Making: the invisible visible

In this book essay I argue that modern and contemporary works of art (i.e. paintings, photographs, films, and videos) really ought to retrieve something of their auratic-character, which turns the physical toward the metaphysical, the material toward the immaterial, the visible toward the invisible - making artworks, ‘things among things, something other than [a] thing’ (Theodor W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, 86). There is, perhaps, an aura to art or art is a medium or a conduit or a technology for rediscovering and reproducing aura, which makes it something other than a mere thing. Such works of art are constitutively enigmatic, a certain form of magic making: they (re-)distribute the visible and the invisible, they (re-)configure appearance and disappearance. Such works of art may become visual events, which begin an education in and through (dis-)appearances. To achieve this end, I detail Theodor W. Adorno’s and Walter Benjamin’s respective theories of (art’s) aura in the age of technological reproducibility, which I relate to Jacques Rancière’s more recent discussion of the ‘pensive image,’ and I focus my reading on a number of works by Susan Hiller (photographs), John Constable (paintings), Alfred Stieglitz (photographs), and Tacita Dean (photograph and 16mm film).

Théâtre du Grand-Guignol : Les mécanismes de la peur dans deux pièces du théâtre médical d’André de Lorde et Alfred BinetL’Obsession et Une leçon à la Salpêtrière .

Le Grand-Guignol n’a reçu que peu d’attention critique sérieuse jusqu’à la fin des années 1980. Ce petit théâtre a pendant 65 ans, de 1897 à 1962, offert des pièces d’un genre nouveau mêlant terreur, violence et souvent érotisme. Le succès était au rendez-vous et le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol est longtemps resté une attraction incontournable de Paris. Les pièces choisies pour ce mémoire sont issues de ce répertoire et ont cela de particulier qu’elles ont été écrites en collaboration entre un écrivain, André de Lorde, et un psychologue, Alfred Binet. Malgré leurs différences, ces pièces ont une constante, un point commun : elles suscitent toutes la peur chez le spectateur. C’est précisément la façon dont Binet et de Lorde établissent cette peur à travers leurs pièces qui sera l’objet d’étude de ce mémoire. Ce mémoire se limite à l’analyse de deux œuvres en particulier : L’Obsession, et Une leçon à la Salpêtrière. Appréhender la notion de peur dans une œuvre théâtrale impose de réfléchir non seulement aux thèmes développés mais également à la construction dramatique du récit et à sa mise en scène. Dans le cas spécifique d’une pièce Grand-Guignol, il y aura une dimension supplémentaire à inclure : ce que l’on peut appeler « l’expérience Grand-Guignol ». De quelles façons le fait même d’aller voir une pièce dans ce théâtre participait-il à l’anticipation et au sentiment de peur nécessaire à l’efficacité des pièces ?  Après un bref rappel de l’histoire du Grand-Guignol, les causes externes comme le quartier de Montmartre, mais aussi les habiles coups publicitaires des premiers directeurs artistiques ainsi que la configuration du théâtre lui-même sont étudiées pour montrer comment elles ont largement contribué à créer un véritable mythe autour du Grand-Guignol. Dans la deuxième partie, une analyse spécifique des deux pièces mentionnées précédemment est faite. Les questions suivantes ont été posées : sur quels thèmes pouvaient bien jouer les auteurs pour toucher leur public ? En quoi ces thèmes reflétaient-ils les peurs de l’époque, c’est-à-dire de la « Belle Epoque » ? Dans la dernière partie, une analyse textuelle et scénique a été faite au cours de laquelle il a été tenté de comprendre comment les auteurs provoquent et entretiennent la peur et l’angoisse à travers à la fois la construction dramatique des pièces et leurs jeux de scène.

