O trabalho experimental em Biologia: contributos para o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico em alunos do 10º ano de escolaridade

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Educação: área de Educação e Desenvolvimento

Experimental design methodologies for the identification of Michaelis-Menten type kinetics

The main objective of this work was to investigate the application of experimental design techniques for the identification of Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters. More specifically, this study attempts to elucidate the relative advantages/disadvantages of employing complex experimental design techniques in relation to equidistant sampling when applied to different reactor operation modes. All studies were supported by simulation data of a generic enzymatic process that obeys to the Michaelis-Menten kinetic equation. Different aspects were investigated, such as the influence of the reactor operation mode (batch, fed-batch with pulse wise feeding and fed-batch with continuous feeding) and the experimental design optimality criteria on the effectiveness of kinetic parameters identification. The following experimental design optimality criteria were investigated: 1) minimization of the sum of the diagonal of the Fisher information matrix (FIM) inverse (A-criterion), 2) maximization of the determinant of the FIM (D-criterion), 3) maximization of the smallest eigenvalue of the FIM (E-criterion) and 4) minimization of the quotient between the largest and the smallest eigenvalue (modified E-criterion). The comparison and assessment of the different methodologies was made on the basis of the Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) error in respect to the parameters vmax and Km of the Michaelis-Menten kinetic equation. In what concerns the reactor operation mode, it was concluded that fed-batch (pulses) is better than batch operation for parameter identification. When the former operation mode is adopted, the vmax CRLB error is lowered by 18.6 % while the Km CRLB error is lowered by 26.4 % when compared to the batch operation mode. Regarding the optimality criteria, the best method was the A-criterion, with an average vmax CRLB of 6.34 % and 5.27 %, for batch and fed-batch (pulses), respectively, while presenting a Km’s CRLB of 25.1 % and 18.1 %, for batch and fed-batch (pulses), respectively. As a general conclusion of the present study, it can be stated that experimental design is justified if the starting parameters CRLB errors are inferior to 19.5 % (vmax) and 45% (Km), for batch processes, and inferior to 42 % and to 50% for fed-batch (pulses) process. Otherwise equidistant sampling is a more rational decision. This conclusion clearly supports that, for fed-batch operation, the use of experimental design is likely to largely improve the identification of Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters.

Experimental study of proton induced nuclear reactions in 6,7 Li

This work presents the results of the experimental study of proton induced nuclear reactions in lithium, namely the 7Li(p,α) 4He, 6Li(p,α) 3He and 7Li(p,p)7Li reactions. The amount of 7Li and 6Li identified as primordial and observed in very old stars of the Milky Way galactic halo strongly deviates from the predictions of primordial nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution models which depend, among other factors, on the cross sections of reactions like 7Li(p,α) 4He and 6Li(p,α) 3He. These discrepancies have triggered a large amount of research in the fields of stellar evolution, cosmology, pre-galactic evolution and low energy nuclear reactions. Focusing on nuclear reactions, this work has measured the 7Li(p,α) 4He and 6Li(p,α) 3He reactions cross sections (expressed in terms of the astrophysical S -factor) with higher accuracy, and the electron screening effects in these reactions for different environments (insulators and metallic targets). The 7Li(p,α) 4He angular distributions were also measured. These measurementstook place in two laboratory facilities, in the framework of the LUNA (Laboratory for Undergroud Nuclear Astrophysics) international collaboration, namely the Laboratorio ´ de Feixe de Ioes ˜ in ITN (Instituto Tecnologico ´ e Nuclear) Sacavem, ´ Portugal, and the Dynamitron-TandemLaboratorium in Ruhr-Universitat¨ Bochum, Germany. The ITN target chamber was modified to measure these nuclear reactions, with the design and construction of new components, the addition of one turbomolecular pump and a cold finger. The 7Li(p,α) 4He and 6Li(p,α) 3He reactions were measured concurrently with seven and four targets, respectively. These targets were produced in order to obtain adequate and stable lithium depth profiles. In metallic environments, the measured electron screening potential energies are much higher than the predictions of atomic-physics models. The Debye screening model applied to the metallic conduction electrons is able to explain these high values. It is a simple model, but also very robust. Concerning primordial nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution models, these results are very important as they show that laboratory measurements are well controlled, and the model inputs from these cross sections are therefore correct. In this work the 7Li(p,p)7Li differential cross section was also measured, which is useful to describe the 7Li(p,α) 4He entrance channel.

Teatro no 1º ciclo do ensino básico: Que relação entre formação de professores e práticas pedagógicas?

