1000 resultados para propriedades físico-químicas do leite


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This work presents a new ceramic material obtained through the incorporation of solid waste from the steel industry and known as dedusting powder PAE - in ceramic formulations based on clay, potassium and sodium feldspars, kaolin and talc. Formulations were prepared with ceramic residue levels of 0% (basic mass - MB), 2%, 4% and 8%, subjected to firing at temperatures of 1000 ° C, 1050ºC, 1100ºC and 1150ºC for periods of 15 min. and 120 min. The physicchemical and mechanical properties of these ceramic formulations were determined based on the firing temperature, residence time in the oven and the percentage of waste. Since the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the sintered materials were evaluated by chemical analysis techniques (fluorescence X-rays - FRX), particle size distribution, specific surface area, apparent density, structural analysis by diffraction of X-rays (DRX) and characterization of surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The magnetic response characteristics and the pattern of magnetic ferrites of the samples were analyzed in the assay conditions, having noticed that the saturation magnetic susceptibility depend on the sintering temperature of the material and it is associated with its crystal structure. From the analysis results, it was concluded that the ceramic material with better physical and mechanical properties is obtained when the 8% from PAE residue is added to standard formulation under the burn time of 15 minutes and temperature of 1150ºC.

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Diesel fuel is one of leading petroleum products marketed in Brazil, and has its quality monitored by specialized laboratories linked to the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels - ANP. The main trial evaluating physicochemical properties of diesel are listed in the resolutions ANP Nº 65 of December 9th, 2011 and Nº 45 of December 20th, 2012 that determine the specification limits for each parameter and methodologies of analysis that should be adopted. However the methods used although quite consolidated, require dedicated equipment with high cost of acquisition and maintenance, as well as technical expertise for completion of these trials. Studies for development of more rapid alternative methods and lower cost have been the focus of many researchers. In this same perspective, this work conducted an assessment of the applicability of existing specialized literature on mathematical equations and artificial neural networks (ANN) for the determination of parameters of specification diesel fuel. 162 samples of diesel with a maximum sulfur content of 50, 500 and 1800 ppm, which were analyzed in a specialized laboratory using ASTM methods recommended by the ANP, with a total of 810 trials were used for this study. Experimental results atmospheric distillation (ASTM D86), and density (ASTM D4052) of diesel samples were used as basic input variables to the equations evaluated. The RNAs were applied to predict the flash point, cetane number and sulfur content (S50, S500, S1800), in which were tested network architectures feed-forward backpropagation and generalized regression varying the parameters of the matrix input in order to determine the set of variables and the best type of network for the prediction of variables of interest. The results obtained by the equations and RNAs were compared with experimental results using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test and Student's t test, at a significance level of 5%, as well as the coefficient of determination and percentage error, an error which was obtained 27, 61% for the flash point using a specific equation. The cetane number was obtained by three equations, and both showed good correlation coefficients, especially equation based on aniline point, with the lowest error of 0,816%. ANNs for predicting the flash point and the index cetane showed quite superior results to those observed with the mathematical equations, respectively, with errors of 2,55% and 0,23%. Among the samples with different sulfur contents, the RNAs were better able to predict the S1800 with error of 1,557%. Generally, networks of the type feedforward proved superior to generalized regression.

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Reported accidents involving the poisoning scorpions are still frequent in Brazil, mainly caused by Tityus serrulatus, known as yellow scorpion. Although antivenom sera are produced routinely by various government laboratories, the effectiveness of its use depends on how quickly treatment is initiated and efficiency in the production of antibodies by the immunized animals. In this study, the development of cationic polymeric nanoparticles of poly(lactic acid) aimed to create a modified delivery system for peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, able to enhance the production of serum antibodies against the scorpion toxins. The cationic nanoparticles were obtained by a low energy nanoprecipitation, after study of the parameters’ variations effects over the physicochemical properties of the particles. The surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with the hyperbranched polyethyleneimine was proved by zeta potential analysis and enabled the adsorption by electrostatic interaction of different types of proteins. The protein loading efficiency of 40-80 % to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 100 % to scorpion venom peptides evaluated by spectrophotometry and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the success of the selected parameters established for obtainment of nanoparticles, produced with size between 100 to 250 nm. The atomic force microscopy analysis and in vitro release showed that the spherical nanoparticles provided a sustained release profile of proteins by diffusion mechanism, demonstrating the potential for application of the nanoparticles in vivo.