À beira de um ataque de nervos: um dia na vida de executivos em São Paulo

Ainda que existam pesquisas sobre as funções dos executivos desde 1938 e, ainda que estes trabalhos já tenham desmistificado as atividades cotidianas destes profissionais, o mundo organizacional insiste em atribuir uma aura cheia de glamour ao trabalho de altos executivos. O número de pesquisas acadêmicas realizadas sobre este tema nos anos 80 e 90 não foi muito elevado, mas os recentes escândalos financeiros e as mudanças radicais nas empresas, fizeram ressurgir o interesse sobre o trabalho destes profissionais Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar como vivem e trabalham altos executivos em São Paulo, a partir de observação participante de um dia de trabalho de 10 altos executivos. Este relatório foi organizado da seguinte forma: na primeira parte apresenta-se uma revisão dos principais estudos sobre as funções dos executivos; na segunda parte, o trabalho de campo: o acompanhamento, a observação e o registro das atividades realizadas por estes executivos durante um dia típico de trabalho bem como as respostas obtidas a partir de entrevista semi-estruturada sobre aspectos do uso do tempo, funções e vida familiar dos participantes desta amostra, entrevista esta que foi conduzida ao final do acompanhamento do dia de trabalho. Na terceira parte, são discutidos os dados obtidos: ainda que a vida destas pessoas esteja absolutamente centrada em atividades de trabalho, não é possível dizer que elas estejam à beira de um ataque de nervos. Como estão no topo da carreira, seu trabalho consiste na cobrança dos resultados dos funcionários que estão sob seu comando e na construção de redes de relacionamentos que facilitam e ajudam a consolidar e a manter sua posição. Também foi possível observar que os executivos de empresas brasileiras dispõem de maior autonomia no estabelecimento de políticas e tomadas de decisão em comparação com executivos de empresas multinacionais. Além disso, apesar das supostas alterações decorrentes da globalização, nossos resultados não mostram diferenças significativas em relação a trabalhos realizados há mais de 50 anos.

Meus mortos, meus vivos : diálogos com a gravura e a memória

Dividida em dois capítulos, a presente dissertação propõe uma reflexão sobre questões pertinentes à gravura, mais especificamente à litografia, a partir da produção de obras realizadas entre os anos 2000 e 2002 e de seu processo criativo. Gravura, nesta pesquisa, refere-se à linguagem e ao conceito de impressão, deslocando-se de sua função reprodutora em direção ao lugar de obra singular, única. Partindo deste eixo, os conceitos de impressão, memória, aura e sagrado, e as diversas ações que se relacionam à prática da gravura, dialogam com o conceito de identidade vinculado ao retrato e auto-retrato. Neste diálogo, são apresentados aspectos referentes à cultura judaica, seus costumes e rituais. A utilização da fotografia como apropriação, produzindo relações de aproximação e afastamento com a litografia, construíram obras que suscitaram indagações e reflexões a partir de sua instauração, enriquecendo o processo de construção deste texto, que tem como fio condutor o constante interrogar.

A língua estrangeira e sua inclusão no currículo da educação do povo: necessária ou supérflua ?

Este trabalho propõe-se a pesquisa~ os critérios que impelem os legi~ ladores a determinar a adoção ou a supressão da língua estrangeira nos currículos escolare~; identificar as ideologias que servem de suporte a estes critérios; analisar os objetivos da educação formal e determinar o grau de importância do aprendizado da língua estrangeira na consecuçao destes objetivos. Considerando-se os valores que definiram ,os tipos de educação privil~ giados pela sociedade brasileira nas diferentes fases da sua evolução, le vantou-se a seguinte hipótese: o ensino da língua estrangeira tem sido vinculado ao modelo político-econõmico em vigor. Sua adoção ou supressão articula-se com as ideologias que legitimam e sustentam a hegemonia das classes dominantes. Para comprovar esta hipótese, fez-se um levantamento histórico da edu cação no Brasil Çolonial, Imperial e Republicano e sua divisão em perío - dos. Procedeu~se' a uma caracterização político~econômica e sócio-cultural de cada período, identificando-se as ideologias dominantes e suas articulações com a educação. Definiram-se os saberes dominantes superiores e i!!, feri ores , os critérios estabelecidos pelas classes hegemônicas para a transmissão dos mesmos e suas vinculações com o aprendizado da língua estrangeira. Tratou-se da omissão de educação, a partir da impostura do discurso dos detentores do poder decisório, proclamando valores que nao correspondiam ao seu pensamento e sua ação reais; e do caminho percorrido do "humanismo" à "tecnologia", no ensino das línguas estrangeiras, do seu papel de divulgadoras de idéias à transmissão de ideologias. Procurou-se estabelecer de que modo a herança histórica plasmou nosso presente, no d~ IDÍnio da educação, desde o colonialismo até à construção da identidade n~ cional. Identificaram-se razões que recomendam a diversidade de oferta e aprendizado de varias línguas estrangeiras, como componentes, entre outras disciplinas consideradas "supérfluas", da formação do patrimônio intelectual e cultural de cada indivíduo e da corrn.midade como um todo. Conclui-se denunciando os mecanismos adotados pelas classes hegeIDÔnicas para impedir o crescimento educacional do povo, a fim de que este não se torne uma ameaça a esta hegemonia. Como propostas de solução,serão publicadas duas pesquisas j á realizadas: problema quantidade de efetivos 2Lqualidade de ensino da língua estrangeira e o domínio da língua materna x a organização do pensamento x as possibilidades de produção na língua estrangeira.

