Pobreza y privaciones múltiples en la infancia en Uruguay

El estudio multidimensional de la pobreza ha ganado espacio en diversos ámbitos en la última década. Por un lado, en el ámbito académico han evolucionado los desarrollos conceptuales sobre el bienestar de los individuos y sus dimensiones, y, de la mano de ello, la construcción de mediciones que las toman en cuenta. Por otro lado, algunos países han avanzado en las mediciones multidimensionales como medidas oficiales de pobreza, o están avanzando en consensos para llevarlas a cabo con el objetivo de orientar las políticas públicas. Además, en diversos países se utiliza el enfoque multidimensional en diferentes estudios elaborados por los gobiernos, aun cuando no tengan el estatus de mediciones oficiales. En Uruguay, si bien la medida oficial de pobreza es la monetaria, cada vez existen más estimaciones complementarias, elaboradas tanto en la academia como en el Estado, que incorporan otras dimensiones (Arim y Vigorito, 2007; mides, 2013; Castillo y Colombo, 2014). De hecho, la reducción de la pobreza monetaria tornó más importantes estas medidas multidimensionales en el diseño de las políticas sociales, porque dan cuenta de privaciones específicas en determinados grupos de población y dimensiones, lo que permite mejorar la focalización.

Crianças e adolescentes entre a norma e a lei: uma análise foucaultiana

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Os indicadores da qualidade na educação infantil e sua aplicabilidade

Este estudo teve como objetivo experiênciar a aplicabilidade dos Indicadores da Qualidade na Educação Infantil, documento elaborado pelo Ministério da Educação e Cultura (MEC) em 2009, por meio da Secretaria de Educação Básica e em parceria com a ação Educativa, a Fundação ORSA, a União Nacional dos Dirigentes Municipais de Educação (UNDIME) e o Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF). Observamos a possibilidade de utilização na avaliação de uma escola de educação infantil e sua contribuição para a efetiva melhoria da qualidade do ensino da instituição. Utilizamos na realização da pesquisa, uma abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, utilizando como instrumentos de coleta de dados, os questionários e levantamento bibliográfico, em uma escola pública de Educação Infantil do município de Rio Claro/SP, onde aplicamos os indicadores da qualidade. Posteriormente os dados coletados foram analisados para análise e elucidação das possibilidades e desafios da aplicação dos Indicadores da Qualidade na Educação Infantile também sua potencialidade como instrumento de avaliação da qualidade da escola

O sistema da ONU e as crianças-soldado: convergências e divergências nas abordagens sobre crianças e conflitos armados

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Involvement of TSSA (trypomastigote small surface antigen) in Trypanosoma cruzi invasion of mammalian cells

TSSA (trypomastigote small surface antigen) is a polymorphic mucin-like molecule displayed on the surface of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote forms. To evaluate its functional properties, we undertook comparative biochemical and genetic approaches on isoforms present in parasite stocks from extant evolutionary lineages (CL Brener and Sylvio X-10). We show that CL Brener TSSA, but not the Sylvio X-10 counterpart, exhibits dose-dependent and saturable binding towards non-macrophagic cell lines. This binding triggers Ca2+-based signalling responses in the target cell while providing an anchor for the invading parasite. Accordingly, exogenous addition of either TSSA-derived peptides or specific antibodies significantly inhibits invasion of CL Brener, but not Sylvio X-10, trypomastigotes. Non-infective epimastigote forms, which do not express detectable levels of TSSA, were stably transfected with TSSA cDNA from either parasite stock. Although both transfectants produced a surface-associated mucin-like TSSA product, epimastigotes expressing CL Brener TSSA showed a similar to 2-fold increase in their attachment to mammalian cells. Overall, these findings indicate that CL Brener TSSA functions as a parasite adhesin, engaging surface receptor(s) and inducing signalling pathways on the host cell as a prerequisite for parasite internalization. More importantly, the contrasting functional features of TSSA isoforms provide one appealing mechanism underlying the differential infectivity of T. cruzi stocks.