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Reported accidents involving the poisoning scorpions are still frequent in Brazil, mainly caused by Tityus serrulatus, known as yellow scorpion. Although antivenom sera are produced routinely by various government laboratories, the effectiveness of its use depends on how quickly treatment is initiated and efficiency in the production of antibodies by the immunized animals. In this study, the development of cationic polymeric nanoparticles of poly(lactic acid) aimed to create a modified delivery system for peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, able to enhance the production of serum antibodies against the scorpion toxins. The cationic nanoparticles were obtained by a low energy nanoprecipitation, after study of the parameters’ variations effects over the physicochemical properties of the particles. The surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with the hyperbranched polyethyleneimine was proved by zeta potential analysis and enabled the adsorption by electrostatic interaction of different types of proteins. The protein loading efficiency of 40-80 % to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 100 % to scorpion venom peptides evaluated by spectrophotometry and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the success of the selected parameters established for obtainment of nanoparticles, produced with size between 100 to 250 nm. The atomic force microscopy analysis and in vitro release showed that the spherical nanoparticles provided a sustained release profile of proteins by diffusion mechanism, demonstrating the potential for application of the nanoparticles in vivo.

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Due to the great challenges encountered in drilling wells, there is a need to develop fluids with appropriated properties and able to meet all the requirements of drilling operations. The physicochemical and rheological properties must be carefully controlled so that a fluid can exercise all its functions. In perforations sensitive to contact with water and "offshore", it becomes necessary the use of oil based drilling fluids, but the bentonite clay cannot be used without a previous surface modification so that their surfaces become hydrophobic. Lately, the oil companies in Brazil use imported organoclays in the preparation of oil-based drilling fluids. The study aimed to modify a calcium clay to increase the affinity of the same organic phase of oil-based drilling fluids, applying three surfactants (OCS, CTAB and UTM 150) at different concentrations. The results indicated that the surfactants UTM 150 and CTAB showed better results compared to OCS. Considering the type of surfactant and concentration as variables used in the statistical analysis, the results indicated that only the surface tension and concentration of calcium oxide in response to organophilization process showed statistically significant effects. The organophilizated clay has potential for application in oil-based drilling fluids.

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Os filmes são produzidos a partir de macromoléculas, que podem ser utilizados como embalagem, como os polissacarídeos, lipídeos e proteínas. As proteínas se destacam dos demais, pois possuem uma estrutura com 20 monômeros diferentes, que confere um amplo potencial de ligações intermoleculares. A incorporação de agentes ativos em filmes é uma alternativa como embalagem, para inibir ou retardar a multiplicação de microrganismos patógenos e deteriorantes em alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de filmes à base de isolado protéico de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) – IPA adicionados de ácidos orgânicos. Para tanto, foi elaborado o IPA, pela solubilização alcalina da proteína e precipitação no ponto isoelétrico a partir de carne mecanicamente separada. O IPA foi avaliado quanto a sua composição proximal, aminoacídica e por DSC. A solução formadora dos filmes foi elaborada a partir de IPA, água, glicerol e hidróxido de sódio. As formulações dos filmes foram elaboradas segundo um planejamento fatorial 23 . Foram avaliadas as propriedades físico-químicas de resistência a tração (RT) e elongação (E); espessura, solubilidade e permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA); a diferença de cor (∆E*) e opacidade (Y) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) de filmes à base de IPA. Os filmes com diferentes concentrações de ácido sórbico (AS) ou ácido benzóico (AB) foram desenvolvidos a partir da condição cujo as propriedades físico-químicas foram as melhores, sendo comparados aos filmes controles. Estes, foram avaliados quanto a sua atividade antimicrobiana frente aos microrganismos Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella Enteritidis pelo método de difusão em disco, além das propriedades físico-químicas, MEV e FT-IV. Os filmes com maior atividade antimicrobiana e os filmes controle foram aplicados sobre carne bovina, inoculados com os microrganismos inibidos no método de difusão em disco e armazenados a 5°C. Estes, foram avaliados a cada 2 dias durante 12 dias de armazenamento, pela método de contagem em gotas. O IPA apresentou 88,8% de proteína e 53,3% de aminoácidos polares e temperatura de desnaturação de 62,2°C. A espessura, PVA, ∆E* e Y dos filmes não foram afetados pelas variáveis estudadas no experimento. A menor solubilidade e maior RT dos filmes ocorreram em baixa concentração de IPA, glicerol e tratamento térmico, mas a E aumentou com o acréscimo dessas variáveis. As MEV das superfícies dos filmes foram homogêneas, para aqueles com leve tratamento térmico. O aumento da concentração de AS e AB na faixa de 0,50 a 1,50% resultou na diminuição da RT e aumento da E, solubilidade, ∆E* e Y. Houve mudança da organização molecular e interações intermoleculares entre as moléculas de IPA e AB testados pela avaliação do FT-IV. As MEV revelaram microporos em filmes com 1,50% de AS, o que resultou em filmes com menor homogeneidade. A maior atividade antimicrobiana foi verificada nos filmes com 1,50% de AS e AB frente a E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes e S. Enteritidis. Estes filmes foram aplicados sobre carne bovina inoculada com E. coli O157:H7 e L. monocytogenes. Os filmes de AS frente a E. coli O157:H7 e L. monocytogenes apresentaram uma redução de 5 e 4 log UFC.g-1, respectivamente, em relação ao filme controle. O efeito do AB frente a estas bactérias, apresentou uma redução de 6 e 5 log UFC.g-1, ao final do 12° dia de armazenamento, respectivamente. Os filmes elaborados à base de IPA, adicionados de AS ou AB podem ser eficazes contra os patógenos alimentares testados.