O lugar do tempo : experiência e tradição em Walter Benjamin

A presente dissertação versa sobre o conceito de experiência em Walter Benjamin. Discute, por conseguinte, a relação que esse conceito mantém com a tradição, a memória, a arte, o tempo, a história e a linguagem no corpus filosófico do autor em questão. Essa constelação de conceitos mantém estreita relação com a religião e a antropologia. Nesse sentido, o texto procura investigar, para além do conhecimento filosófico do autor, as referências antropológicas que constituiriam o substrato místico e político do pensamento benjaminiano sobre a experiência. Walter Benjamin é um pensador da modernidade, escreve a partir dela e para ela. A literatura, como forma de expressão histórica, é basicamente a modalidade artística por intermédio da qual o “filósofo da aura” lê o tempo, a história. A experiência estética, por seu turno, representa o termo em que se sintetiza no autor a modificação da experiência enquanto tal na era moderna. Como crítico cuidadoso da cultura, Benjamin é também seu maior protetor.

O processo de criação do programa Universidade para Todos - PROUNI

From the end of the 80s, the Brazilian higher education experience strong growth, coming from the private sector, which would intensify further in the late 90th Higher education has become a lucrative business. With a drop in the number of students entering and strong competition, the number of idle places in private institutions of higher education reached 49.5% in 2004. That same year, by Measure, was the University for All Program (PROUNI) program, to include high school students from public higher education, offering scholarships to those students in private HEIs. In exchange, the IES gain tax exemption. The objective of this research is to investigate the game of interest occurred in the formulation of this program and identify the model and the political game and has led to the creation of PROUNI, analyzing the process occurred since the wording of a bill, the issue of Measure Law and that the legitimacy PROUNI, with the most important changes made initial model. Since the first draft of the Law to the final Act, the PROUNI was disfigured in its main points, as the percentage of stock for paying students, the process of selection of stock and bond of the IES program. Throughout the process of creating the program, it is quite clear the performance of the institutions representing the private higher education. As reference for the analysis was based on Rational Choice Theory of Political Science. The basic argument of the methods based on rational choice is the maximization of the benefit will be the main motivation of individuals, but they can give that your goals can be achieved more effectively through institutional action and thereby discover that their conduct is shaped by institutions. Thus, individuals rationally choose to get to a certain extent constrained to join in certain institutions, whether voluntarily or not. The PROUNI was submitted by government and public policy covered by the mystical aura of the discourse of social justice and economic development, as in higher education includes a stratum of people who would not have access to the university, due to restrictions in the supply network public higher education. However, the greatest benefit from the program are the private HEIs, which through a difficult time in a scenario marked by high competition and idleness of nearly half of the vacancies offered. The PROUNI became a program that prioritizes access and not the residence of the student to higher education. More serious than a supporting program for students Fellows is a program supporting the institutions of private education