The double task of preventing malnutrition and overweight: a quasi-experimental community-based trial

Background: The Maternal-Child Pastoral is a volunteer-based community organization of the Dominican Republic that works with families to improve child survival and development. A program that promotes key practices of maternal and child care through meetings with pregnant women and home visits to promote child growth and development was designed and implemented. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the program on nutritional status indicators of children in the first two years of age. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used, with groups paired according to a socioeconomic index, comparing eight geographical areas of intervention with eight control areas. The intervention was carried out by lay health volunteers. Mothers in the intervention areas received home visits each month and participated in a group activity held biweekly during pregnancy and monthly after birth. The primary outcomes were length and body mass index for age. Statistical analyses were based on linear and logistic regression models. Results: 196 children in the intervention group and 263 in the control group were evaluated. The intervention did not show statistically significant effects on length, but point estimates found were in the desired direction: mean difference 0.21 (95%CI −0.02; 0.44) for length-for-age Z-score and OR 0.50 (95%CI 0.22; 1.10) for stunting. Significant reductions of BMI-for-age Z-score (−0.31, 95%CI −0.49; -0.12) and of BMI-for-age > 85th percentile (0.43, 95%CI 0.23; 0.77) were observed. The intervention showed positive effects in some indicators of intermediary factors such as growth monitoring, health promotion activities, micronutrient supplementation, exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding. Conclusions: Despite finding effect measures pointing to effects in the desired direction related to malnutrition, we could only detect a reduction in the risk of overweight attributable to the intervention. The findings related to obesity prevention may be of interest in the context of the nutritional transition. Given the size of this study, the results are encouraging and we believe a larger study is warranted.

Systematics of the Oswaldoi Complex (Anopheles, Nyssorhynchus) in South America

Abstract Background Effective malaria control relies on accurate identification of those Anopheles mosquitoes responsible for the transmission of Plasmodium parasites. Anopheles oswaldoi s.l. has been incriminated as a malaria vector in Colombia and some localities in Brazil, but not ubiquitously throughout its Neotropical range. This evidence together with variable morphological characters and genetic differences supports that An. oswaldoi s.l. compromises a species complex. The recent fully integrated redescription of An. oswaldoi s.s. provides a solid taxonomic foundation from which to molecularly determine other members of the complex. Methods DNA sequences of the Second Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2 - rDNA) (n = 192) and the barcoding region of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI - mtDNA) (n = 110) were generated from 255 specimens of An. oswaldoi s.l. from 33 localities: Brazil (8 localities, including the lectotype series of An. oswaldoi), Ecuador (4), Colombia (17), Trinidad and Tobago (1), and Peru (3). COI sequences were analyzed employing the Kimura-two-parameter model (K2P), Bayesian analysis (MrBayes), Mixed Yule-Coalescent model (MYC, for delimitation of clusters) and TCS genealogies. Results Separate and combined analysis of the COI and ITS2 data sets unequivocally supported four separate species: two previously determined (An. oswaldoi s.s. and An. oswaldoi B) and two newly designated species in the Oswaldoi Complex (An. oswaldoi A and An. sp. nr. konderi). The COI intra- and inter-specific genetic distances for the four taxa were non-overlapping, averaging 0.012 (0.007 to 0.020) and 0.052 (0.038 to 0.064), respectively. The concurring four clusters delineated by MrBayes and MYC, and four independent TCS networks, strongly confirmed their separate species status. In addition, An. konderi of Sallum should be regarded as unique with respect to the above. Despite initially being included as an outgroup taxon, this species falls well within the examined taxa, suggesting a combined analysis of these taxa would be most appropriate. Conclusions: Through novel data and retrospective comparison of available COI and ITS2 DNA sequences, evidence is shown to support the separate species status of An. oswaldoi s.s., An. oswaldoi A and An. oswaldoi B, and at least two species in the closely related An. konderi complex (An. sp. nr. konderi, An. konderi of Sallum). Although An. oswaldoi s.s. has never been implicated in malaria transmission, An. oswaldoi B is a confirmed vector and the new species An. oswaldoi A and An. sp. nr. konderi are circumstantially implicated, most likely acting as secondary vectors.

