887 resultados para healing mineral
Resumo:
An easy access to a library of simple organic salts derived from tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected L-amino acids and two secondary amines (dicyclohexyl- and dibenzyl amine) are synthesized following a supramolecular synthon rationale to generate a new series of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs). Out of the 12 salts that we prepared, the nitrobenzene gel of dicyclohexylammonium Boc-glycinate (GLY.1) displayed remarkable load-bearing, moldable and self-healing properties. These remarkable properties displayed by GLY.1 and the inability to display such properties by its dibenzylammonium counterpart (GLY.2) were explained using microscopic and rheological data. Single crystal structures of eight salts displayed the presence of a 1D hydrogen-bonded network (HBN) that is believed to be important in gelation. Powder X-ray diffraction in combination with the single crystal X-ray structure of GLY.1 clearly established the presence of a 1D hydrogen-bonded network in the xerogel of the nitrobenzene gel of GLY.1. The fact that such remarkable properties arising from an easily accessible (salt formation) small molecule are due to supramolecular (non-covalent) interactions is quite intriguing and such easily synthesizable materials may be useful in stress-bearing and other applications.
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Environmental concerns regarding the use of certain chemicals in the froth flotation of minerals have led investigators to explore biological entities as potential substitutes for the reagents in vogue. Despite the fact that several microorganisms have been used for the separation of a variety of mineral systems, a detailed characterization of the biochemical molecules involved therein has not been reported so far. In this investigation, the selective flotation of sphalerite from a sphalerite-galena mineral mixture has been achieved using the cellular components of Bacillus species. The key constituent primarily responsible for the flotation of sphalerite has been identified as DNA, which functions as a bio-collector. Furthermore, using reconstitution studies, the obligatory need for the presence of non-DNA components as bio-depressants for galena has been demonstrated. A probable model involving these entities in the selective flotation of sphalerite from the mineral mixture has been discussed.
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A conventional liner with a good performance against inorganic contaminants with a minimal hydraulic conductivity does not usually perform well for retention/removal of leachates containing organic contaminants. Organic modification of clay can render the naturally organophobic clay tobe organophilic. Incorporation of modified organo clay along with unmodified inorganic clay in liner systems can overcome the inherent incompatibility of conventional liners to organic contaminants and can increase organic sorption. The performance of commercially available organo clay and natural bentonite and mixtures of them in different pore fluids has been studied. It is found that the properties of mixtures improve with increase in organically modified clay particularly in non aqueous fluids from the considerations of liner application.
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The selective flotation of sphalerite from a sphalerite-galena mineral mixture has been achieved using cells and extracellular secretions of Bacillus megaterium after adaptation to the chosen minerals. The extracellular secretions obtained after thermolysis of bacterial cells adapted to sphalerite yield the highest flotation recovery of sphalerite with a selectivity index value of 24.5, in comparison to the other cellular and extra-cellular bio-reagents studied. The protein profile for the unadapted and mineral-adapted cells has been found to differ distinctly, attesting to variation in the yield and nature of extra-cellular polymeric substances (EPS). The changes induced in the bacterial cell wall components after adaptation to sphalerite or galena with respect to the contents of phosphate, uronic acid and acetylated sugars of B. megaterium have been quantified. The role of the dissolved metal ions from the minerals as well as that of the constituents of extracellular secretions in modulating the surface charge of the bacterial cells as well as the minerals under study has been confirmed using various enzymatic treatments of the bacterial cells. It has been demonstrated that the induction of additional molecular weight protein fractions as well as the higher amount of extracellular proteins and phosphate secreted after adaptation to sphalerite vis-A-vis galena are contributory factors for the selective separation of sphalerite from galena. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Studies were carried out to assess the utility of the cellular and extracellular constituents of Bacillus megaterium for the flotation of sphalerite and galena minerals. Based on the flotation results on the individual minerals, it was observed that sphalerite was preferentially floated compared to galena. A maximum selectivity index (SI) value of 11.7 was achieved in the presence of the soluble fraction of the thermolysed cells, which was higher than that obtained with the intact cells (SI of 6.5) and the insoluble fraction of the thermolysed cells (SI of 9.6). The results of the various enzymatic treatment tests revealed that extracellular DNA played a vital role in the selective flotation of sphalerite. A noteworthy finding was that the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) had a higher biocollector capacity vis-A -vis the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), leading to better flotation efficiency. About 95 % recovery of sphalerite could be achieved from the mineral mixture by the combined addition of the ssDNA with the non-DNA components of the bacterial cells, resulting in a maximum SI of 19.1. Calcium and phosphate components of the nutrient media were found to be essential for better selectivity of separation of sphalerite. The mechanisms of microbe-mineral interaction are discussed.
