Calibrating the Gaussian multi-target tracking model

We present novel batch and online (sequential) versions of the expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm for inferring the static parameters of a multiple target tracking (MTT) model. Online EM is of particular interest as it is a more practical method for long data sets since in batch EM, or a full Bayesian approach, a complete browse of the data is required between successive parameter updates. Online EM is also suited to MTT applications that demand real-time processing of the data. Performance is assessed in numerical examples using simulated data for various scenarios. For batch estimation our method significantly outperforms an existing gradient based maximum likelihood technique, which we show to be significantly biased. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Application of the compatibility relationship(1) in seeking a functional relationship among species' equilibrium quantities in complex systems

A new algorithm, representing an important advance in determination of the functional relationship, is first reported here. The algorithm is very useful and convenient for analyzing the incorporation of impurities. To show how the algorithm works, two early and well-known vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) experiments-Ashen's (Ashen, D. J.; Dean, P. J.; Hurle, D. T. J.; Mullin, J. B.; Royle, A.; White, A. M. Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds, Institute of Physics Conference Series 24, 1974; Institute of Physics: London, 1975; p 229.), involving the doping of silicon and DiLorenzo's (DiLorenzo, J. V. J. Cryst. Growth 1972, 17, 189.), involving the mole fraction effect-are calculated to find the functional relationship between the Si contamination and the partial pressure of HCl. The calculated curves agree with the experimental results. A conclusion that the calculated values are greater than the true values has been drawn.

Second-order solutions for random interfacial waves under steady uniform currents

In the present research, the study of Song (2004) for random interfacial waves in two-layer fluid is extended to the case of fluids moving at different steady uniform speeds. The equations describing the random displacements of the density interface and the associated velocity potentials in two-layer fluid are solved to the second order, and the wave-wave interactions of the wave components and the interactions between the waves and currents are described. As expected, the extended solutions include those obtained by Song (2004) as one special case where the steady uniform currents of the two fluids are taken as zero, and the solutions reduce to those derived by Sharma and Dean (1979) for random surface waves if the density of the upper fluid and the current of the lower fluid are both taken as zero.

香鼬的活动节律和巢区

本文采用无线电遥测技术对栖息在自然环境中香鼬（Musteal altaica）的活动节律及其巢区进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明，香鼬多营独居生活．除繁殖期外，无论雌雄个体均无长期稳定的巢穴，经常更换活动的位置。香鼬的每日活动主要为玩耍、自身的修饰、光浴、探视和取食，在繁殖期还有育幼及对幼鼬的保护。在不同时期香鼬日活动高峰和巢区大小均有不同。幼鼬出洞活动前，其亲体雌性成鼬活动呈现两个明显的高峰，11:00～13:00和16:00～17:00，雄性成鼬则只有一个活动高峰在11:00左右；在这一时期，成体香鼬的地面活动高峰与其食物──高原鼠兔的地面活动高峰不相吻合，雌性成鼬的巢区面积为7.21ｈａ，雄性成鼬的巢区面积为11.7ha。幼鼬出洞活动后，雌性成鼬的活动高峰为8:00～9:00和17:00～19:00，巢区面积平均为82.72ha。幼鼬扩散期间，雌性成鼬的活动高峰期分别为8:00～9:00和15:00～20:00。在这两个时期，成体香鼬的地面活动高峰与高原鼠兔的地面活动高峰趋于一致。影响香鼬活动和巢区大小的主要因素是食物的丰富度、猎物的活动性和繁殖行为，同时种群密度也是主要因素之一。

赤狐的活动节律与产仔洞穴的选择

本文对赤狐（Ｖｕｌｐｅｓｖｕｌｐｅｓ）的产仔洞穴、活动节律和巢区大小进行了研究。赤狐产仔洞穴全部为喜马拉雅旱獭（Ｍａｒｍｏｔａｈｕｍａｌａｙａｎａ）的居住洞，一般洞口数较多（平均４．８个），分布于高寒灌丛（７１％），距干扰因素较远（大于１．５ｋｍ），常位于坡中部（７１％）．影响其选择的主要因素是隐蔽性和安全性。赤狐的产仔洞穴相对稳定，平均利用时间为３．３年，利用时间的长短与环境条件的稳定性有关。赤狐通常在夜间活动，主要是觅食，而白天有时成体携幼体在洞穴附近进行短时间的非觅食活动，活动的高峰期为１８００一０８００时。雌雄成体共同哺育幼体，活动范围相同而多单独活动。成体赤狐的巢区面积平均为７．９ｋｍ２。

