Data compilation on the biological response to ocean acidification: environmental and experimental context of data sets and related literature

The exponential growth of studies on the biological response to ocean acidification over the last few decades has generated a large amount of data. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted at the data publisher PANGAEA was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.149999). By January 2015, a total of 581 data sets (over 4 000 000 data points) from 539 papers had been archived. Here we present the developments of this data compilation five years since its first description by Nisumaa et al. (2010). Most of study sites from which data archived are still in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of archived data from studies from the Southern Hemisphere and polar oceans are still relatively low. Data from 60 studies that investigated the response of a mix of organisms or natural communities were all added after 2010, indicating a welcomed shift from the study of individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. The initial imbalance of considerably more data archived on calcification and primary production than on other processes has improved. There is also a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies after 2010. For easier and more effective access to ocean acidification data, the ocean acidification community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the data archiving effort, and help develop standard vocabularies describing the variables and define best practices for archiving ocean acidification data.

Illness and Fall in Albert Camus

This article focuses on the theme of illness in Albert Camus. Special emphasis is placed on his last published novel, La Chute. The issue of disease is usually focused in relation to death and finitude both in literature and philosophy. This article focuses on the relation between the existential experience of illness and the decay of the plenitude of life. The case of Albert Camus is especially significant for his chronical illness and because disease has a prominent place in his literary works. Here La Chute is chosen because it offers a great richness of interpretative levels unparalleled in other camusian works. Two different reading levels are proposed. The distinction and the analysis of these two levels will allow for more nuanced view of the relationship of the author to his work and of the controversy about the social role of the intellectual. The conclusion of this article differs both from the critics who only consider the novel in relation to the polemic with Jean-Paul Sartre, and those who interpret it as a disguised confession.

Évaluation de l'influence d'une approche pédagogique adaptée axée sur le conte et les habiletés du conteur sur la propension à la lecture des élèves d'une classe de maturation

Le sujet de cette recherche concerne l'évaluation de l'influence d'une approche pédagogique adaptée tenant compte des dimensions affective et cognitive de la clientèle d'une classe de maturation. Cette approche dite "adaptée" utilise le livre, le conte et les habiletés du conteur dans le but de développer une propension à la lecture chez ces élèves. À la lumière des ouvrages des auteurs tels que Jackson, Hayden, Bettelheim, Jean, Held, Michel et Seung sur l'influence affective et cognitive du livre, du conte et des habiletés du conteur chez l'individu ainsi qu'à la lumière du modèle théorique de la compréhension du rôle de l'affectivité relié au processus de la lecture de Mathewson, nous avons formulé l'hypothèse que l'application de l'approche pédagogique adaptée axée sur le conte et les habiletés du conteur augmente la propension à la lecture chez les élèves d'une classe de maturation. La cueillette des données a été réalisée à l'aide de l'évaluation d'un expert (avant et après l'application de l'approche pédagogique adaptée), d'un questionnaire adressé aux sujets, d'un questionnaire adressé aux parents (avant et après l'application de l'approche pédagogique adaptée) et des observations de l'enseignante. L'analyse de l'ensemble des résultats et des observations durant la période de l'expérimentation confirment l'hypothèse de cette recherche.

La société St-Jean-Baptiste de Sherbrooke 1858 - 1980

Depuis un certain nombre d'années, l'histoire régionale et l'histoire locale ont connu un essor considérable. La région des Cantons de l'Est et la ville de Sherbrooke, plus spécifiquement, n'échappent pas à cette orientation historiographique. Plusieurs thèses, mémoires ou études sont venus compléter notre connaissance de la réalité historique de Sherbrooke et de la région. Tous les aspects de l'histoire y trouvent leur compte, comme dans l'histoire nationale. Les historiens sortent de l'ombre les personnages et les événements qui ont marqué la vie politique, économique, religieuse, sociale et culturelle de la communauté qu'ils étudient. Ils ont ainsi raison du temps qui travaille contre la mémoire, collective comme individuelle. L'étude que je présente aujourd'hui s'inscrit dans la vague qui a poussé les historiens à éclairer le milieu où ils vivent et à concourir ainsi, de plus ou moins loin, à l'évaluation de l'histoire nationale déjà reçue. Môn mémoire consiste à présenter et à interpréter l'histoire de la Société St-Jean-Baptiste de Sherbrooke, une Société qui s'est très tôt inscrite dans le développement de la ville de Sherbrooke, puis du diocèse. On pourrait penser qu'il appartient à l'histoire sociale et culturelle uniquement. Mais l'orientation que la SSJB de Sherbrooke a prise au cours du 20e siècle et le climat politique dans lequel elle évolue depuis une vingtaine d'années, notamment, font que mon mémoire déborde largement l'aspect socio-culturel de l'histoire de Sherbrooke et du diocèse Saint-Michel. Il a donc une extension que je n'avais pas prévue au moment du choix de mon sujet.