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The healing times for the growth of thin films on patterned substrates are studied using simulations of two discrete models of surface growth: the Family model and the Das Sarma-Tamborenea (DT) model. The healing time, defined as the time at which the characteristics of the growing interface are ``healed'' to those obtained in growth on a flat substrate, is determined via the study of the nearest-neighbor height difference correlation function. Two different initial patterns are considered in this work: a relatively smooth tent-shaped triangular substrate and an atomically rough substrate with singlesite pillars or grooves. We find that the healing time of the Family and DT models on aL x L triangular substrate is proportional to L-z, where z is the dynamical exponent of the models. For the Family model, we also analyze theoretically, using a continuum description based on the linear Edwards-Wilkinson equation, the time evolution of the nearest-neighbor height difference correlation function in this system. The correlation functions obtained from continuum theory and simulation are found to be consistent with each other for the relatively smooth triangular substrate. For substrates with periodic and random distributions of pillars or grooves of varying size, the healing time is found to increase linearly with the height (depth) of pillars (grooves). We show explicitly that the simulation data for the Family model grown on a substrate with pillars or grooves do not agree with results of a calculation based on the continuum Edwards-Wilkinson equation. This result implies that a continuum description does not work when the initial pattern is atomically rough. The observed dependence of the healing time on the substrate size and the initial height (depth) of pillars (grooves) can be understood from the details of the diffusion rule of the atomistic model. The healing time of both models for pillars is larger than that for grooves with depth equal to the height of the pillars. The calculated healing time for both Family and DT models is found to depend on how the pillars and grooves are distributed over the substrate. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Two-component super-hydrogelation triggered by the acid-base interaction of a L-histidine appended pyrenyl derivative (PyHis) and phthalic acid (PA) was reported. The use of isomeric isophthalic or terephthalic acid or other comparable acids in place of PA does not lead to salt formation and therefore hydrogelation is not observed. Excimer formation of the pyrenyl unit has not been detected although the PyHis : PA = 1: 1 system undergoes extensive self-assembly in aqueous solution. The synergistic effect of intermolecular H-bonding forces, pi-pi stacking, electrostatic interactions, etc. is found to be responsible for robust hydrogel formation. Development of chiral supramotecular assemblies has been verified through circular dichroism spectroscopy. Morphological investigations involving the PyHis : PA = 1: 1 system show vesicular nano-structures with a definite bilayer width at relatively low concentrations. The latter fuses to construct coiled-coil left-handed helical fibers upon increase in the concentrations of the gelators. The intertwining of the resultant helical fibers eventually results in hydrogel formation. The probable bilayer packing in the self-assembled structures has been probed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and lanthanide sensitization, which suggests that the polar imidazolium hydrogen phthalate unit of the gelator forms the head group and faces the hydrophilic water environment while the hydrophobic pyrenyl units sit inside the hydrophobic core of the bilayer. The hydrogel exhibits multi-stimuli responsiveness including thixotropic behavior. In addition, shape-persistent as well as rapid self-healing behaviour of the hydrogel was established. Furthermore load-bearing characteristics of the hydrogel have also been demonstrated.