Rodando a bolsinha: dinheiro e relações de prostituição

In this work a series of discussions is made on the relationship between money and prostitution in a way of overcoming its merely economic aspects, in the perception of both being social, cultural and historical phenomena, and taking them as symbols, whose study aids to unveil the reality. In this context it is looked for revealing its forms and contents to make it possible to understand them beyond the rationality, calculability and mathematical elements presents in them; beyond apparentness, taking them in their complexity. The discussions encompass theoretical elements, based especially on Georg Simmel s theoretical analyses, allied to a specific empirical frame that regards the life experience of the women of Praia do Meio, pedaço of the city of Natal-RN-Brazil, where the data were collected from. Fundamentally, prostitution is perceived as an exchange activity, which is not depleted in the economic elements, but, contrarily, starts on them and surpasses them in diverse aspects. It deals about a money-mediated relationship between human beings that possesses in itself a full complexity, which demands an accurate and keen attention to be comprehended. Since money has transformed the world and the men and women in it, the discussions in the text are conducted in a direction to attempt to encircle and understand the relationship between money and prostitution. Prostitution, in turn, aids to understand such a transformation as it is also a symbol of our times and it makes us to face the true essence of our society: the transformation of human beings into merchandise, into negotiable objects. In the money-based society it is possible to picture the phenomenon of double prostitution: negotiation of the human being, through labor, and negotiation of sex, the last being dramatically stigmatized and the former strongly encouraged. This may be demonstrating that the paid sex is, in the money-ruled society, a limit of commercialization, widely accepted provided it is camouflaged and surrounded by an aura of sensuality and legitimacy

Paisagens sonoras, tempos e autoformação

Les sociétés actuelles vivent des temps de vitesse, de l'individualisme, de l'absence d'enracinement historique: en harmonie avec le processus de formation de la civilisation du monde occidental contemporain profondément marqué par le paradigme de la globalisation. La pollution visuelle et sonore des grandes villes est, en même temps, l'expression de la pollution des sens et des affections humaines. En reflétant sur ce processus, la thèse discuter em faveur d'une formation réglée dans la logique du sensible qu'il a dans l'écouter près de la nature (Lévi-Strauss) un de leurs piliers épistémologiques ondamentales. Cette forme de penser et vivre reconnaît dans l'autoformation (Edgar Morin), et dans l'exercice de construction, par le sujet, de leurs propres paysages sonores (Murray Schafer), deux opérateurs cognitifs capables de nourrir les principes de la diversité, complexité, interdépendance et respect à la nature (Fritjof Capra). Dans le parcours argumentatif de la thèse gagnent emphase les savoirs de la tradition, les pratiques et les connaissances produites par les sociétés le plus proche de la nature qui, par des stratégies cognitives ouvertes et des polyphoniques, donnent importance aux facultés sensibles et à la complémentarité des deux itinéraires de la pensée: symbolique/mythologique/magique et empirique/technique/rationnel (Edgar Morin). Proche d'une perspective autobiographique, la thèse se présente dans la forme narrative d'un registre avec des évocations poétiques, philosophiques et musicales germées de l'écouter d'un paysage particulier, la Lagon du Piató, localisé dans la région de l'Assu (Rio Grande do Norte) et, en particulier, des récits et des évocations de mémoire d'un de leurs habitants auxlesquels nous pourrions appeler d'un philosophe de la nature , Francisco Lucas da Silva (Chico Lucas). Ensuite, ils sont décrits non-place (Marc-Augé) des scénarios métropolitains, en discutant ainsi les excès de pollution sonore, visuelle et de l'afection. En ayant comme estimé une éducation complexe ancrée dans non séparation il entre réforme de l'éducation et reforme de la pensée, de la formation et autoformation (Edgar Morin), à la fin, la thèse propose des ateliers d'expérimentation de l'écouter sensible entre des jeunes et des enfants sur le contexte scolaire, en pariant dans les futures générations (Ilya Prigogine) pour la reconstruction d'un monde plus juste et solidaire

Natal como destino turístico : um estudo das imagens (re)veladas pela mídia, pelos turistas e suas implicações educacionais e culturais