Tecniche di risparmio idrico a livello locale e mondiale. Approfondimento sulle buone pratiche agricole per un uso sostenibile dell'acqua

Oltre un miliardo di persone non ha oggi accesso all’acqua potabile; più di due miliardi è il numero di coloro che vivono in condizioni igienico-sanitarie realmente proibitive. Sono 80 i paesi nel mondo (con il 40% della popolazione totale) in cui si riscontra difficoltà di approvvigionamento e presenza di risorse idriche che mancano dei requisiti che dovrebbero essere assicurati per la tutela della salute: quotidianamente e sistematicamente il diritto di accesso all’acqua, che nessun individuo dovrebbe vedersi negato, viene violato. Scarsità di acqua e non omogenea distribuzione sulla superficie terrestre sono fattori che concorrono alla crisi della risorsa, cui contribuiscono processsi di natura ambientale (cambiamenti climatici, desertificazione), di natura economica (le sorti dell’industria agroalimentare, la globalizzazione degli scambi, il bisogno crescente di energia), di natura sociale (migrazioni, urbanizzazione, crescita demografica, epidemie), di natura culturale (passaggio dal rurale all’urbano, dall’agricoltura di sussistenza a quella di profitto). Nell’ottica di uno sviluppo sostenibile un aumento indiscriminato dell’offerta non può costituire soluzione al continuo incremento della domanda di acqua. Si rende pertanto necessaria la definizione di politiche e strumenti di cambiamento nei modelli di consumo e nella pianificazione che consentano una riduzione degli squilibri nella distribuzione e nella gestione della risorsa a livello domestico e civile, industriale, agricolo. L’uso efficiente, e quindi sostenibile, dell’acqua è da perseguirsi secondo le modalità: • Risparmio, inteso come minore consumo di acqua all’inizio del ciclo. • Riciclo dell’acqua in circuito chiuso, inteso come riuso dell’acqua di scarico, o uso multiplo dell’acqua. Una idonea utilizzazione dipende da una idonea progettazione, che abbia come finalità: • La destinazione in via prioritaria delle fonti e delle risorse di più elevata qualità agli usi idropotabili, con una graduale sostituzione del consumo per altri usi con risorse di minore pregio. • La regolamentazione dell’uso delle acque sotterranee, mediante la limitazione del ricorso all’impiego di pozzi solo in mancanza di forniture alternative per uso civile, industriale, agricolo. • L’incentivazione ad un uso razionale della risorsa, anche mediante l’attuazione di idonee politiche tariffarie. • L’aumento dell’efficienza delle reti di adduzione e distribuzione, sia civili che irrigue. • La promozione di uso efficiente, riciclo e recupero di acqua nell’industria. • Il miglioramento dell’efficienza ed efficacia delle tecniche di irrigazione. • La promozione del riutilizzo delle acque nei vari settori. • La diffusione nella pratica domestica di apparati e tecnologie progettati per la riduzione degli sprechi e dei consumi di acqua. In ambito agricolo la necessità di un uso parsimonioso della risorsa impone il miglioramento dell’efficienza irrigua, pari appena al 40%. La regione Emilia Romagna a livello locale, Israele a livello internazionale, forniscono ottimi esempi in termini di efficacia dei sistemi di trasporto e di distribuzione, di buona manutenzione delle strutture. Possibili soluzioni verso le quali orientare la ricerca a livello mondiale per arginare la progressiva riduzione delle riserve idriche sono: • Revisione dei costi idrici. • Recupero delle riserve idriche. • Raccolta dell’acqua piovana. • Miglioramento degli impianti di distribuzione idrica. • Scelta di metodi di coltivazione idonei alle caratteristiche locali. • Scelta di colture a basso fabbisogno idrico. • Conservazione della risorsa attraverso un sistema di irrigazione efficiente. • Opere di desalinizzazione. • Trasferimento idrico su vasta scala da un’area all’altra. Si tratta di tecniche la cui attuazione può incrementare la disponibilità media pro capite di acqua, in particolare di coloro i quali non ne posseggono in quantità sufficiente per bere o sono privi di sistemi igienico-sanitari sufficienti.

