Desenvolvimento de uma framework de argumentação Para apoio à tomada de decisão ubíqua

Os Sistemas de Apoio à Tomada de Decisão em Grupo (SADG) surgiram com o objetivo de apoiar um conjunto de decisores no processo de tomada de decisão. Uma das abordagens mais comuns na literatura para a implementação dos SADG é a utilização de Sistemas Multi-Agente (SMA). Os SMA permitem refletir com maior transparência o contexto real, tanto na representação que cada agente faz do decisor que representa como no formato de comunicação utilizado. Com o crescimento das organizações, atualmente vive-se uma viragem no conceito de tomada de decisão. Cada vez mais, devido a questões como: o estilo de vida, os mercados globais e o tipo de tecnologias disponíveis, faz sentido falar de decisão ubíqua. Isto significa que o decisor deverá poder utilizar o sistema a partir de qualquer local, a qualquer altura e através dos mais variados tipos de dispositivos eletrónicos tais como tablets, smartphones, etc. Neste trabalho é proposto um novo modelo de argumentação, adaptado ao contexto da tomada de decisão ubíqua para ser utilizado por um SMA na resolução de problemas multi-critério. É assumido que cada agente poderá utilizar um estilo de comportamento que afeta o modo como esse agente interage com outros agentes em situações de conflito. Sendo assim, pretende-se estudar o impacto da utilização de estilos de comportamento ao longo do processo da tomada de decisão e perceber se os agentes modelados com estilos de comportamento conseguem atingir o consenso mais facilmente quando comparados com agentes que não apresentam nenhum estilo de comportamento. Pretende-se ainda estudar se o número de argumentos trocados entre os agentes é proporcional ao nível de consenso final após o processo de tomada de decisão. De forma a poder estudar as hipóteses de investigação desenvolveu-se um protótipo de um SADG, utilizando um SMA. Desenvolveu-se ainda uma framework de argumentação que foi adaptada ao protótipo desenvolvido. Os resultados obtidos permitiram validar as hipóteses definidas neste trabalho tendo-se concluído que os agentes modelados com estilos de comportamento conseguem na maioria das vezes atingir um consenso mais facilmente comparado com agentes que não apresentam nenhum estilo de comportamento e que o número de argumentos trocados entre os agentes durante o processo de tomada de decisão não é proporcional ao nível de consenso final.

A Homemade Snare: An Alternative Method for Mechanical Removal of Dirofilaria Immitis in Dogs

Canine dirofilariosis is a life-threatening parasitic disease that is increasingly reported worldwide. Once diagnosed the main treatment goals are to improve the animal's clinical condition and to eliminate all life stages of the parasite with minimal posttreatment side effects. This can be achieved through mechanical, surgical, or chemotherapeutical approaches. Currently, manual extraction is the preferred method to remove adult heartworms due to its diminished invasiveness, reduced damage to the vascular endothelium, and shortened anaesthesia duration. However, it remains an expensive technique that can be highly traumatic. To address this issue, a nontraumatic homemade catheter-guided snare was developed for heartworm removal by adapting and folding a 0.014-inch coronary wire (BMW, Abbott Vascular). Transvenous heartworm extraction was performed on a dog severely infected with adult heartworms by inserting the modified snare into a 6-F Judkins right coronary guiding catheter BMW (Cordis) and advancing it into the right ventricle under fluoroscopic guidance. Fifteen adult specimens of Dirofilaria immitis were successfully extracted from the pulmonary artery and right ventricle without complications. To assure the death of both larvae and adults, postoperative treatment was successfully managed using ivermectin, doxycycline, and melarsomine, with no recurrence after surgery.

Síndrome da meningite asséptica por enterovírus e Leptospira sp em crianças de Salvador, Bahia