This thesis is a result of a research on Natal/RN as a tourist destination. We understand that cities are chosen as tourist destinations beyond its cartographic localization, from other dimensions of meanings that, in its set, constitute images. These images are, probably, very different of the images constructed by native and resident populations, who possess relations of identity with the place. The knowledge of the meanings that others attribute to this city as tourist destination, bring us near to the symbolic bonds established by individuals or social groups on the act of their choices, as well as bring us near to the interaction process city-tourists where the expectations are confirmed or not. The images divulgated by the media also participate of the complex formation of the tourist image that is being constructed and available for the different public, in different social contexts. The tourism constitutes a symbolic asset of the modern society, being considered by the studious, as one of the most expressive phenomena of the modernity, for involving each year displacement and the interaction of thousand of people of different cultures in the entire world. All this people s mobilization points to practical social related to personal motivations, to the entailed desired to the idea to travel and to exceed borders. It is already consensus that tourism is a phenomenon of economic growth, generating jobs, income, professional, qualification, bringing improvements for the host cities. Since 1995, in Brazil, the tourism as a sector of the economy, passed to be considered one of the national priorities, and in this perspective, the national politics of the tourism invested in infrastructure of Brazilian cities with high tourist potential, objecting to increase the flows of Brazilian and foreign tourists. Owing to this fact, the country still invests in programs of tourist marketing, mainly divulging the images of the natural beauties of Brazil abroad. And for Brazilians, the campaigns appeal to rescue the feeling to be Brazilian, associating the idea to travel and know its country. Natal city possesses an excellent positioning in the tourist marketing, being predominantly divulgated in national and international level, for its naturalistic singularity, where the images of its natural enchantments as warm water beaches, white dunes, warm weather, constant breeze and an always blue sky are shown as the favorite scene on this city. From what was viewed above that the choice of a tourist destination articulates from a determined imaginary of a place, already constructed or in process of construction, we consider the knowledge of this imaginary a basic learning for the population of the city and especially, for educators, in the formation of professionals in this area and for tourism managers, elaborators of public politics. Based on this estimative, we developed this research that had as a general objective to identify the images that illustrate Natal city as a tourist destination - our objective of study, particularly the meanings and senses attributed by the tourist marketing (hotel s folders) and by the tourists that visited the city during this study. The discussions and reflections that had guided this research had been given from the theoretical link between imaginary and social representation, also considering some interfaces between the fields of communication and symbol. From the studied authors, Baczko (1985) clarifies that the study of social imaginary is directed for the mechanisms and structures of the social life, especially for the intervention accomplishes and efficient of the representations and symbols in the practical collectives, as well as in its direction and orientation . Following this same thought, Moscovici (1978) says that the social representation are produced in communicational and symbolic contexts, and these representations once that already constituted circulate socially as almost tangible entities. Based on this fundament and on the analyze of Barthes (1990), particularly in the approach given to the reading of photographic image, we could observe on hotel s folders that each page evidences senses and meanings of functionality of internal and external spaces, pointing to the way of leisure offered by the keepers of city which is the hotels. About, the leisure that they offer, it is directed to young public, giving meaning to the young myth of personalized leisure tourism on children, young and adults images. The image about security that hotels offer and the singular image of Natal city as a paradise place, provide an idealization of pleasure through the sun, dunes, and beaches and also due to the hospitability of the natives who are assigned as educated . For the tourist that participated on this research, Natal city is tied only by the imaginary of leisure and nature which constitute the emotional link of the relation media-city-tourist. And with such force and fullness of directions the city discloses without tensions and contradictions as a place protected by a mythical and sacred aura. The study also demonstrates us that the potiguar culture remains (almost) forgotten, due to the silenced in this imaginary. In this perspective, we highlight that this culture silence is very close related to the disvalue of education in its general meaning. We defend that the imaginary apprehended constitutes a new reading and a new looking and understanding the tourist reality that comes historically consolidating in this city. In this direction, we glimpse that this study and its future dismemberments can collaborate with the process of rescue the cultural values of the potiguar people, in the way that the meaning of tourist may be redefined, and the tourist image of the city can be also disclosed for its identities particularities of its culture

A educação do leitor em Machado de Assis: da crítica literária às Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas

Les textes de critique littéraire de Machado de Assis montrent la préoccupation de l'auteur avec le lecteur; mais c'est dans l'oeuvre Memorias Postumas de Brás Cubas que le lecteur aura une participation décisive dans la structure du roman.