Este artigo apresenta um estudo do tipo qualitativo, tematicamente centrado na influência da formação escolar e extraescolar em Teatro, obtida pelos professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico (1º CEB), na sua prática pedagógica nesta área. No quadro teórico deste estudo, confrontamos diferentes perspetivas correlacionadas com o conceito de Teatro na Educação e enquadramos as modalidades de formação de professores: inicial, contínua e ao longo da vida. Foram definidos três objetivos gerais, relacionados com (i) as especificidades da abordagem curricular do teatro em 1ºCEB, (ii) as motivações dos professores do 1º CEB em relação à formação em teatro na educação e (iii) a relevância das experiências de formação anteriores às práticas pedagógicas. A amostra de 10 professores do 1º CEB, com e sem experiência de formação em Teatro, foi selecionada, com base em critérios previamente definidos, a partir de um conjunto de 56 respondentes a um inquérito por questionário. Aos docentes da amostra foram feitas entrevistas semidiretivas, submetidas a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados foram triangulados com outros, obtidos por via de pesquisa e análise documental. Concluímos que os professores do 1º CEB, que detêm formação regular e aprofundada em teatro, integram mais esta área artística nas suas práticas pedagógicas, revelam um entendimento flexível da gestão do currículo e demonstram mais interesse em continuarem a atualizar os seus específicos conhecimentos e competências nesta área.

O teatro de marionetas e a leitura em voz alta no 2º ciclo do ensino básico: um caminho para o desenvolvimento da oralidade

O estudo de intervenção que se apresenta teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da introdução do teatro de marionetas no ensino do Português, no domínio da oralidade/leitura. Apoiou-se nos princípios da educação pela arte que pretendem atender às necessidades de desenvolvimento das capacidades afetivas, lúdicas, expressivas e cognitivas dos alunos, sensibilizando-os para os valores estéticos. Avaliou-se o efeito do teatro de marionetas na competência da oralidade, nas valências da leitura (expressividade, correção, pontuação, fluência e compreensão) e na aplicação de novo vocabulário, considerando os níveis de proficiência de dois grupos de alunos do 2º ciclo (grupo de intervenção e grupo de controlo) antes e depois da intervenção. Construíram-se as marionetas em sala de aula e, através de jogos e exercícios de expressão dramática e de escrita, criou-se uma história que foi apresentada publicamente. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o grupo de intervenção beneficiou com o trabalho realizado, apresentando ganhos significativos e específicos nas variáveis da expressividade, correção e compreensão de leitura e novo vocabulário. Quanto à fluência e pontuação de leitura não se verificaram diferenças relevantes entre os dois grupos. Além dos valores mensuráveis, a intervenção revelou a grande apetência dos alunos para atividades diferenciadas de índole artística.

Teatro e comunidade: dois estudos sobre práticas em Torres Vedras

O tema genérico, comum aos dois estudos que aqui abordamos, é a prática do teatro de amadores desenvolvida na região de Torres Vedras por duas associações, Grémio Artístico Torreense e Associação Dramática e Recreativa de Carreiras, e a ação educativa que tem na comunidade. Seguimos uma metodologia qualitativa nestes estudos de caso, com recurso a técnicas e instrumentos de recolha e análise de dados como a entrevista semidiretiva a informantes-chave e respetiva análise de conteúdo e pesquisa e análise documental. O contexto sociocultural em que estas organizações se integram permite compreender as raízes, a amplitude da ação e as representações que os indivíduos têm das suas práticas no âmbito do teatro, quer do ponto de vista da fruição, quer do ponto de vista do envolvimento direto. Os resultados obtidos nos estudos ligam a longevidade destes grupos de teatro ao ambiente associativo em que se formaram e cresceram e demonstram a importância destas associações na ligação com a comunidade, marcando a sua identidade e como fator de promoção educativa. Concluímos que o teatro é um espaço de educação, socialização e cultura, onde a comunidade expressa as suas emoções e criatividade, e que abre portas de exteriorização, partilha e construção pessoal e social.

Slotted wiDom: schedulability analysis and its experimental validation

WiDom is a wireless prioritized medium access control protocol which offers a very large number of priority levels. Hence, it brings the potential to employ non-preemptive static-priority scheduling and schedulability analysis for a wireless channel assuming that the overhead of WiDom is modeled properly. One schedulability analysis for WiDom has already been proposed but recent research has created a new version of WiDom (we call it: Slotted WiDom) with lower overhead and for this version of WiDom no schedulability analysis exists. In this paper we propose a new schedulability analysis for slotted WiDom and extend it to work also for message streams with release jitter. We have performed experiments with an implementation of slotted WiDom on a real-world platform (MicaZ). We find that for each message stream, the maximum observed response time never exceeds the calculated response time and hence this corroborates our belief that our new scheduling theory is applicable in practice.

Por uma nova chiadologia: a propósito da participação da Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema no projecto Chiado - as artes na esfera pública

A Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema adere, a partir de 2016, ao projecto Chiado – As Artes na Esfera Pública, nascido na Faculdade de Belas Artes da Universidade de Lisboa. Preparando essa primeira colaboração, o presente texto evoca a relevância cultural da zona, nascida do terramoto de 1755 como parte da reconstrução pombalina da cidade e ressuscitada depois do incêndio de 1988.