Kindesmisshandlung: Behandlung von psychischen Störungen im Zusammenhang mit Gewalt an Kindern

Auszug Im November 2006 stellten die Vereinten Nationen (UN) den jüngsten von einem unabhängigen Experten erstellten internationalen Bericht zu Gewalt an Kindern vor, wonach im Jahre 2002 weltweit schätzungsweise 53.000 Kinder durch Totschlag starben sowie 150 Mio. Mädchen und 73 Mio. Jungen unter 18 Jahren Opfer sexueller Misshandlungen wurden. In 31 von 200 Staaten sind körperliche Strafen von Auspeitschen bis Amputationen erlaubt und in knapp der Hälfte der Staaten ist die Körperstrafe an Schulen erlaubt (Pinheiro 2006). In Deutschland und Großbritannien sterben pro Woche zwei, in Frankreich drei, in Japan vier und in USA 27 Kinder an Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung. In einer vorangegangen Studie der UNICEF, dem Kinderhilfswerk der Vereinten Nationen, wurde festgestellt, dass in den reichen Ländern auf 100.000 Kinder jährlich zwischen 0, 1 und 3, 7 Kinder unter 15 Jahren als Folge von Misshandlung oder Vernachlässigung sterben (⊡ Abb. 48.1 ). Schätzungen gehen davon aus, dass auf einen Todesfall rund 150 Fälle von Kindesmisshandlung ohne Todesfolge kommen (UNICEF 2003).

Crafting strategy : embodied metaphors in practice

The rationalist approach to strategizing emphasizes analytical and convergent thinking. Without denying the importance of this approach, this book argues that strategists must learn to complement it with a more creative approach to strategizing that emphasizes synthetic and divergent ways of thinking. The theoretical underpinnings of this approach include embodied realism, interpretivism, practice theory, theory of play, design thinking, as well as discursive approaches such as metaphorical analysis, narrative analysis, dialogical analysis and hermeneutics. The book includes in-depth discussions of these theories and shows how they can be put into practice by presenting detailed analyses of embodied metaphors built by groups of agents with step-by-step explanations of how this process can be implemented and facilitated. The link between theory and practice is further supported by the inclusion of several vignettes that describe how this approach has been successfully employed in a number of organizations, including BASF and UNICEF

Analyses of maternal and child mortality rates of five West African countries: Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone

After traveling to a small country in West Africa last summer, I became interested in learning more about the maternal, infant, and child death rates of that particular region of the continent. For the purposes of this paper I limited the number of countries that would be included in this research to five: Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. There are three hypotheses that were considered when conducting the research for this paper. The first was that there is no difference in the under five mortality rates for Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. The second hypothesis was that there is no difference in the female literacy rates for Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. The final hypothesis was that there is no difference in the male literacy rates for Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. The data used were collected from publicly available sources that include the CIA World Factbook, the WHO website, the UNICEF website, the Penn World Data table, and the World Bank website. The p-values that were calculated for all three hypotheses were found to be very significant, and all three of the null hypotheses were rejected. ^

The global initiative to eradicate polio- A review of Nigeria's situation

Poliomyelitis is one of the worlds remaining vaccine preventable infectious diseases. In 1988 the World Health Assembly in its general assembly resolved to eradicate polio in the year 2000 and the Global Initiative to Eradicate Polio was launched. ^ This initiative sprang from the successful eradication of smallpox from the world in the year 1979, and the World Health Organization sought to eradicate polio from the world's populations by the year 2000. ^ Several years have passed since this objective was launched, and while some advances have been made, the goal of global eradication remains elusive. At this present time (2007), only four countries are considered polio endemic regions (areas in which the transmission of wild poliovirus has never been truncated). These countries are Nigeria, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. ^ This descriptive study seeks to examine the process and progress of polio eradication worldwide, with particular emphasis on the polio eradication efforts in Nigeria, problems encountered and progress that has been made towards attaining this goal. ^ The methodology of this study is an extensive examination of documentation and data from the Global Initiative to Eradicate Poliomyelitis (GPEI), the World Health Organization through the World Health Organization Library Information Service (WHOLIS), UNICEF, the Centers for Disease Control and related peer reviewed journals. ^

A practice-based culminating experience with Texas Children's Hospital: A hospital's journey to baby-friendly status