Critical analysis of the international classification of headache disorders diagnostic criteria (ICHD I-1988) and (ICHD II-2004), for migraine in children and adolescents

The present study analyzed the (ICHD I-1988) and ( ICHD II-2004) diagnostic criteria in children and adolescents. Our population consisted of 496 patients of the Headache Outpatient Ward for Children and Adolescents retrospectively studied from 1992 to 2002. Individuals were classified according to three diagnostic groups: Intuitive Clinical Diagnosis ( Gold Standard), ICHD I-1988 and ICHD II-2004. They were statistically compared using the variables: Sensitivity ( S), Specificity (Sp), Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV). When ICHD I-1988 was used, the sensitivity of migraine without and with aura was 21% and 27%, respectively, whereas in ICHD II-2004 it changed to 53% and 71% without affecting specificity. As a conclusion, the current classification criteria ( ICHD II-2004) showed greater sensitivity and high specificity for migraine than ICHD I-1988, although it improved migraine diagnosis in children and adolescents, the sensitivity remains poor.

Cultura pedagógica e formação de professores: a biblioteca da escola normal de Piracicaba (1911-1920)

Cet article a pour objet la Bibliothèque de l'École Normale de Piracicaba, à l'intérieur de São Paulo, entre les années 1911 et 1920, parce qu'elle représente un lieu de formation d'enseignants et organisation de culture pédagogique. Cette Bibliothèque qui a été constituée au long du cycle de vie de l'École Complémentaire de Piracicaba (1896-1911) et officialisée à partir de 1911 aura le rôle d'organiser et disséminer une certaine culture pédagogique en raison de sélectionner, trier et distribuer un ensemble de connaissances propres à la profession enseignante. Elle symbolise un espace de formation de l'enseignant de l'École Normale et de l'élève-lecteur. L'étude de la culture pédagogique se concentre sur l'analyse de cette bibliothèque.

O estranho testamento de um vigário de província: as memórias de Jean Meslier

En 1762, Voltaire publie un petit livre intitulé Extraits des sentiments de Jean Meslier. Il s'agit d'um abregé des Mémoires de Jean Meslier qui circulaient comme littérature clandestine dans la première moitié du XVIIIe, siècle, sous forme de copies manuscrites. L'interêt de Voltaire pour ces Mémoires est compréhensible. Elles dénoncent toute religion comme imposture et fausseté et annoncent une philosophie matérialiste et athéiste. Quel rôle cet obscur vicaire de province aura exercé dans la constitution de la philosophie des lumières?

Ten years of NO2 comparisons between ground-based SAOZ and satellite instruments (GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI)

SAOZ (Systeme d'Analyse par Observations Zenithales) is a ground-based UV-Visible zenith-sky spectrometer installed between 1988 and 1995 at a number of NDSC stations at various latitudes on the globe. The instrument is providing ozone and NO2 vertical columns at sunrise and sunset using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) technique in the visible spectral range. The ERS-2 GOME Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) in 1995 was the first satellite mission to provide a global picture of atmospheric NO 2 with reasonable spatial and temporal resolution. It was then followed by SCanning ImAging spectroMeter for Atmospheric ChartographY (SCIAMACHY) onboard ENVISAT in 2002, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard EOS-AURA in 2004, with a similar capacity to monitor total NO 2. All these instruments are nadir viewing mapping spectrometers, applying the DOAS technique in the visible for deriving the NO2 total column. Here we present the results of NO2 long-term comparisons between GOME and SAOZ for the whole period of GOME operation since 1995 at all latitudes - tropics, mid-latitudes and polar regions - in both hemispheres. Comparisons are also shown with the most recently available SCIAMACHY and OMI data in 2004-2005. Overall, the daytime satellite measurements (around noon) are found consistent with sunrise ground-based data, with an average smaller difference at the tropics and mid-latitudes than in the polar areas in the summer. The agreement is even improved after correcting for the NO2 photochemical change between sunrise and the satellite overpass using a box model. However, some seasonal dependence of the difference between ground-based and satellite total NO2 still remains, related to the accuracy of photochemical simulations and the set of NO2 air mass factors used in the retrievals of both systems.