969 resultados para Lotto, Lorenzo, 1480?-1556?


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乙腈是一种给电子能力很弱的配体。过渡金属乙腈阳离子型配合物是一类均相催化剂,可催化烯烃、环烯烃聚合、异构化等反应。1986年Thomas等将金属Eu和NOBF_(?)在CH_3CN中反应制得了合乙腈的稀土阳离子型配合物[Eu(CH_3CN)_3(BF_4)_3]_(?),并指出这一配

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本论文采用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术对牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus群体和夏鲆Paralichthys dentaus 群体进行了种群鉴定和遗传结构分析。共用8 对引物对两个群体(每个群体30 个个体)进行了分析。总共产生了379 个条带,条带大小在60-1000bp。牙鲆与夏鲆的遗传多态性分别为53.83%和22.22%。牙鲆群体的多态位点数显著低于夏鲆群体。牙鲆群体和夏鲆群体种的特异条带分别为27.3% 和 29.61%。两群体平均杂和度分别为0.0701 和 0.1556,香农氏多态指数分别为0.1044 和0.2387。群体内平均遗传距离分别为0.0705 (0.0214 到0.1377)和0.1656 (0.0629 到 0.2338),两群体间的平均遗传距离为0.6328。 AFLP 技术是进行种间群体结构分析的一个很好的分子标记方法,对牙鲆和夏鲆亲本群体进行遗传背景析为今后的杂交育种阐明种间杂交的遗传机理奠定基础。 在本论文中我们采用5×8 因子交配设计建立了牙鲆P. olivaceus(♀)× 夏鲆P. dentaus(♂)杂交家系,对生长相关性状的遗传力进行分析。所有家系都混合养殖在同一养殖池中,40 日龄,在养殖池中随机采集600 个个体,测量体长,体宽,体重等数量性状;然后提取杂交子代DNA 进行家系的鉴定。首先从牙鲆的微卫星中筛选了在牙鲆、夏鲆以及杂交子代扩增多态性较好的10 对微卫星引物(Po1, Po13, Po20, Po35, Po42, Po48, Po56, Po58, Po91, Poli 23TUF)。我们采用了三对引物对600 个个体进行了家系鉴定,共有400 多个体鉴定出自己的亲本,成功率达到80%以上。基于以上结果我们认为微卫星标记可以做为一个有效的标记来代替现实的物理标记,并且可以在子代的早期进行亲本的鉴定。 在养殖过程中,我们对自交和杂交家系生长状况进行了跟踪分析,在181刘清华 牙鲆(♀)×夏鲆(♂)分子遗传学及数量遗传学研究 博士学位论文II日龄之前杂交鲆体长和体重均为未表现出杂种优势,杂种优势率值始终为负值,但是绝对值在逐渐减小。从196 日龄之后杂交鲆杂种优势开始表现出来,并且在196 日龄之后杂种优势率显著的增加。256 日龄体长杂种优势率为14.29%,体重杂种优势率为59.78%, 271 日龄体长杂种优势率达到27.36%,体重杂种优势率为 102.32%。 本研究对杂交鲆在40 日龄的体长,体高、尾柄长、尾柄高,以及全长和体重的遗传力进行了估计,5 个性状的体长半同胞遗传力h2 S 为0.00146-0.719,5个性状的全同胞遗传力h2D 为0.00121-0.632,5 个性状的半同胞和全同胞的平均遗传力h2SD 为0.001335-0.6755。其中全长的遗传力最大。实验结果说明对早期幼鱼进行体长、体重等性状实施选育策略可能会显著影响后期杂交鲆的生长。