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O trabalho descrito nesta dissertação envolve a síntese e caracterização de novos macrociclos tetrapirrólicos e afins com potencial aplicação como quimiossensores de aniões, tanto em solução como quando suportados em diferentes materiais. As porfirinas e ftalocianinas ocupam um lugar de destaque nesta dissertação, pelo que no primeiro capítulo, é feita uma revisão bibliográfica acerca das suas metodologias de síntese bem como das suas principais características e aplicações, nomeadamente como quimiossensores de aniões. No segundo capítulo é discutida a síntese e caracterização dos compostos porfirínicos e ftalocianinicos com grupos amina ou poliamina, posteriormente utilizados como hospedeiros de aniões. Descrevem-se, pormenorizadamente, os métodos de síntese, purificação e caracterização estrutural dos diversos compostos sintetizados. No terceiro capítulo realizaram-se os estudos de complexação com aniões em solução e determinaram-se as respetivas constantes de afinidade. Os compostos sintetizados apresentam capacidade de interagir com diferentes aniões. As porfirinas testadas apresentam elevadas constantes de afinidade para o anião di-hidrogenofosfato, mesmo em soluções aquosas quando testadas com cristais piezoelétricos. No caso das ftalocianinas verificou-se que estas interagem com vários aniões e apresentam propriedades cromogénicas, podendo mesmo distinguir aniões cianeto em soluções contendo água. No quarto capítulo estudou-se a imobilização dos quimiossensores, que demonstraram maior eficácia nos estudos de reconhecimento em solução, em diferentes materiais. Primeiro foi estudada a imobilização dos quimiossensores em nanopartículas de sílica (com e sem núcleo magnético) e testada a sua capacidade como sensor de aniões em solução. Numa segunda parte foi estudada a imobilização em fibras óticas. Estas, além das suas excecionais propriedades físico-químicas, têm a vantagem de poderem ser integradas em diferentes estruturas e/ou equipamentos de análise. Na ultima parte desta dissertação encontra-se a descrição da síntese e caracterização de novos conjugados porfirina-C60-OligoDNA com potencial aplicação em transferência eletrónica. Foram sintetizados e caracterizados novos compostos porfirina-OligoDNA e C60-OligoDNA. Esta parte do trabalho foi realizada no “Institute of Advanced Energy” na Universidade de Quioto, Japão.