香鼬的栖息地选择、觅食和育幼行为

香鼬（Ｍｕｓｔｅｌａａｌｔａｉｃａ）喜栖于人类居住区附近的高寒草甸草场，主要以高原鼠兔（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ）为食，其数量分布与高原鼠兔的密度分布成正相关。在高原鼠兔的繁殖盛期，香鼬主要捕食鼠兔幼体，每只成体平均每天捕获鼠兔６．２只，相当于每１００克体重日获取食物重量２７３．５克，在高原鼠兔的繁殖后期和非繁殖期，每只成体平均每天捕获鼠兔２．７５只，相当于每１００克体重日获取食物重量２９６．３克。繁殖期育幼任务全部由雌性成鼬承担，幼鼬从７月初开始地面活动，８月初开始扩散。

Aphasia rehabilitation and the strange neglect of speed.

Timing data is infrequently reported in aphasiological literature and time taken is only a minor factor, where it is considered at all, in existing aphasia assessments. This is not surprising because reaction times are difficult to obtain manually, but it is a pity, because speed data should be indispensable in assessing the severity of language processing disorders and in evaluating the effects of treatment. This paper argues that reporting accuracy data without discussing speed of performance gives an incomplete and potentially misleading picture of any cognitive function. Moreover, in deciding how to treat, when to continue treatment and when to cease therapy, clinicians should have regard to both parameters: Speed and accuracy of performance. Crerar, Ellis and Dean (1996) reported a study in which the written sentence comprehension of 14 long-term agrammatic subjects was assessed and treated using a computer-based microworld. Some statistically significant and durable treatment effects were obtained after a short amount of focused therapy. Only accuracy data were reported in that (already long) paper, and interestingly, although it has been a widely read study, neither referees nor subsequent readers seemed to miss "the other side of the coin": How these participants compared with controls for their speed of processing and what effect treatment had on speed. This paper considers both aspects of the data and presents a tentative way of combining treatment effects on both accuracy and speed of performance in a single indicator. Looking at rehabilitation this way gives us a rather different perspective on which individuals benefited most from the intervention. It also demonstrates that while some subjects are capable of utilising metalinguistic skills to achieve normal accuracy scores even many years post-stroke, there is little prospect of reducing the time taken to within the normal range. Without considering speed of processing, the extent of this residual functional impairment can be overlooked.

Constructing Enemies: 'Islamic Terrorism' in Political and Academic Discourse

Jackson, Richard, (2007) 'Constructing Enemies: 'Islamic Terrorism' in Political and Academic Discourse', Government and Opposition, 42(3) pp.394-426 RAE2008

Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counter-terrorism

Jackson, Richard, Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counter-terrorism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), pp.viii + 232 RAE2008

Internal War, International Mediation and Non-Official Diplomacy: Lessons from Mozambique

Jackson, R. (2005). Internal War, International Mediation and Non-Official Diplomacy: Lessons from Mozambique. Journal of Conflict Studies. 25(1), pp.153-76 RAE2008

Language, Policy and the Construction of a Torture Culture in the War on Terrorism

Jackson, R. (2007). Language, Policy and the Construction of a Torture Culture in the War on Terrorism. Review of International Studies. 33(3), pp.353-371 RAE2008

Wytwarzanie przestrzeni autentycznej jako krytyka nowoczesności

The paper discusses social practices of creating as well as producing authentic objects and space. My deliberations are based on the thesis of the authors of the books The tourist gaze (John Urry), The tourist. A new theory of the leisure class (Dean MacCannell); Contested natures (Phil Macnaghten and John Urry), but also on my own research concerning attitudes towards wolfs in western and eastern Poland. The point of the article is that at the age of the new visual media, postmodernism and posttourism, when it is difficult to recognize whether an object is the original or a copy, man still wants to stand on the firm ground of genuine values. The sociologists mentioned above claim that this is why in the modern world there is a demand for authentic objects and so in an answer to this need such attractions like w i l d n e s s and r u s t i c i t y are produced. In the first part of the article I present an example of a visual product – an English cottage. Secondly, basing on the results of some research concerning attitudes towards wolves, I attempt to show that in Poland there are also some practices the idea of which is to create an authentic space - wild nature. Finally I emphasize that constructed authentic space, scenes, and landscapes are examples of myths – wildness, rusticity – the consequence of nostalgia for lost authentic world.

Działalność polityczno-społeczna prof. Stefana Dąbrowskiego (1877-1947)

Wydział Historyczny: Instytut Historii