Objetivando verificar a freqüência de enterovírus (EV), leptospiras e arbovírus como agentes causais da síndrome da meningite asséptica (SMA), em períodos não-epidêmicos, e comparar os pacientes com e sem diagnóstico etiológico determinado, foram selecionados 112 pacientes de idade entre 3 meses e 15 anos, com suspeita clínica de SMA, referenciados para Hospital Couto Maia, especializado em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (Salvador, Bahia), Em 44,6% (n=50) a etiologia foi determinada: enterovírus em 37,7% (n=42) dos casos, pelo teste de PCR Amplicor, por cultura do líquor e/ou de fezes; a Leptospira sp. em 7,1% (n=8), pelo método da micro-aglutinação, e nenhum caso de arbovírus foi detectado (inibição da hemaglutinação passiva). Entre os 14 enterovírus dos 22 isolados, foram identificados seis diferentes sorotipos, sendo o Echovirus-4 predominante (27,2%; 6/22) entre outros (Coxsackie B2, B3, B6 e B9; EV 71). Conclui-se que, os enterovírus foram os agentes mais freqüentes, e que a leptospirose deve ser lembrada no diagnóstico diferencial da SMA. Uma vez que as características clínicas e liquóricas dos pacientes dos grupos com e sem determinação do agente etiológico foram semelhantes, pode-se supor que o diagnóstico presuntivo de SMA é de provável etiologia viral ou pela leptospira.

Pesquisa de enterovírus em casos de síndrome de meningite asséptica de Belém, PA

Com o objetivo de isolar e identificar os sorotipos de enterovírus, agentes etiológicos mais freqüentes da síndrome de meningite asséptica, foram estudadas amostras de líquor de pacientes da unidade de saúde de referência da Cidade de Belém-PA, do período de março de 2002 a março de 2003. As amostras foram inoculadas em cultivos celulares RD e HEp-2, e as positivas identificadas por neutralização ou imunofluorescência indireta. De 249 amostras, 33 (13,2%) foram positivas sendo 57,6% (n=19) em pacientes menores de 11 anos (p<0,03) e predominantemente (72,7%) naqueles do sexo masculino (p<0,008). Os sorotipos isolados foram: Echovírus 30 (n=31), Coxsackievírus B5 (n=1) e Echovírus 30 e 4. Em conclusão, estudos deste tipo servem também para melhor compor o quadro nacional, ainda pouco definido, sobre os agentes enterovirais mais prevalentes em casos de SMA.

Evolution of Diplodocid Sauropod dinosaurs with emphasis on specimens from Howe Ranch, Wyoming (USA)

Diplodocidae are among the best known sauropod dinosaurs. Several species were described in the late 1800s or early 1900s. Since then, numerous additional specimens were recovered in the USA, Tanzania, Portugal, as well as possibly Spain, England, and Asia. To date, the clade includes about 12 to 15 different species, some of them with questionable taxonomic status (e.g. ‘Diplodocus’ hayi or Dyslocosaurus polyonychius). However, intrageneric relationships of the multi-species, iconic genera Apatosaurus and Diplodocus are still poorly known. The way to resolve this issue is a specimen-based phylogenetic analysis, which was done for Apatosaurus, but is here performed for the first time for the entire clade of Diplodocidae. New material from different localities and stratigraphic levels on the Howe Ranch (Shell,Wyoming, USA) sheds additional light on the evolution of Diplodocidae. Three new specimens are described herein, considerably increasing our knowledge of the anatomy of the group. The new specimens (SMA 0004, SMA 0011, and SMA 0087) represent two, to possibly three new diplodocid species. They preserve material from all parts of the skeleton, including two nearly complete skulls, as well as fairly complete manus and pedes, material which is generally rare in diplodocids. Thereby, they considerably increase anatomical overlap between the sometimes fragmentary holotype specimens of the earlier described diplodocid species, allowing for significant results in a specimenbased phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, clavicles and interclavicles are identified, the latter for the first time in dinosaurs. Their presence seems restricted to early sauropods, flagellicaudatans, and early Macronaria, and might thus be a retained plesiomorphy, with the loss of these bones being synapomorphic for Titanosauriformes and possibly Rebbachisauridae. The new material allows to test previous hypotheses of diplodocid phylogeny. In order to do so, any type specimen previously proposed to belong to Diplodocidae was included in the study, as are relatively complete referred specimens, in order to increase the degree of overlapping material. For specimens subsequently suggested to be non-diplodocid sauropods, their hypothesized sister taxa were included as outgroups. The current phylogenetic analysis thus includes 76 operational taxonomic units, 45 of which belong to Diplodocidae. The specimens were scored for 477 morphological characters, representing one of the most extensive phylogenetic analyses done within sauropod dinosaurs. The resulting cladogram recovers the classical arrangement of diplodocid relationships. Basing on a newly developed numerical approach to reduce subjectivity in the decision of specific or generic separation, species that have historically been included into well-known genera like Apatosaurus or Diplodocus, were detected to be actually generically different. Thereby, the famous genus Brontosaurus is resuscitated, and evidence further suggests that also Elosaurus parvus (previously referred to Apatosaurus) or ‘Diplodocus’ hayi represent unique genera. The study increases our knowledge about individual variation, and helps to decide how to score multi-species genera. Such a specimen-based phylogenetic analysis thus proves a valuable tool to validate historic species in sauropods, and in paleontology as a whole.