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Milling is an energy intensive process and it is considered as one of the most energy inefficient processes. Electrical and mechanical shock loading can be used to develop a pre-treatment methodology to enhance energy efficiency of comminution and liberation of minerals. Coal and Banded Hematite Jasper (BHJ) Iron ores samples were taken for the study to know the effect of shock loading. These samples were exposed to 5 electric shocks of 300 kV using an electric shock loading device. A diaphragmless shock tube was used to produce 3 and 6 compressed air shocks of Mach number 2.12 to treat the coal and Iron ore samples. Microscopic, comminution and liberation studies were carried out to compare the effectiveness of these approaches. It was found that electric shock loading can comminute the coal samples more effectively and increases the yield of carbon by 40% at 1.6 gm/cc density over the untreated coal samples. Mechanical shock loading showed improved milling performance for both the materials and 12.90% and 8.1% reduction in the D-80 of the particles was observed during grinding for treated samples of coal and iron, respectively. Liberation of minerals in BHJ Iron ore was found unaffected due to low intensity of the mechanical shock waves and non conductivity of minerals. Compressed air based shock loading is easier to operate than electrical shock loading and it needs to be explored further to improve the energy efficacy of comminution. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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We present the circuit board integration of a self-healing mechanism to repair open faults. The electric field driven mechanism physically restores fractured interconnects in electronic circuits and has the ability to solve mazes. The repair is performed by conductive particles dispersed in an insulating fluid. We demonstrate the integration of the healing module onto printed circuit boards and the ability of maze solving. We model and perform experiments on the influence of the geometry of conductive particles as well as the terminal impedances of the route on the healing efficiency. The typical heal rate is 10 mu m/s with healed route having mean resistance of 8 k Omega across a 200 micron gap and depending on the materials and concentrations used. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
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A comparative study of two bacterial strains namely, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus firmus in the production of bioflocculants was made. The highest bioflocculant yield of 16.55 g/L was obtained from B. licheniformis (L) and 10 g/L from B. firmus (F). The bioflocculants obtained from the bacterial species were water soluble and insoluble in organic solvents. FTIR spectral analysis revealed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and sugar derivatives in the bioflocculants. Thermal characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed the crystalline transition and the melting point (T-m) at 90-100 degrees C. Effects of bioflocculant dosage and pH on the flocculation of clay fines were evaluated. Highest bioflocculation efficiency on kaolin clay suspensions was observed at an optimum bioflocculant dosage of 5 g/L. The optimum pH range for the maximum bioflocculation was at pH 7-9. Bioflocculants exhibited high efficiency in dye decolorization. The maximum Cr (VI) removal was found to be 85 % for L (bioflocculant dosage at 2 g/L). This study demonstrates that microbial bioflocculants find potential applications in mineral processing such as selective flocculation of mineral fines, decolorization of dye solutions and in the remediation of toxic metal solutions. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The selective flotation of sphalerite from a sphalerite-galena mineral mixture was achieved using cellular components of Paenibacillus polymyxa after adaptation to the above minerals. The soluble and insoluble fractions of the thermolysed bacterial cells adapted to sphalerite yielded higher flotation recoveries of sphalerite with selectivity indices ranging between 22 and 29. The protein profile for the unadapted and mineral-stressed cells was found to differ distinctly, attesting to variation in the yield and nature of extra-cellular polymeric substances. The changes induced in the bacterial cell wall components after adaptation to sphalerite or galena with respect to the contents of phosphate, uronic acid and acetylated sugars of P. polymyxa were quantified. In keeping with these changes, a marginal morphological transition of P. polymyxa from rods to spheres was observed. The role of the dissolved metal ions from the minerals as well as that of the constituents of extracellular secretions in modulating the surface potential of the mineral-stressed cells were demonstrated. These studies highlighted that, mineral stress led to qualitative and quantitative changes in the cellular components, which facilitated the enhancement of flotation selectivity of sphalerite.
Resumo:
The molecular dynamics method is used to simulate microcrack healing during heating or/and under compressive stress. A centre microcrack in Cu crystal would be sealed under compressive stress or by heating. The role of compressive stress and heating in crack healing was additive. During microcrack healing, dislocation generation and motion occurred. When there were pre-existing dislocations around the microcrack, the critical temperature or compressive stress necessary for microcrack healing would decrease, and, the higher the number of dislocations, the lower the critical temperature or compressive stress. The critical temperature necessary for microcrack healing depended upon the orientation of the crack plane. For example, the critical temperature for the crack along the (001) plane was the lowest, i.e. 770K.
