The ins and outs of E-cadherin trafficking

One way of controlling the activity of E-cadherin - a protein that is, simultaneously, a major cell-adhesion molecule, a powerful tumour suppressor, a determinant of cell polarity and a partner to the potent catenin signalling molecules - is to keep it on the move. During the past two decades, many insights into the fundamental role of E-cadherin in these processes have been garnered. Studies during the past five years have begun to reveal the importance of intracellular trafficking as a means of regulating the functions of E-cadherin. E-cadherin is trafficked to and from the cell surface by exocytic and multiple endocytic pathways. In this article, we survey the vesicle-trafficking machinery that is responsible for the sorting, transport, actin association and vesicle targeting of E-cadherin to regulate its movement and function during growth and development and, possibly, in cancer.

Scaling and non-scaling of muscle activity, kinematics, and dynamics in sit-ups with different degrees of difficulty

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the CNS adjusts motor patterns for variants of a complex axial movement-the situp. Adjustments were induced by changing the support surface contact and mass distribution of the body. Healthy adults performed straight-legged sit-ups, 3 s in duration, with support added to or removed from the lumbar trunk, or with mass added to the head or to the legs. Each of these interventions either increased or decreased the difficulty of the task. The study addressed the extent to which changes in sit-up difficulty are compensated by scaling of muscle activity, kinematics, and dynamics versus the extent to which they are compensated by changing discretely the motor pattern. The analysis of muscle activity, kinematics, and dynamics focused on the first 30-40% of the sit-up-the trunk flexion phase-since this is the most critical part of the movement. Our results demonstrate that, in some respects, sit-up kinematics and dynamics scaled with difficulty, but in other respects, they did not. Muscle activity also scaled, in many respects, but in more difficult sit-ups, abdominal flexor activity decreased instead of increased. Non-scaling changes in these parameters suggest that complex movements, such as the sit-up, may require discrete changes in motor pattern in order to deal with large loads, which challenge the available leverage. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor in Paramecium is associated with the osmoregulatory system

In the ciliate Paramecium, a variety of well characterized processes are regulated by Ca2+, e.g. exocytosis, endocytosis and ciliary beat. Therefore, among protozoa, Paramecium is considered a model organism for Ca2+ signaling, although the molecular identity of the channels responsible for the Ca2+ signals remains largely unknown. We have cloned - for the first time in a protozoan - the full sequence of the gene encoding a putative inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) receptor from Paramecium tetraurelia cells showing molecular characteristics of higher eukaryotic cells. The homologously expressed Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding domain binds [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3, whereas antibodies unexpectedly localize this protein to the osmoregulatory system. The level of Ins(1,4,5)P3-receptor expression was reduced, as shown on a transcriptional level and by immuno-staining, by decreasing the concentration of extracellular Ca2+ (Paramecium cells rapidly adjust their Ca2+ level to that in the outside medium). Fluorochromes reveal spontaneous fluctuations in cytosolic Ca2+ levels along the osmoregulatory system and these signals change upon activation of caged Ins(1,4,5)P3. Considering the ongoing expulsion of substantial amounts of Ca2+ by the osmoregulatory system, we propose here that Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptors serve a new function, i.e. a latent, graded reflux of Ca2+ to fine-tune [Ca2+] homeostasis.

Who speaks up for Inés Fonseca? Representing violence against vulnerable subjects and the ethics of care in fictional narrative about Alzheimer’s disease:Ahora tocad música de baile (2004) by Andrés Barba

This paper studies the Spanish fictional novel by Andrés Barba, Ahora tocad música de baile (2004), one of the first cultural texts dealing entirely with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to appear in Spain. It argues that the significance of Barba’s fictional novel rests on two important issues: the ethics of representation of violence against vulnerable subjects and the ethics of care. The paper analyses how these two issues allow Barba to create a story in which the verbal and physical abuse to which the person living with Alzheimer’s disease is subjected places the reader, on the one hand, as voyeur/witness of the abuse; and, on the other, as interpreter, and ultimately judge, of the fine line that separates euthanasia, assisted suicide, and murder. The open ending of the novel defers all ethical and moral judgment to the reader. It examines how the novel offers a monolithic perspective about AD, in which care is presented as a burden. In fact, this study shows that the novel’s multi-layered structure and polyphonic nature places the emphasis on stigmas, stereotypes and negative metaphors around AD, as found in contemporary social discourses.