A traffic differentiation add-on to the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol: implementation and experimental validation over a real-time operating system

The IEEE 802.15.4 is the most widespread used protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and it is being used as a baseline for several higher layer protocols such as ZigBee, 6LoWPAN or WirelessHART. Its MAC (Medium Access Control) supports both contention-free (CFP, based on the reservation of guaranteed time-slots GTS) and contention based (CAP, ruled by CSMA/CA) access, when operating in beacon-enabled mode. Thus, it enables the differentiation between real-time and best-effort traffic. However, some WSN applications and higher layer protocols may strongly benefit from the possibility of supporting more traffic classes. This happens, for instance, for dense WSNs used in time-sensitive industrial applications. In this context, we propose to differentiate traffic classes within the CAP, enabling lower transmission delays and higher success probability to timecritical messages, such as for event detection, GTS reservation and network management. Building upon a previously proposed methodology (TRADIF), in this paper we outline its implementation and experimental validation over a real-time operating system. Importantly, TRADIF is fully backward compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, enabling to create different traffic classes just by tuning some MAC parameters.

Zigbee over tinyos: Implementation and experimental challenges

The IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee protocols are a promising technology for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This paper shares our experience on the implementation and use of these protocols and related technologies in WSNs. We present problems and challenges we have been facing in implementing an IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee stack for TinyOS in a two-folded perspective: IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee protocol standards limitations (ambiguities and open issues) and technological limitations (hardware and software). Concerning the former, we address challenges for building scalable and synchronized multi-cluster ZigBee networks, providing a trade-off between timeliness and energy-efficiency. On the latter issue, we highlight implementation problems in terms of hardware, timer handling and operating system limitations. We also report on our experience from experimental test-beds, namely on physical layer aspects such as coexistence problems between IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.11 radio channels.

Avaliação experimental dos níveis de qualidade do ar interior em quartos de dormir: um caso de estudo

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Reabilitação de Edifícios

Experimental Study And Evaluation Of Paper-Based Inkjet Electrodes For ECG Signal Acquisition

Applications involving biosignals, such as Electrocardiography (ECG), are becoming more pervasive with the extension towards non-intrusive scenarios helping targeting ambulatory healthcare monitoring, emotion assessment, among many others. In this study we introduce a new type of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes based on a paper substrate and produced using an inkjet printing technique. This type of electrodes can increase the potential applications of biosignal acquisition technologies for everyday life use, given that there are several advantages, such as cost reduction and easier recycling, resultant from the approach explored in our work. We performed a comparison study to assess the quality of this new electrode type, in which ECG data was collected with three types of Ag/AgCl electrodes: i) gelled; ii) dry iii) paper-based inkjet printed. We also compared the performance of each electrode when acquired using a professional-grade gold standard device, and a low cost platform. Experimental results showed that data acquired using our proposed inkjet printed electrode is highly correlated with data obtained through conventional electrodes. Moreover, the electrodes are robust to high-end and low-end data acquisition devices. Copyright © 2014 SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. All rights reserved.

Numerical and experimental analyses of biocomposites reinforced with natural fibres

n the last decades the biocomposites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Not only the interface transition zone (ITZ) but also the heterogeneity of natural fibres affects the mechanical behaviour of these composites. This work focuses on the numerical and experimental analyses of a polymeric composite fabricated with epoxy resin and unidirectional sisal and banana fibres. A three-dimensional model was set to analyze the composites using the elastic properties of the individual phases. In addition, a two-dimensional model was set taking into account the effective composite properties obtained by micromechanical models. A tensile testing was performed to validate the numerical analyses and evaluating the interface condition of the constitutive phases.

Numerical and experimental study of tensile strength of single and double-strap repairs

Adhesive bonding as a joining or repair method has a wide application in many industries. Repairs with bonded patches are often carried out to re-establish the stiffness at critical regions or spots of corrosion and/or fatigue cracks. Single and double-strap repairs (SS and DS, respectively) are a viable option for repairing. For the SS repairs, a patch is adhesively-bonded on one of the structure faces. SS repairs are easy to execute, but the load eccentricity leads to peel peak stresses at the overlap edges. DS repairs involve the use of two patches, one on each face of the structure. These are more efficient than SS repairs, due to the doubling of the bonding area and suppression of the transverse deflection of the adherends. Shear stresses also become more uniform as a result of smaller differential straining. The experimental and Finite Element (FE) study presented here for strength prediction and design optimization of bonded repairs includes SS and DS solutions with different values of overlap length (LO). The examined values of LO include 10, 20 and 30 mm. The failure strengths of the SS and DS repairs were compared with FE results by using the Abaqus® FE software. A Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) with a triangular shape in pure tensile and shear modes, including the mixed-mode possibility for crack growth, was used to simulate fracture of the adhesive layer. A good agreement was found between the experiments and the FE simulations on the failure modes, elastic stiffness and strength of the repairs, showing the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed FE technique in predicting strength of bonded repairs. Furthermore, some optimization principles were proposed to repair structures with adhesively-bonded patches that will allow repair designers to effectively design bonded repairs.

Experimental backlash study in mechanical manipulators

The behavior of mechanical manipulators with backlash is analyzed. In order to acquire and study the signals an experimental setup is implemented. The signal processing capabilities of the wavelets are used for de-noising the experimental signals and the energy of the obtained components is analyzed. To evaluate the backlash effect upon the robotic system, it is proposed an index based on the pseudo phase plane representation. Several tests are developed that demonstrate the coherence of the results.