Sistemas geotérmicos de baixa entalpia estudos de caracterização térmica

A crescente atenção revelada pelas sociedades nos últimos anos, no que respeita à sustentabilidade energética do planeta, tornou-se o principal impulsionador para o desenvolvimento de formas de exploração de energia que contribuem para a redução dos gases com efeito de estufa. A energia geotérmica de baixa entalpia (Shallow Geothermal Energy–SGE) é um dos tipos de energia verde utilizados para aquecimento e arrefecimento de edifícios. Nas últimas décadas, tem vindo a demonstrar uma elevada eficácia energética e aplicabilidade em diversos países em todo o mundo. Aos sistemas convencionais de exploração abertos e fechados, seguiram-se os sistemas com estruturas de fundações termoactivas. A Suíça e Áustria foram os países pioneiros onde se iniciou a exploração utilizando este tipo de estruturas, primeiro com recurso a lajes de fundo e depois, em 1984, através de estacas. A utilização generalizada de fundações de forma bi-funcional poderá resultar numa compensação sustentável dos seus custos de implementação. No entanto, é necessário conhecer de forma sólida o comportamento geotécnico dos solos face à imposição das diferentes acções térmicas provocadas pelos Sistemas Geotérmicos de Baixa Entalpia. A eficácia dos Ground Energy Systems (GES) está directamente associada à capacidade que os solos apresentam para fornecer ou dissipar calor. O desempenho dos GES e a sua eficiência está ainda por avaliar relativamente às condições existentes em Portugal. As propriedades térmicas dos solos são um desses aspectos, sendo da maior relevância na avaliação do seu desempenho. Nesta dissertação são abordados os diferentes mecanismos de transferência de calor nos solos bem como propriedades térmicas necessárias para a sua caracterização. Apresenta-se também um caso prático, para o qual foi realizada caracterização térmica e posterior modelação numérica de uma estrutura termoactiva, determinando-se os campos de temperaturas máximos e mínimos e os fluxos térmicos provocados pelo seu funcionamento.

Autoantibody profile in individuals with chronic hepatitis C

IntroductionAutoantibodies are often produced during infection with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), but it remains controversial whether they influence the biochemical profile and histological features of this disease. Therefore, this current study sought to describe these autoantibodies and evaluate their impact on the clinical and histological presentation of hepatitis C.MethodsThis cross-sectional analytical study assessed patients with HCV (RNA+) from October 2011 to July 2012.ResultsThis study included 66 patients, with a mean age of 53.2±10.5 years. Of these patients, 60.6% were male, and 54.3% presented with genotype 1. Non-organ-specific autoantibodies (NOSA) were detected in 24% of the patients; of these, 7.6% were anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA+), 26.7% were anti-smooth muscle antibodies (SMA+) and 6.8% were liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies (LKM1+). With respect to the thyroid autoantibodies, 7.4% were anti-peroxidase (ATPO+) antibodies, and none were anti-thyroglobulin (ATG+) antibodies. Regarding celiac disease autoantibodies, 5.8% were endomysial antibodies (EMA+), and no transglutaminase (TTG+) antibodies were detected. Cryoglobulins were found in 2.1% of patients. When NOSA+ individuals were compared to patients without the presence of NOSAs, they exhibited higher median alkaline phosphatase (0.7 vs. 0.6 xULN; p=0.041), lower median platelet counts (141,500.0 vs. 180,500.0/mm3; p=0.036), lower mean prothrombin activity (72.6±11.5% vs. 82.2±16.0%; p=0.012) and an increased prevalence of significant fibrosis (E≥2) (45.5% vs. 18.2%; p=0.012). There was also a tendency for a greater proportion of NOSA+ cases to have marked periportal activity (APP≥3) (44.5% vs. 15.6%; p=0.087).ConclusionsIn addition to the high prevalence of autoantibodies associated with HCV infection, it was observed that NOSA positivity was associated with a more severe histological and biochemical profile of hepatitis C infection.

