20 kV ilmajohtoverkon maakaapeloinnin vaikutus maasulkusuojaukseen ja loistehotaseeseen

Sähkömarkkinalakimuutokset ovat ohjanneet useita verkkoyhtiötä muuttamaan investoin-tistrategioitaan. Kiristyneet toimitusvarmuusvaatimukset edellyttävät useilta verkkoyh-tiöiltä aiempaa suurempaa panostusta jakeluverkon kehittämiseksi. Toimitusvarmuusvaa-timusten täyttäminen edellyttää myös merkittäviä muutoksia verkkoyhtiöiden käyttämiin verkostotekniikoihin. Suurhäiriöille alttiita ilmajohtoja muutetaan verkkoyhtiöissä totuttua nopeammalla aikataululla maakaapeleiksi tiukentuneiden toimitusvarmuusvaatimusten täyttämiseksi. PKS Sähkönsiirto Oy:n 20 kV sähköverkko on ollut suurimmalta osalta avojohtoverkkoa jossa toimitusvarmuus ei ole nykyisellään muuttuneen sähkömarkkinalain asettamalla ta-solla. Tämä on johtanut verkostostrategian luomiseen, jossa yhtenä toimena toimitusvar-muuden lisäämiseksi vaaditulle tasolle on avojohtolinjojen korvaaminen maakaapeleilla. Maakaapelointien nopea rakennusaikataulu tuo monia haasteita verkkoyhtiöille. Maakaa-pelointien korkea maasulkuvirran ja loistehon tuotto verrattuna avojohtoverkkoon tulee huomioida yhtiössä verkkoa rakennettaessa. Tässä diplomityössä selvitetään PKS Sähkönsiirto Oy:n verkostostrategian mukaisten maakaapelointien vaikutuksia sähköverkolle. Työssä on arvioitu tavoiteverkon mukaisten maakaapeleiden aiheuttamaa maasulkuvirran ja loistehon tuoton tasoa. Tulosten perusteel-la on tehty johtopäätökset mihin verkkoyhtiön on kiinnitettävä huomioita kaapelointeja suunnitellessa ja toteuttaessa.

Analysis of the Change Management Process in a Multinational Company

The purpose of this thesis was to study change management and find out how the theory applies to practise with the help of studying an organizational change process. The goal was to investigate the different ways of the change management and how those could be utilized in practise. The purpose was also to see what kind of tools and information packages for change management the company involved has developed and taken in to use and check if these could have been utilized in the change process studied in this thesis. This thesis was established by studying the theory of change management and interviewing the people involved in the organizational change and the stakeholders. The questions were formed in line with the change management theory. The main theory used was John P. Kotter’s Eight Steps of Change. The study revealed valuable details about change processes in real life and concrete improvement ideas were recognized from the interviews. Overall the people were quite happy with the outcome of the change process. There were also some failures identified in this change process. Most probably those can be avoided in the future if people planning the change are familiar with the company’s new information packages and tools for change management. Change management is a complex area that is still today quite often forgotten by companies. Effective change management can give a huge competitive advantage for a company. Acknowledging that change process is always complex and not easy is already a good step forward in handling change processes. All changes need change management and understanding the way people react on change. A good and efficient change management is the key to make the change process smooth and easier for the people involved.

Logistics Cost Optimization of Road Freight Shipments in a Consumer Goods Company

In the industry of the case company, transportation and warehousing costs account for more than 10% of the total cost which is more than on average. A Finnish company has an understanding that by sending larger shipments in parcels, they could save tens of thousands of euros annually in freight costs in Finland’s domestic shipments. To achieve these savings and optimize total logistics cost, company’s interest is to find out which is the cost efficient way of shipping road shipments of certain volumes; in parcel boxes or on pallets, and what should be the split volume determining the shipment type. Distribution center (DC) costs affect this decision and therefore they need to be also evaluated to determine the total logistics cost savings. Main results were achieved by executing activity-based costing-calculations including DC and road freight costs to determine the ideal split volume with which the total logistics cost is optimal. Calculations were done for Finland’s DC, separately for two main road freight destinations, Finland and Sweden, which cover 50% of road shipment spend. Data for calculations was collected both manually and automatically from various internal and external sources, such as the company ERP system and logistics service providers’ (LSP) reporting. DC processes were studied in practice and compared to model processes. Currently used freight rates were compared to existing pricing models and freight service tendering process was evaluated by participating in the process and comparing it to the models based on literature. The results show that the potential savings are not as significant as the company hoped for, mainly because of packing work increasing DC labor cost. Annual savings by setting ideal split volume per country would account for 0,4 % of the warehousing and transportation costs of shipments in scope of this thesis. Split volume should be set separately for each route, mainly because the pricing model for road freight is different in each country. For some routes bigger parcels should be sent but for some routes pallets should be used more. Next step is to do these calculations for remaining routes to determine total savings potential. Other findings show that the processes in the DC are designed well and the company could achieve savings by executing tenders more efficiently. Company should also pay more attention to parcel pricing and packing the shipments accordingly.