Rasgos significativos de la oralidad en la narrativa breve hispanoamericana: Juan Rulfo

El presente trabajo se inscribe dentro de un amplio campo de estudio dedicado al análisis de la oralidad fingida en la literatura y su principal objetivo es ofrecer una nueva perspectiva posible acerca del estudio de las técnicas narrativas utilizadas en la redacción de los cuentos del volumen de Juan Rulfo El Llano en llamas. La propuesta central intentará mostrar que la oralidad del lenguaje empleado en los relatos no reside exclusivamente en el uso de las múltiples estrategias que permiten trasladar elementos del habla al medio escrito, sino que es de carácter más universal. Mediante el análisis detallado de los relatos que considero más significativos se buscará la evocación de la sonoridad a través de las imágenes visuales y auditivas presentes en los textos, lo que permitiría al lector recrear en su imaginación las voces de los personajes y de los narradores. Cabe subrayar que esta propuesta de análisis no intenta limitarse exclusivamente a los cuentos de Juan Rulfo, sino que constituye un posible modelo aplicable a otros textos narrativos. Es difícil por su complejidad y, en cierta medida, un objetivo utópico el intento de abordar la revisión de toda la bibliografía existente relacionada con la oralidad y la escritura, razón por la cual en este estudio se propondrá una selección de los trabajos más significativos y, sobre todo, los más representativos para el asunto de esta tesis...

Viability of irrigation by porous capsule method in arid and semi-arid regions.

This paper presents the results of four field experiments carried out with the objetive of evaluating the feaibility of irrigation by porous capsule method, from 1979 to 1983, at Bebedouro Experiment Station, EMBRAPA-CPATSA, Petrolina, PE, Brazil. The irrigation system consisted of fulcrum of cone shaped porous capsules, interconnected with conduit pipe and installed in the soil at equidistance and 0.10 m deep along contour lines. The hydrostatic pressures studies did not significantly influence the crop yield, but influenced, at 0.10 level, the daily water release from porous unit. The mean yields for watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Shard), var. Charleston Gray, for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) var. Valenciano Amarelo, and for maize (Zea mays L.), var. Centralmex, estimated in ton/2,500 units/ha or in cobs/2,500 units/ha, were 28.5, 10 and 17,500, respectively. The water consumption for watermelon, musk melon and maize was, respectively, 60 mm, 60 mm and 100 mm in a deep sandy yellow-red latosol. The cost of the system was US$ 1.677,41/ha.

ADAPTABILIDAD DE LAS FAMILIAS AGRÍCOLAS ANTE PRESIONES ECONÓMICAS Y ECOLÓGICAS: UN CASO DE CAFÉ DE ALTURA EN LEÓN CORTÉS, COSTA RICA

Resumen Los medios de vida de las familias productoras de café de altura están ligados a la finca. Esta relación tan marcada (familia – finca) los hace vulnerables a presiones externas que alteran el funcionamiento cotidiano interno de la unidad productiva. Dentro de estas presiones externas se encuentran los bajos precios, efectos climáticos y plagas en el cafetal. El artículo busca identificar los impactos que ejercen dichas presiones sobre los medios de vida de las familias cafetaleras del cantón de León Cortés, además se intenta mostrar las estrategias que han seguido estas unidades familiares para poder soportar y reponerse a los impactos generados por el clima, las plagas y la inestabilidad de precios del café. Las familias han generado diversas “estrategias de adaptación” en relación con los precios bajos, las organizaciones de productores han buscado nuevas alternativas de comercialización del café, tales como mercado justo y denominación de origen; además, han buscado la generación de un mayor valor agregado mediante la diversificación del producto final enfocado al café de calidad y a la presentación de café molido. Por su parte, las unidades familiares han buscado alternativas de diversificación como la siembra de aguacate. Para combatir las plagas los productores se han enfocado en la introducción de prácticas de conservación de suelos, mejorar sistemas de recolección e introducir sombra en los cultivos; el combate químico también ha sido una estrategia. Por último, la presión del clima no había sido muy tomada en cuenta por los caficultores de la zona, sin embargo, la Tormenta Alma sufrida en el año 2008 hizo que los caficultores comenzaran a pensar en un manejo adecuado y sostenible de la finca que minimice el riesgo climático. Abstract Livelihoods of family coffee growers are strongly determined by their farm. This makes families vulnerable to external shocks that affect the operations in the plot. Within these external shocks are included low prices, pests, and climate effects on the plantation. This paper aims to identify the impact of the aforementioned shocks on family coffee grower livelihoods in the canton of León Cortés. For this purpose, the article shows the strategies followed by families in order to support and recover themselves from the impact which come from climate, pests, and coffee price instability. Families have pursued various “adapting strategies”. Regarding low prices, producers' organizations have sought coffee marketing alternatives, such as fair trade and appellation of origin. Likewise, they work on increasing added value through diversification, improving coffee quality, and by a better packaging of ground coffee. Also, households have sought diversification options, such as avocado production. In order to combat pests, producers have focused on the introduction of soil conservation practices, improvement of collection systems, growing trees on coffee plantations, and chemical control. Finally, climate shocks had not been considered as a real problem by the farmers until the storm Alma affected the region. Nowadays, they think more about sound and sustainable management for their farm.

Narrativa de tradición oral maya-tojolabal

For this research, a literary study of the oral tradition in the Maya-Tojolabal culture was carried out through an examination of a collection of 37 texts. The texts were audiovisually recorded through interviews with 17 Tojolabal informants from six communities in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. The Maya-Tojolabal people, found in the southeast of Chiapas, speak one of the Mayan languages of Mexico. One of their cultural expressions is traditional narrative, which is constituted by several versions of stories that men and women with expertise in traditional storytelling maintain alive. However, this oral tradition has been neglected by academia, and the very few studies on this tradition are primarily focused on either the historical, anthropological or linguistic aspects. The literary approach to this phenomenon has largely been relegated to articles that do not offer the possibility of any critical formalsemantic study of the stories that they publish. Nonetheless, there are some exceptional cases, which are considered in detail in this research. Like any collective art, the narrative in the Tojolabal oral tradition manifests in various forms, meanings, and mechanisms that are shared by all members of the community. In addition to being an artistic expression, the narratives are also a reflection of the values and beliefs shared by the group...

Teacher’s Role in the Promotion of Two Emotional Intelligence Competencies in Fifth-Grade Children

This paper presents the results of a qualitative study aimed at analyzing the teacher’s role in promoting awareness and management of emotions in fifth-graders, as competencies of emotional intelligence. This resulted in a very significant study since, from the psychopedagogic perspective, it aims at breaking with the traditional role of teachers exclusively focused on transmitting knowledge, leaving aside the much-needed emotional support. Children demonstrated a poor vocabulary, as well as difficulty to identify some emotions and differentiate between them. This means a limitation for children to be aware of their own emotions and to control them.  As a conclusion, it is important to maximize the emotional capacities of students; it should be a primary task in the education centers, where teachers play a key role as a model and as a promoter of emotional intelligence.