A influência da Jean-Claude Gardin e a linha francesa na evolução do conceito de linguagem documentária

Bibliographic review study on the evolution of Documentary Languages and its field of study, the documentary linguistics. Based upon the researches developed by the french approach in Europe notably by jean-claude gardin and in brazil by grupo temma. It is proposes a framework of the main characteristics of documentary languages having the appropriation of the structural linguistics by the documentation as a focus. It anayses the evolution of the denomination of documentary languages, their functions, and it compares both approaches.

Collagen is reduced and disrupted in human aneurysms and dissections of ascending aorta

In ascending aorta aneurysms, there is an enlargement of the whole vessel, whereas aortic dissections (ADs) are characterized by the cleavage of the wall into 2 sheets at the external half. We searched if alterations in collagen could be related to these diseases. Sections of aortas from 14 case patients with acute dissections, 10 case patients with aneurysms, and 9 control subjects were stained with picrosirius. Slides were analyzed under polarized microscopy to evaluate the structure of collagen fibers. The proportion of collagen was calculated in each half of the medial layer by color detection in a computerized image analysis system. Collagen appearance under polarized light was consistent with collagenolysis. The mean collagen proportions at the inner and outer halves, respectively, were 0.50 +/- 0.13 and 0.40 +/- 0.08 in the control group, 0.20 +/- 0.10 and 0.18 +/- 0.12 in the AD group, and 0.33 +/- 0.12 and 0.19 +/- 0.12 in the aneurysm group. The AD (P < .01) and control (P = .04) groups had less collagen at the external half, no difference was found in the aneurysm group (P = .71). In both halves, there was less collagen in the case patients than in the control subjects (all P < .01), but at the internal half, the decrease was significantly greater in the case patients with aneurysms than in those with dissections (P = .03; at the external half, P = .99). Aortic dissections and aneurysms show a decrease in collagen content that could be related to a weakness of the wall underlying the diseases, but the locations of the decrease differ: in dissections, it is situated mostly at the external portion of the media (site of cleavage), whereas in aneurysms, it is more diffuse, consistent with the global enlargement. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Syndromic and non-syndromic aneurysms of the human ascending aorta share activation of the Smad2 pathway

Common features such as elastic fibre destruction, mucoid accumulation, and smooth muscle cell apoptosis are co-localized in aneurysms of the ascending aorta of various aetiologies. Recent experimental studies reported an activation of TGF-beta in aneurysms related to Marfan (and Loeys-Dietz) syndrome. Here we investigate TGF-beta signalling in normal and pathological human ascending aortic wall in syndromic and non-syndromic aneurysmal disease. Aneurysmal ascending aortic specimens, classified according to aetiology: syndromic MFS (n = 15, including two mutations in TGFBR2), associated with BAV (n = 15) or degenerative forms (n = 19), were examined. We show that the amounts of TGF-beta 1 protein retained within and released by aneurysmal tissue were greater than for control aortic tissue, whatever the aetiology, contrasting with an unchanged TGF-beta 1 mRNA level. The increase in stored TGF-beta 1 was associated with enhanced LTBP-I protein and mRNA levels. These dysiregulations of the extracellular ligand are associated with higher phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad2 mRNA levels in the ascending aortic wall from all types of aneurysm. This activation correlated with the degree of elastic fibre fragmentation. Surprisingly, there was no consistent association between the nuclear location of pSmad2 and extracellular TGF-beta 1 and LTBP-I staining and between their respective mRNA expressions. In parallel, decorin. was focally increased in aneurysmal media, whereas biglycan was globally decreased in aneurysmal aortas. In conclusion, this study highlights independent dysregulations of TGF-beta retention and Smad2 signalling in syndromic and non-syndromic aneurysms of the ascending aorta. Copyright (C) 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.