Endovascular techniques for placement of long-term chemotherapy catheters

PURPOSE: To analyze the results from using endovascular techniques to place long-term chemotherapy catheters when advancing the catheter using the external jugular vein is difficult due to obstructions or kinking. METHODS: Between July 1997 and August 2000, 320 long-term chemotherapy catheters were placed, and in 220 cases the external jugular vein was used as the primary venous approach. In 18 of these patients, correct positioning was not achieved and several endovascular techniques were then utilized to overcome these obstacles, including manipulation of a J-wire with a moveable core, venography, and the exchange wire technique. RESULTS: In 94.5% of the patients with difficulties in obtaining the correct positioning, we were able to advance the long-term catheter to the desired position with the assistance of endovascular techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Venography and endovascular guidance techniques are useful for the placement of long-term catheters in the external jugular vein.

In-plane and out-of plane experimental characterization of rc masonry infilled frames

Seismic investigations of typical south European masonry infilled frames were performed by testing two reduced scale specimens: one in the in-plane direction and another in the out-ofplane direction. Information about geometry and reinforcement scheme of those structures constructed in 1980s were obtained by [1]. The specimen to be tested in the in-plane direction was constructed as double leaf masonry while the specimen for testing in the out-of-plane direction is constructed with only its exterior leaf since the recent earthquakes have highlighted the vulnerability of the external leaf of the infills in out-of-plane direction [2]. The tests were performed by applying the pre-defined values of displacements in the in-plane and out-of-plane directions in the control points. For in-plane testing it was done by hydraulic actuator and for out-of-plane testing through the application of an airbag. Input and output air in the airbag was controlled by using a software to apply a specific displacement in the control point of the infill wall. Mid-point of the infill was assumed as a control point for outof- plane testing. Deformation and crack patterns of the infill confirm the formation of two-way arching mechanism of the masonry infill until collapse of the upper horizontal interface between infill and frame which is known as weakest interface due to difficulties in filling the mortar between bricks of last row and upper beam. This results in the crack opening through a welldefined path and the consequent collapse of the infill.

Implementation and comparison of different switching techniques for shunt active power filters

This paper presents a comparison between three switching techniques that can be used in three-phase four-wire Shunt Active Power Filters (SAPFs). The implemented switching techniques are: Periodic-Sampling (PS), Triangular Carrier Pulse-Width Modulation (TC-PWM) and Space Vector PWM (SVPWM). The comparison between them is made in terms of the compensated currents THD%, implementation complexity, necessary CPU time and SAPF efficiency. To perform this comparison are presented and analyzed several experimental results, obtained with a 20 kVA Shunt Active Power Filter prototype, specially developed for this purpose. The control system of the developed SAPF is based in the p-q Theory with a grid synchronization algorithm p-PLL.

Novel anisotropic magnetoelectric effect on δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) multiferroic composites

The last decade has witnessed an increased research effort on multi-phase magnetoelectric (ME) composites. In this scope, this paper presents the application of novel materials for the development of anisotropic magnetoelectric (ME) sensors based on δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) composites. The composite is able to precisely determine the amplitude and direction of the magnetic field. A new ME effect is reported in this study, as it emerges from the magnetic rotation of the δ-FeO(OH) nanosheets inside the piezoelectric P(VDF-TrFE) polymer matrix. δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) composites with 1, 5, 10 and 20 δ-FeO(OH) filler weigh percentage in three δ-FeO(OH) alignment states (random, transversal and longitudinal) have been developed. Results shown that the modulus of the piezoelectric response (10-24 pC.N-1) is stable at least up to three months, the shape and magnetization maximum value (3 emu.g-1) is dependent on δ-FeO(OH) content and the obtained ME voltage coefficient, with a maximum of ≈0.4 mV.cm-1.Oe-1, is dependent on the incident magnetic field direction and intensity. In this way, the produced materials are suitable for innovative anisotropic sensor and actuator applications.