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Os Líquidos Iónicos (LIs) são compostos iónicos com pontos de fusão abaixo de 100°C, muitos deles são líquidos à temperatura ambiente. As numerosas combinações entre o catião e anião permitem modular as suas propriedades físico-químicas. A associação entre LIs e Ingredientes Farmacêuticos Ativos (IFAs) tem sido estudada e revelou que esta combinação reduz os efeitos secundários dos fármacos e aumenta a sua biodisponibilidade. A resistência bacteriana é um problema na sociedade moderna. Por esse motivo, é crucial pesquisar novos alvos terapêuticos para superar esta situação. O Ácido Valpróico (VPA) é um fármaco anti-epiléptico muito utilizado no tratamento de doenças neurológicas, mas que possui vários efeitos secundários associados, afetando principalmente a remodelação óssea. A combinação de LIs e IFAs – LIs-IFAs – tem demostrado que estes compostos podem ser úteis para ultrapassar a resistência bacteriana, bem como os problemas que os pacientes sujeitos ao tratamento com VPA experienciam. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a bioatividade de LIs-IFAs, tanto em estirpes de bactérias, como em células do osso – osteoclastos (humanos). No estudo bacteriano, a Ampicilina de Sódio e vários catiões halogenados foram aplicados em estirpes bacterianas, nas quais estavam incluídas algumas estirpes resistentes, e foram determinadas as suas taxas de crescimento. No estudo osteoclastogénico, foram usados vários catiões associados com valproato que, posteriormente, foram aplicados em culturas de células osteoclásticas humanas para determinar o seu efeito nestas células. Os LIs-IFAs mostraram efeitos inibitórios em ambos os estudos. No estudo antimicrobiano o [C16Pyr] [Cl] associado à Ampicilina de Sódio revelou inibição das estirpes sensíveis e de bactérias resistentes. Na avaliação do processo osteoclastogénico, o [C2OHDMIM] [Valproato] e [C6,6,6,14P] [Valproato] demonstraram capacidade de modular negativamente este processo. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho destacam o potencial destes compostos como novos fármacos, e a importância de outros estudos para compreender os mecanismos pelos quais eles atuam, tanto em células como em bactérias.

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Commercially pure Titanium (cp Ti) is a material largely used in orthopedic and dental implants due to its biocompatibility properties. Changes in the surface of cp Ti can determine the functional response of the cells such as facilitating implant fixation and stabilization, and increased roughness of the surface has been shown to improve adhesion and cellular proliferation. Various surface modification methods have been developed to increase roughness, such as mechanical, chemical, electrochemical and plasma treatment. An argon plasma treatment generates a surface that has good mechanical proprieties without chemical composition modification. Besides the topography, biological responses to the implant contribute significantly to its success. Oxidative stress induced by the biomaterials is considered one of the major causes of implant failure. For this reason the oxidative potential of titanium surfaces subjected to plasma treatment was evaluated on this work. CHO-k1 cells were cultivated on smooth or roughed Ti disks, and after three days, the redox balance was investigated measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, total antioxidant capacity and biomarkers of ROS attack. The results showed cells grown on titanium surfaces are subjected to intracellular oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide generation. Titanium discs subjected to the plasma treatment induced less oxidative stress than the untreated ones, which resulted in improved cellular ability. Our data suggest that plasma treated titanium may be a more biocompatible biomaterial.

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Physical-chemical properties of Ti are sensible to the presence of interstitial elements. In the case of thermochemical treatments plasma assisted, the influence of different active species is not still understood. In order to contribute for such knowledge, this work purposes a study of the role played by the active species atmosphere into the Ar N2 CH4 carbonitriding plasma. It was carried out a plasma diagnostic by OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy) in the z Ar y N2 x CH4 plasma mixture, in which z, y and x indexes represent gas flow variable from 0 to 4 sccm (cm3/min). The diagnostic presents abrupt variations of emission intensities associated to the species in determined conditions. Therefore, they were selected in order to carry out the chemical treatment and then to investigate their influences. Commercial pure Ti disks were submitted to plasma carbonitriding process using pre-established conditions from the OES measurements while some parameters such as pressure and temperature were maintained constant. The concentration profiles of interstitial elements (C and N atoms) were determined by Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) resulting in a depth profile plots. The reactions used were 15N(ρ,αγ)12C and 12C(α,α)12C. GIXRD (Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction) analysis was used in order to identify the presence of phases on the surface. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used in order to qualitatively study the carbon into the TiCxN1 structure. It has been verified which the density species effectively influences more the diffusion of particles into the Ti lattice and characteristics of the layer formed than the gas concentration. High intensity of N2 + (391,4 nm) and CH (387,1 nm) species promotes more diffusion of C and N. It was observed that Hα (656,3 nm) species acts like a catalyzer allowing a deeper diffusion of nitrogen and carbon into the titanium lattice.