Breastfeeding and the use of human milk are widely accepted as the most complete form of nutrition for infants. Breastfeeding is shown to be associated with many positive health outcomes for both infants and mothers. Healthy People 2000 goals to increase breastfeeding rates in the early postpartum period to 75% fell short, with only 64% of mothers meeting this objective. Lack of support from healthcare providers, and unsupportive hospital policies and practices are noted as barriers to the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate implementation of the BFHI Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding at Texas Children's Hospital. ^ The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) was developed in 1991 by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) to ensure that healthcare facilities offering maternity services adhere to the Ten Steps of Successful Breastfeeding and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes, and create legislation to protect the rights of breastfeeding women. The instrument used in this study was the BFHI 100 Assessment Tool created by Dr. Laura Haiek, Director of Public Health in Monteregie, Quebec, and her staff at Health and Social Services Agency of Quebec. The BFHI 100 tool utilizes 100 different indicators of compliance with BFHI through questionnaires administered to staff and administrators, pregnant and postpartum mothers, and an observer. ^ The study concluded that although there is much room for improvement in educating breastfeeding mothers, overall, the mothers interviewed were satisfied with their level of care in regards to breastfeeding support. Areas of improvement include staff training, as some nursing staff admitted to relying on the lactation consultants to provide most of the breastfeeding education for mothers. Only a small percentage of mothers interviewed reported that their baby “roomed-in” on average of 22 hours per day during their hospital stay. Staff encouragement of the rooming-in practice will help to increase the proportion of mothers who allow their babies to room-in. The current breastfeeding policy will also need to be revised and strengthened to be compliant with the Ten Steps. Ideally, Baby-Friendly practices will become the norm after staff are trained and policy revisions are made. Staff training and acceptance of breastfeeding as optimal nutrition for infants are the most critical factors that will ultimately drive change for the organization. ^

Mortalidad materna vinculada al aborto en Bolivia. Los casos de Santa cruz, La Paz, Tarija y Chuquisaca.

La mortalidad materna en Bolivia sigue siendo una de las principales problemáticas de salud pública en general, y de la salud sexual y reproductiva en particular. La Organización Mundial de la Salud y UNICEF estiman que la mayor parte de las muertes maternas ocurren debido a cinco complicaciones obstétricas: hemorragias, sepsis, abortos inducidos inseguros, hipertensión durante el embarazo y partos obstruidos. Reducir la mortalidad materna plantea desafíos a la salud, la ética y la equidad de género, pues las mujeres siguen muriendo por causas relacionadas con el embarazo, el parto y posparto. Estas defunciones evitables reflejan la desigualdad de la situación de las mujeres y de su acceso a los servicios básicos de salud. Además, la educación de las mujeres, el control de los recursos económicos y su participación en la toma de decisiones son menores. En este sentido, es necesario considerar que la maternidad sin riesgo no puede lograrse sólo mejorando los servicios de atención de salud materna.Por tanto, se hace necesario visibilizar esta problemática para orientar acciones a favor de los derechos sexuales y derechos reproductivos, la reducción de los embarazos no deseados, el embarazo en adolescentes y la despenalización del aborto, en el marco de lo establecido en el Art. 66 de la Constitución Política del Estado, los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (Meta Nº 5), y las Plataformas de Acción de Cairo y Beijing, además de otros instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos ratificados por el Estado. A partir de esta realidad, Católicas por el Derecho a Decidir, a través de la construcción y aplicación de una “Guía para el monitoreo de la mortalidad materna vinculada al aborto”, comparte el presente informe sobre “Mortalidad materna vinculada al aborto en Bolivia”, como un aporte que permite identificar, cuantificar y analizar esta temática de urgencia en el país.

Nutrición y salud pública: políticas de alimentación escolar en la España contemporánea (1931-1978)

El trabajo aborda los antecedentes históricos de las políticas de alimentación escolar en la España del siglo XX, a través del análisis del corpus normativo y de los textos y materiales que generaron organismos nacionales e internacionales que participaron en su implementación. La investigación muestra el impacto que tuvo el contexto internacional y en particular los acuerdos que se alcanzaron durante el primer franquismo con los Estados Unidos y con la FAO y UNICEF, en el desarrollo de dichas políticas. El carácter filantrópico de las primeras cantinas fue sustituido por una creciente implicación del ámbito público, al incorporar la alimentación de los escolares como objetivo de las políticas sanitarias y educativas de la Segunda República. La Ley de Educación Primaria de 1945 permitió la gradual institucionalización de la alimentación escolar. La creación en 1954 del Servicio Escolar de Alimentación y Nutrición y la necesidad de coordinar la ayuda norteamericana facilitaron la implementación de programas como el de Productos Lácteos pro Bienestar Infantil y Social o el de Educación en Alimentación y Nutrición, lo cual permitió implantar el complemento alimenticio en escolares y llevar a cabo un conjunto de actividades educativas coordinadas encaminadas a mejorar su alimentación.