Ag-TiNx electrodes deposited on piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) for biomedical sensor applications

Electroactive polymers are one of the most interesting class of polymers used as smart materials in various applications, such as the development of sensors and actuators for biomedical applications in areas such as smart prosthesis, implantable biosensors and biomechanical signal monitoring, among others. For acquiring or applying the electrical signal from/to the piezoelectric material, suitable electrodes can be produced from Ti based coatings with tailored multifunctional properties, conductivity and antibacterial characteristics, through Ag inclusions. This work reports on Ag-TiNx electrodes, deposited by d. c. and pulsed magnetron sputtering at room temperature on poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, the all-round best piezoelectric polymer.. Composition of the electrodes was assessed by microanalysis X-ray system (EDS - energy dispersive spectrometer). The XRD results revealed that the deposition conditions preserve the polymer structure and suggested the presence of crystalline fcc-TiN phase and fcc-Ag phase in samples with N2 flow above 3 sccm. According to the results obtained from SEM analysis, the coatings are homogeneous and Ag clusters were found for samples with nitrogen flow above 3 sccm. With increasing nitrogen flow, the sheet resistivity tend to be lower than the samples without nitrogen, leading also to a decrease of the piezoelectric response. It is concluded that the deposition conditions do significantly affect the piezoelectric polymer, which maintain its characteristics for sensor/actuator applications.

Re-Design of ribbon for new applications

O conceito de qualidade de vida surge pela primeira vez em 1920, através do economista inglês Arthur Cecil Pigou, que utiliza este termo para descrever o impacto governamental sobre a vida das pessoas mais desfavorecidas. Com a instalação de uma era industrializada e com o fim da 2º Guerra Mundial, a sociedade mudou de paradigma e iniciou uma procura incessante de formas para melhorar a sua qualidade de vida. Este conceito desenvolve-se juntamente com o desenvolvimento do conceito de educação, saúde, habitação, transporte, trabalho e lazer, bem como indicadores do aumento da esperança de vida, a diminuição da mortalidade infantil e dos níveis de poluição. O avanço da tecnologia teve um papel fundamental para a evolução desses conceitos, bem como o Design na procura de soluções para aplicação dessas mesmas tecnologias. No caso concreto da indústria tèxtil, a tendência é o desenvolvimento de têxteis inteligentes envolvendo a engenharia electrónica no seu processo de conceptualização e de fabrico. A chamada tecnologia wearable abre novos horizontes para a criação de soluções inovadoras, abrindo novos nichos de mercado com elevado valor acrescentado. Existem atualmente vários produtos no mercado cuja funcionalidade e utilidade lhes conferiu um estatuto imutável ao longo dos anos, onde a evolução não avançou na tendência atual. Esse é o caso dos tecidos estreitos, cuja funcionalidade poderá adquirir novas capacidades e ser utilizada em diferentes componentes têxteis nas mais variadas áreas. Essas capacidades poderão ser acrescentadas pela incorporação de materiais com luminosidade (Led’s e L-Wire) nas suas estruturas. Neste estudo realizado o design de produtos com novas funcionalidades, adaptando as tecnologias até agora desenvolvidas em novas soluções e/ou novas recriações de produto.

Terahertz response of patterned epitaxial graphene

We study the interaction between polarized terahertz (THz) radiation and micro-structured large-area graphene in transmission geometry. In order to efficiently couple the radiation into the two-dimensional material, a lateral periodic patterning of a closed graphene sheet by intercalation doping into stripes is chosen. We observe unequal transmittance of the radiation polarized parallel and perpendicular to the stripes. The relative contrast, partly enhanced by Fabry-Perot oscillations reaches 20 %. The effect even increases up to 50 % when removing graphene stripes in analogy to a wire grid polarizer. The polarization dependence is analyzed in a large frequency range from < 80 GHz to 3 THz, including the plasmon-polariton resonance. The results are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations based on the electronic energy spectrum of graphene and the electrodynamics of the patterned structure

[Letter to the editor] Sustained effects of a neural-based intervention in a refractory case of Tourette syndrome

There are only a few treatments available for Tourette syndrome (TS). These treatments frequently do notwork in patients with moderate to severe TS [1]. Neuroimaging studies show a correlation between tics severity and increased activation over motor pathways, along with reduced activation over the control areas of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits [2]. Moreover, the temporal pattern of tic generation suggests that cortical activation especially in the SMA precedes subcortical activation [3]. Following this assumption, here we explored the brain effects of 10-daily sessions of cathodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) delivered over the pre-SMA in a patient with refractory and severe TS and also assessed whether those changes were long lasting (up to 6 months).