Ein Gang ins Narrenhaus

Aus der Sammlung des Leo Baeck Institute, digitalisiert in Kooperation mit dem Center for Jewish History, NY

Ordnung Naschim : punktiert, ins Deutsche übersetzt und erklärt

von Rabbiner M. Petuchowski, Rabbiner Dr. Simon Schlesinger

Women sit in front of welfare hotel where they live with their children

General note: Title and date provided by Bettye Lane.

Anti-war demonstrators sit in street in front of ITT on Park Avenue

General note: Title and date provided by Bettye Lane.

Ó Sheán Clárach Mac Domhnaill go dtí Nioclás Tóibín: traidisiún na hamhránaíochta ins na Déise

Féachann an tráchtas seo le solas a chaitheamh ar an amhránaíocht mar a chleachtaítí agus mar a chleactaítear fós i gcontae Phort Láirge í. Ardaítear ann ceisteanna a bhaineann le seachadadh agus le sealbhú na n-amhrán I measc an phobail i gceantar na nDéise sa tréimhse c.1750-1960, ó aimsir Sheáin Chláraigh go dtí an ré sin ina raibh Nioclás Tóibín, ‘rí-amhránaí Éireann’, ar bhuaic a réime. Cuirtear spéis anseo i bhfás agus i dteacht chun cinn an Rómánsachais agus (a leathchúpla) an náisiúnachais ar Mhór-roinn na hEorpa in earr an 18ú haois agus amach san 19ú haois; ar thionchar na ngluaiseachtaí sin i bhfad ó bhaile ar Éirinn i gcoitinne san aimsir úd; orthu sin a raibh díolamaí amhrán á gcur in eagar acu in Éirinn san 19ú agus amach san 20ú haois; agus, ar deireadh, ar an stór amhrán mar atá le clos inniu I measc na ndaoine i nGaeltacht na Déise.

The relationship between changes in cardiovascular function and changes in VO2peak following SIT

Background: It is well known that sprint interval training (SIT), induces significant increases in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) at the group level. However, there have been only a few studies that have addressed the variability of VO2peak response following SIT, and precise mechanism(s) that may explain individual magnitude of response are unknown. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to: 1) examine the inter-individual variability of the VO2peak response following SIT, 2) to inspect the relationship between changes in both central and peripheral measures and changes in VO2peak, and 3) to assess if peripheral or central adaptations play a role in whether an individual is a high or low responder with respect to VO2peak. Subjects: Twenty-two young, recreationally active males (age: 20.4 1.7 years; weight: 78.4 10.2 kg; VO2peak: 3.7 0.62 L/min) Methods: VO2peak (L/min), peak cardiac output (Qpeak [L/min]), and peak deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHbpeak [mM]) were measured before and after 16 sessions of SIT (Tabata Protocol) over four weeks. Peak a-vO2diff was calculated using a derivation of the Fick equation. Results: Due to a systematic error, HHbpeak could not be used to differentiate between individual responses. There was a large range of VO2peak response from pre to post testing (-4.75 to 32.18% change) and there was a significant difference between the Low Response Group (LRG) (n=8) and the High Response Group (HRG) (n=8) [f(1, 14)= 64.27, p<0.001]. Furthermore, there was no correlation between delta () VO2peak and Qpeak (r=-0.18, p=0.46) for all participants, nor was there an interaction effect between the Low and High Response Groups [f(1,11)=0.572, p=0.47]. Lastly, there was a significant correlation between VO2peak and peak a-vO2diff [r=0.692, p<0.001], and a significant interaction effect with peak a-vO2diff [f(1, 14)= 13.27, p<0.004] when comparing the HRG to the LRG. Conclusions: There was inter-individual variability of VO2peak response following 4 weeks of SIT, but central adaptations did not influence this variation. This suggests that peripheral adaptations may be responsible for VO2peak adaptation.

"Raíñas de pedra": a Humanizing Review of Inés de Castro’s Life and Death

The tragic love between Pedro I from Portugal and Inés de Castro became, in its earlier stages, a recurrent theme of the Portuguese, Spanish and European cultural scene. The dead queen came to represent the universal myth of the innocent woman sacrificed due to the Reason of State and she became the personification of the victory of love beyond death. However, despite its strong connection with Galicia, this figure was excluded from Galician literature for many years. This article’s purpose is to review and analyse the main work that introduced the figure of Inés de Castro to the Galician literary scene, Raíñas de Pedra, by Cándido Pazó, emphasising its originality and innovation in relation to the rest of the corpus.