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三倍体培育是水产动物遗传改良的重要途径之一,它在提高养殖产量、改良品质方面发挥着重要作用。对虾三倍体在性腺发育和性别比率方面与二倍体之间存在明显差异。本论文对三倍体性腺发育的分子机理进行了初步探讨,为阐明甲壳动物的性腺发育和性别控制机理提供重要依据。本论文取得的主要进展如下: 利用联会复合体的分析技术,比较分析了雄性二倍体和三倍体中精母细胞的减数分裂行为。二倍体对虾具有典型的真核生物联会复合体的形态,联会复合体在二价体联会处沿同源染色体长轴分布;未见明显的异型性别染色体;三倍体对虾精母细胞的联会行为复杂,可见二价体、单价体、非同源联会的三价体、同源转换和同源区完全配对的双联会复合体等不同形态;三倍体对虾在晚粗线期普遍表现为三价体同源区完全配对的双联会复合体形态,这种联会行为可能是导致其产生 3n 倍性精子的关键原因。 利用抑制性消减杂交技术,建立了对虾二倍体和三倍体卵巢间的2个消减文库;在正向消减文库(以三倍体卵巢作为实验组,二倍体卵巢作为驱动组)中,鉴定到54个基因;在反向消减文库(以二倍体卵巢为实验组,三倍体卵巢为驱动组)中,鉴定到16个基因;选取11个差异表达的基因,利用半定量RT-PCR的方法对其在二倍体和三倍体卵巢间的表达进行了检测,均能很好地与消减结果相吻合;这些差异基因编码多种功能的蛋白,分析表明染色体的三倍化使三倍体卵巢中的基因调控网络受到了影响;为深入揭示维持卵巢正常发育的关键分子调控事件奠定了基础。 为进一步分析特定基因对对虾性腺发育的调控机制,选取了在对虾三倍体和二倍体卵巢中差异表达显著的 3 个不同基因,PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen)、CAS/CSE1 (cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein/chromosome segregation 1)和 SSRF (spermatogonial stem-cell renewal factor),进行了相关研究分析,为深入探讨特定基因对对虾性腺发育的调控机制以及三倍体中的基因表达调控机制奠定了基础; 中国明对虾PCNA基因在增殖旺盛的性腺组织及造血组织中表达量最高;在二倍体卵巢中的表达水平显著高于三倍体卵巢;在不同病原刺激下的造血组织中的表达模式不同,与对虾对抗不同病原刺激的免疫反应相关;PCNA在序列上的高度保守性,提示了其功能的保守性;利用PCNA基因可以指示细胞的增殖活性的特点,将辅助我们在对虾发育生物学和二倍体、三倍体对虾比较发育生物学的研究; 中国明对虾CAS/CSE1基因在二倍体卵巢中高表达;在卵母细胞中,其mRNA大量分布于细胞质及细胞核周围;是早期胚胎发育的母源性因子;在其氨基酸序列的N端具有importin-β 家族蛋白的保守结构,提示其可能通过参与核质运输在发育过程中发挥重要作用;利用原核表达系统成功地对其进行了体外重组表达,为进一步在蛋白水平上的功能研究提供了条件; 中国明对虾SSRF(暂时命名)基因在三倍体卵巢中高表达;在正常二倍体对虾的神经组织中表达量最高,提示该基因在神经发育中可能发挥重要作用;在氨基酸序列上与胸苷磷酸化酶(TP)具有最高的相似性;利用原核表达系统成功地对其进行了体外重组表达,为进一步在蛋白水平上的功能研究奠定了基础;对对虾SSRF活性蛋白的酶活及功能验证亟待进行。

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The coda of seismic waves consists of that part of the signal after the directly arrivials. In a finite medium, or in one that is strongly heterogeneous, the coda is dominated by waves which have repeatedly sampled the medium. Small changes in a medium which may have no detectable influence on the first arrivals are amplified by this repeated sampling and may thus be detectable in the coda. Because of this, coda wave is widely used in detecting micro variations in medium。 In this paper, we give a general view of the theory and application of coda wave, especially coda wave interferometry. We focus on discussing the application of coda wave interferometry on data source of active situ experiment。 First, we apply coda wave interferometry in a short time period situ experiment which last for three days. We also apply the method of coda wave interferometry in a situ experiment which last for one month. Daily circle variations of seismic velocity around the experiment site were obtained, and we also observed that the velocity variations in the experiment site have a significant correlation with the environment factors, including air temperature, barometric pressure, solid earth tide and the level of rainfall. We find that the velocity variation during this period is up to 10-3. The relationship between velocity variation and changes in air temperature, barometric pressure and solid earth tide was analyzed with least square linear fitting .The velocity has no dependence on the air temperature. But velocity has a change of 10-6--10-7 when the barometer or earth tide change per Pa. Generally, we conclude the work and results of previous researchers, and we also display our works and results. We hopes to contribute to the future research of coda wave interferometry.

