueous extract of the leaves of the two species of Passiflora: edulis fo. edulis (100, 300, 1000 mg / kg) and fractions ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous waste (25, 50, 75, 100 mg / kg) and edulis fo. flavicarpa (30, 100, 300, 1000 mg / kg) or saline by gavage 60 minutes prior to the maze tests at high cross the open field test, test forced swim test and sedation induced by thiopental. To investigate the mechanism of action of the activity of antidepressant type of fractions the following drugs were used: PCPA (inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis) AMPT (inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis), DSP-4 (noradrenergic neurotoxin) and Sulpiride (antagonist selective dopamine D2 receptor). They were used as a standard positive control, fluoxetine and nortriptyline. The results of the phytochemical profile show very different characteristics to the aqueous extract of the varieties of Passiflora edulis "flavicarpa" and "edulis". The aqueous extracts of both varieties of Passiflora edulis share anxiolytic activity type (edulis fo. edulis 300 mg/kg; edulis fo. flavicarpa 300 and 1000 mg/kg) and antidepressant (edulis fo. edulis 300 mg/kg; edulis fo flavicarpa 1000 mg/kg), while the effect hipolocomotor/sedative was only seen for edulis fo. edulis (1000 mg/kg). Both fractions ethyl acetate, butanol aqueous extract edulis fo. edulis showed activity type antidepressant at a dose of 50 mg/kg in the forced swim test. The data suggest that the effect of antidepressant-like fractions edulis fo. edulis involves catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, particularly dopaminergic, there is seen that pre-treatment DSP-4 is not affected antidepressant action of fractions as was dependent activation of dopamine D2 receptors.

Assessment of anticancer properties of essential oils from aromatic plants of the sand dunes of peniche (portugal)

O cancro �� um problema de sa��de crescente no mundo e �� a segunda causa de morte depois das doen��as card��acas. De acordo com a Ag��ncia Internacional de Investiga����o em Cancro (IARC) existem atualmente mais de 10 milh��es de casos de cancro por ano no mundo. Os produtos naturais oferecem oportunidades de inova����o na descoberta de novos f��rmacos. Neste sentido, os compostos naturais isolados a partir de plantas medicinais, como potenciais fontes de novas drogas anticancer��genas, t��m tido um interesse crescente. Os ��leos Essenciais (OEs) s��o sintetizados pelas plantas e t��m sido estudados pelas suas in��meras atividades biol��gicas, incluindo anticancer��gena, anti-inflamat��ria, antimicrobiana, antiviral, antioxidante e repelente de insetos. Este estudo tem como objetivos determinar a efic��cia de OEs de seis esp��cies de plantas das dunas de Peniche (Portugal), como potenciais agentes terap��uticos anticancer��genos em linhas celulares de cancro da mama (MCF7) e do colo-rectal (RKO), assim como perceber o mecanismo de a����o destes OEs. Neste estudo, partes a��reas de Artemisia campestris subsp. maritima, Crithmum maritimum, Eryngium maritimum, Juniperus turbinata subsp. turbinata, Otanthus maritimus e Seseli tortuosum foram colhidas na praia da Consola����o, em Peniche (Portugal), e os seus OEs isolados atrav��s de hidrodestila����o. A composi����o qu��mica dos OEs foi investigada por cromatografia gasosa (GC) e por cromatografia gasosa com espetrofotometria de massa (GC-MS) e os compostos maiorit��rios foram descritos para cada ��leo. Para avaliar a atividade anticancer��gena nas linhas celulares MCF7 e RKO, o m��todo MTS (3- (4, 5-dimethyl- 2 -thiazolyl) - 2, 5-dyphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) foi usado e a viabilidade celular avaliada, atrav��s de dilui����es sucessivas, a concentra����es iniciais de 5 ��L/mL e 1 ��L/mL, com dilui����o de 1:2 e 1:10, respetivamente, comparando com o controlo (DMSO). De todos os OEs testados, a atividade anticancer��gena foi descrita, em ambas as linhas celulares, como observado pela diminui����o da viabilidade/prolifera����o celular ��� exceto o OE Eryngium maritimum a uma concentra����o inicial de 5 ��L/mL.Com o objetivo de avaliar o mecanismo biol��gico de a����o dos OEs, foi realizado um western blot para marcadores relativos ao bloqueio do ciclo celular e apoptose (p53, p21 e caspase 3 clivada), para Seseli tortuosum e Otanthus maritimus. Foi observado um aumento do n��vel prote��na p53 nas c��lulas tratadas com estes OEs, sugerindo a indu����o de stress celular nas c��lulas cancer��genas testadas. No entanto, n��o foi observada caspase 3 clivada, sugerindo que a apoptose n��o ter�� sido a causa para a diminui����o da viabilidade/prolifera����o celular observada. Foi ainda observado o aumento da express��o da p21 com os OEs selecionados, sugerindo que o tratamento com OE est�� associado ao bloqueio do ciclo celular. Para validar estas observa����es, a an��lise realizada por FACS, depois do tratamento indica um poss��vel bloqueio do ciclo celular na fase G1. Concluindo, a concentra����o inicial de 5 ��L/mL revelou ser muito t��xica para as linhas celulares testadas. No entanto, a uma concentra����o final de 1 ��L/mL foi demonstrada uma diminui����o da viabilidade/prolifera����o celular para todos os OEs. No estudo preliminar do mecanismo de a����o dos OEs, foi demonstrado, face �� presen��a da p21, que os ��leos de Seseli tortuosum e Otanthus maritimus atuam bloqueando o ciclo celular. Para comprovar estes resultados, o FACS realizado (apenas no OE de Seseli tortuosum) revelou que este bloqueio pode ocorrer, pelo aumento da percentagem de c��lulas observadas, na fase G1. Estes resultados demonstram o interesse destes OEs de Peniche na procura de novos agentes quimo preventivos contra a progress��o do cancro da mama e colo-rectal.