Nicht ob, sondern wie! : die Inklusion von Kindern mit Behinderungen ins deutsche Bildungssystem-­ Fokus Primärbereich

„Auf dem Weg zu einem inklusiven Bildungssystem gemäß der UN-­BRK sind oftmalsdie Barrieren im Kopf das größte Hindernis.“ Bezugnehmend auf diese Aussage derAktion Mensch aus dem Jahr 2014 sind die folgenden Ausführungen an diejenigenadressiert, die nicht das OB fokussieren, sondern die wissen wollen, was sich hinterdem Wie verbirgt. Thematisiert werden grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten sowie aktuelleEntwicklungsstände des inklusiven Schulsystems im Primärbereich. Zudem zielt dieArbeit darauf ab darzulegen, welche Maßnahmen ergriffen werden können undwelche Ressourcen unser Bildungssystem noch bietet, um Schülern mitBeeinträchtigungen ein gleichberechtigtes und erfolgversprechendes Lernsetting zugewährleisten.

The ins of the striatum: Utilizing chemogenetics to define the contribution of cortical and thalamic afferents during addiction behaviors

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Opettajan ja koulunkäynninohjaajan välinen yhteistyö ja vuorovaikutus― ”Jokaista arvostetaan sellasena, ku se on ja niitä vahvuuksia mitä sillä on ja sen tapaa tehdä sitä työtä”.

Koulunkäynninohjaajien ammattikunta on vakiintunut osaksi peruskoulujen henkilökuntaa jo 1990- luvulla. Heitä työskentelee Suomen kouluissa noin 9000. Taustalla on peruskoulun voimakas muuttuminen viime vuosina. Oppilaan tuen painopiste on siirtynyt enemmän lähikouluihin ja tavallisiin luokkiin. Opiskeluhuoltolaki on muuttunut ja uusi opetussuunnitelma otetaan käyttöön syksyllä. Muutosten seurauksena koulun aikuisten yhteistyöhön on välttämätöntä kiinnittää aiempaa enemmän huomiota. Vaikka koulunkäynninohjaajien tehtäväkuva on laajentunut ja monipuolistunut vuosien kuluessa, heidän ammatillinen statuksensa on paikoin epäselvä. Suomessa ei ole tehty paljonkaan tutkimusta koulunkäynninohjaajiin liittyen. Tässä tutkimuksessa kysytään, minkälaista yhteistyötä opettajat ja koulunkäynninohjaajat tekevät, millaista vuorovaikutusta heidän välillään on ja mitä ovat ne tekijät, mitkä yhteistyön onnistumiseen tai epäonnistumiseen vaikuttavat. Lopuksi esitän joitakin ehdotuksia yhteistyön ja vuorovaikutuksen helpottamiseksi. Tutkimus toteutettiin teemahaastatteluna kuudessa eri koulussa. Haastateltavina oli neljä opettajaa ja neljä koulunkäynninohjaajaa. Kaikilla tutkimukseen osallistuneilla on pitkä kokemus opettaja-ohjaaja työparityöskentelystä. Tässä tutkimuksessa havaittiin opettajan ja koulunkäynninohjaajan välisen yhteisen suunnittelun olevan keskeistä hyvän yhteistyön toteutumiselle. Luokassa tapahtuvan vuorovaikutuksen laatu ja ilme on pitkälti seurausta yhteisestä suunnittelusta. Yhteistyön ja vuorovaikutuksen taustalla vaikuttavina tekijöinä havaittiin johdon tuki, resurssit, koulutus tai sen vähäisyys, ohjaajien ammatillinen status, erilainen käsitys ohjaamisesta, opettamisesta tai suhtautumisesta lapsiin, ammattien välinen kilpailu, odotukset yhteistyöltä, tiedonkulku tai tiedonkulun ongelmat, joustavuus sekä keskinäinen arvostus tai sen puute. Yksi tärkeimpiä havaintoja oli se, että opettajat eivät saa, mutta tarvitsisivat yliopistossa koulutusta ohjaajien kanssa työskentelyyn. Lisäksi havaittiin, että koulunkäyntiavustajien ammattinimikkeen vaihtuminen koulunkäynninohjaajan ammattinimikkeeksi on herättänyt huolta opettajaprofession puolella. Ammattinimikkeen muutoksen kautta koulunkäynninohjaajat kykenevät kuitenkin vahvistamaan asemaansa koulun ammattilaisina, mikä voi vaikuttaa yhteistyön laatua parantavasti.