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El presente trabajo se realizó en época de postrera del 2000 (Octubre-Diciembre) en la finca "El Picacho" ubicada en el municipio de Sabana Grande, departamento de Managua, Nicaragua. Con el propósito de determinar el efecto de la fertilización mineral y orgánica (Factor A) y control de malezas (Factor 8) en los componente' de crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); establecido en sistemas de callejón (Gliricidia sepium) y convencional. En un suelo perteneciente a la serie de Sabana Grande de origen volcánico y que pertenece a la zona de vida de bosque seco tropical. El diseño experimental utilizado fue el de un bifactorial con parcelas arregladas en bloques completamente al azar (BCA), con seis tratamientos y cinco repeticiones evaluando el factor fertilización y control de malezas. La fertilización tanto química como orgánica se realizó basándose en el análisis de suelo y los requerimientos del cultivo, a los 15 días después de la siembra. Para la fertilización química se adicionó (Urea 46 %), con dosis de 128 kg/ha y 134 kg/ha en callejón y convencional respectivamente y para la fertilización orgánica se adicionó gallinaza al suelo con dosis que consistían en 3636.36 kg/ha y 3787.87 kg/ha de gallinaza en callejón y convencional respectivamente. Las malezas fueron controladas y no controladas y su combinación con el factor fertilización corresponden a los tratamientos evaluados. Las variables evaluadas en ambos sistemas fueron: variables de crecimiento dentro de ésta están, altura de la planta, número de ramas por planta. Área foliar, y variables de rendimiento en donde se evaluó, número de vainas por planta, número de grano por vaina, peso de cien granos y rendimiento del grano. La variedad utilizada (INTA-Masatepe) fue liberada por el INTA en Diciembre de 1999 para condiciones de zonas secas. A los datos obtenidos de las variables de crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo se les realizó análisis de varianza en el programa estadístico SAS; para determinar diferencias estadísticas se utilizó un grado de significancia (p>0.05). Las separaciones de medias se realizaron utilizando las pruebas de rangos múltiples de Tukey. Con respecto a los resultados de las variables evaluadas en ambos sistemas, altura de planta no presentó diferencias estadísticas significativas en el factor fertilización. No obstante el factor maleza únicamente presentó diferencias estadísticas significativas en la última medición (43 días después de la siembra) en sistema convencional. Las variables número de ramas por planta y área foliar evaluadas en ambos sistemas no presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en los tratamientos en estudio. En la variable vaina por planta evaluada en sistemas de callejón y convencional el factor fertilización no presentó diferencias significativas; el factor maleza, presentó diferencias estadísticas significativas únicamente para el sistema convencional. Las variables grano por vaina y peso de cien granos evaluadas en ambos sistemas no presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para los tratamientos en estudio. Para la variable de rendimiento, el factor fertilización no presentó diferencias significativas en los sistemas de callejón y convencional, el factor maleza presentó diferencias significativas únicamente en el sistema convencional Según el análisis económico el mejor beneficio neto se obtiene en el sistema convencional para el tratamiento fertilización química con control de malezas, con un resultado de US$ 193.72 por hectárea.
Resumo:
El ensayo se realizó en el Centro Experimental La Compañía, San Marcos, Carazo en la época de primera (Junio-Agosto) del 2001, los suelos se caracterizan por ser de origen volcánico y con bajo contenido de fósforo (1l.O ppm). Se evaluaron 49 genotipos de fríjol con y sin fertilización, con el objetivo de seleccionar genotipos eficientes al fósforo y nitrógeno nativo; y que además presenten respuesta a la aplicación de fertilizantes. El ensayo se estableció en parcelas pareadas en un diseño de latice 7 x 7 con 6 repeticiones de las que 3 fueron fertilizadas y 3 no fertilizadas. Se estudió el rendimiento, sus componentes y las variables fenológicas días a floración y días a madurez fisiológica, se realizó análisis de varianza para las variables en estudio y se clasifico a los genotipos según su eficiencia a fósforo y nitrógeno y su respuesta a la aplicación de dos dosis de fertilizante mineral (O y 129 kg/ha de la fórmula 18-46-00). Los genotipos en estudio mostraron diferentes tipos de respuesta a la aplicación de fertilizantes, que incluyen comportamientos superior, similar e inferior al compararse con la condición sin fertilizante para las distintas variables estudiadas. Las variables fenológicas no presentaron diferencias bajo ambas condiciones de fertilización. El rendimiento de grano vario entre 1 883 kg/ha hasta 3 353 kg/ha en condiciones con fertilizante y 1 591 kg/ha hasta 2 878 kg/ha en condiciones sin fertilizante. El genotipo EAP 9508-41 mostró los mayores rendimientos en ambas condiciones. En el sistema sin fertilizante 18 genotipos superaron en rendimiento promedio al INTA Jinotepe, 26 al INTA Canela, 30 al INTA Masatepe, y 34 al DOR 364. En el sistema con fertilizante 15 genotipos superaron en rendimiento promedio al DOR 364, 31 al INTA Jinotepe, 33 al INTA Canela y 46 al INT A Masatepe. Según la eficiencia en la absorción de fósforo y nitrógeno nativo y respuesta a aplicaciones de fertilizante se identifican 1 2 genotipos eficientes con respuesta, l3 genotipos eficientes sin respuesta, 11 genotipos ineficientes con respuesta y 13 genotipos ineficientes sin respuesta.