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Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

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Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Ramo: Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, Especialização em Ecotoxicologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

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The natural raw materials acquired special importance beside the mineral raw materials with the need for using alternative sources to oil, because they can be used to produce biopolymers. Gelatin, produced from the denaturation of collagen, and starch, an abundant polysaccharide in various plants, are examples of biopolymers which have several technological applications, especially in films. The objective of this work is to produce polymeric bioblends with gelatin and corn starch using two types of gelatin: commercial bovine gelatin and gelatin produced from mechanically separated flesh of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For the extraction of tilapia gelatin 3 distinct pretreatments, followed by extraction in distilled water under heating were performed. The properties of gelatin extracted were similar to bovine gelatin, and the differences can be explained by the difference in extraction processes and sources. Blends of commercial gelatin and starch were produced in an internal mixer from a Haake torque rheometer, to study the behavior of the gelatin mixture with starch, thus, the same compositions were processed by twin screw extrusion, to define the mixing parameters. Subsequently, the extrusion of blends of tilapia gelatin and corn starch was carried out in the same twin screw extruder. The physico-chemical, rheological and morphological properties of the blends with thermoplastic starch and gelatin were studied. It was found that various properties vary linearly with increasing concentration of the components. The blends produced are immiscible, and among the two gelatins, tilapia gelatin showed a better interfacial adhesion with the corn starch. Regarding the morphology, gelatins formed the dispersed phase in all compositions studied, even in compositions rich in starch. Can be concluded that the procedure for tilapia gelatin extraction is feasible and advantageous, and the increasing in its scale to a reactor of 30 liters is possible, with a satisfactory yield. The bioblends of bovine gelatin/corn starch and tilapia gelatin/corn starch were successfully produced, and the processing conditions were appropriate

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), da adubação e da composição do substrato no crescimento de mudas de Eugenia uniflora. As sementes foram germinadas em vermiculita média e repicadas para tubetes (100 cm3) contendo substratos à base de vermicomposto e casca de arroz carbonizada e, como controle, utilizou-se do substrato comercial à base de casca de pínus. Estes substratos foram testados com e sem inoculação micorrízica, adicionada ao substrato, como também se testaram a presença e a ausência de adubação de cobertura. Foram analisadas as propriedades físico-químicas dos substratos formulados. Avaliaram-se a altura, o diâmetro do colo, a agregação das raízes ao substrato, a biomassa seca aérea, a biomassa seca radicial e foram determinados a relação entre altura e diâmetro do colo e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. A inoculação com FMAs não influenciou no crescimento das mudas, enquanto a interação entre substratos e adubação foi significativa para a maioria das variáveis. A ausência de resposta aos FMAs foi, provavelmente, devido às altas concentrações de fósforo nestes substratos. Concluiu-se que o substrato à base de vermicomposto e casca de arroz carbonizada, na proporção de 20/80, pode ser utilizado na produção de mudas desta espécie.

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With the new discoveries of oil and gas, the exploration of fields in various geological basins, imports of other oils and the development of alternative fuels, more and more research labs have evaluated and characterized new types of petroleum and derivatives. Therefore the investment in new techniques and equipment in the samples analysis to determine their physical and chemical properties, their composition, possible contaminants, especification of products, among others, have multiplied in last years, so development of techniques for rapid and efficient characterization is extremely important for a better economic recovery of oil. Based on this context, this work has two main objectives. The first one is to characterize the oil by thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS), and correlate these results with from other types of characterizations data previously informed. The second is to use the technique to develop a methodology to obtain the curve of evaluation of hydrogen sulfide gas in oil. Thus, four samples were analyzed by TG-MS, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). TG results can be used to indicate the nature of oil, its tendency in coke formation, temperatures of distillation and cracking, and other features. It was observed in MS evaluations the behavior of oil main compounds with temperature, the points where the volatilized certain fractions and the evaluation gas analysis of sulfide hydrogen that is compared with the evaluation curve obtained by Petrobras with another methodology