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The ionosphere is the ionized component of the Earth's upper atmosphere. Solar EUV radiation is the source of ionospheric ionization. Thus the ionosphere is affected strongly by the variations in solar radiation. Solar flares and solar eclipses can induce remarkable short time changes in solar radiation: the solar radiation would increase suddenly during solar flares and decrease significantly during solar eclipses. Solar flare and eclipse events not only affect directly the photochemical processes, but also affect the dynamic processes, and even affect the neutral atmosphere, which is strongly coupled with the ionosphere. The study on the ionospheric response to solar flares and eclipses can advance our knowledge on the ionosphere and its photochemical and dynamic processes and help us to evaluate the ionospheric parameters (such as ion loss coefficients). In addition, the study on the ionospheric responses to solar flares and eclipses is an important part of the ionospheric space weather, which can provide guides for space weather monitoring. This thesis devotes to the study on the ionospheric responses to solar flares and solar eclipses. I have developed two models to simulate the variations of solar EUV radiation during solar flares and solar eclipses, and involved in developing a 2D mid- and low-latitude ionospheric model. On the basis of some observed data and the ionospheric model, I study the temporal and spatial variations of the ionosphere during solar flares and eclipses, and investigate the influences of solar activity, solar zenith angle, neutral gas density, and magnetic dip angle on the ionospheric responses to solar flares and solar eclipses. The main points of my works and results are summarized as follows. 1. The ionospheric response to the X17.2 solar flare on October 28, 2003 was modeled via using a one-dimension theoretical ionospheric model. The simulated variation of TEC is in accordance with the observations, though there are some differences in the amplitude of the variation. Then I carried out a series of simulations to explore the local time and seasonal dependences of the ionospheric responses to solar flares. These calculations show that the ionospheric responses are largely related with the solar zenith angle (SZA). During the daytime (small SZA), most of the increases in electron density occur at altitudes below 300 km with a peak at around 115 km; whereas around sunrise and sunset (SZA>90°), the strongest ionospheric responses occur at much higher altitudes. The TEC increases slower at sunrise than at sunset, which is caused by the difference in the evolution of SZA at sunrise and sunset: SZA decreases with time at sunrise and increase with time at sunset. The ionospheric response is largest in summer and smallest in winter, which is also related to the seasonal difference of SZA. 2. Based on the observations from the ionosondes in Europe and the ionospheric model, I investigated the differences of the ionosphere responses to solar eclipses between the E-layer and F1-layer. Both the observation and simulation show that the decrease in foF1 due to the solar eclipses is larger than that in foE. This effect is due to that the F1 region locates at the transition height between the atomic ion layer and the molecular ion layer. With the revised model of solar radiation during solar flares, our model calculates the radiations from both the inside and outside of photosphere. Large discrepancy can be found between the observations and the calculations with an unrevised model, while the calculations with the revised model consist with the observations. 3. I also explore the effects of the F2-layer height, local time, solar cycle, and magnetic dip angle on the ionospheric responses to solar eclipses via using an ionospheric model and study on the solar zenith angle and the dip dependences by analyzing the data derived from 23 ionosonde stations during seven eclipse events. Both the measured and simulated results show that these factors have significant effect on the ionospheric response. The larger F2-layer height causes the smaller decrease in foF2, which is because that the electron density response decreases with height. The larger dip results in the smaller eclipse effect on the F2 layer, because the larger dip would cause the more diffusion from the top ionosphere which can make up for the plasma loss. The foF2 response is largest at midday and decreases with the increasing SZA. The foF2 response is larger at high solar activity than at low solar activity. The simulated results show that the local time and solar activity discrepancy of the eclipse effect mainly attribute to the difference of the background neutral gas density. 4. I carried out a statistical study on the latitudinal dependence of the ionospheric response to solar eclipses and modeled this latitudinal dependence by the ionospheric model. Both the observations and simulations show that the foF2 and TEC responses have the same latitudinal dependence: the eclipse effects on foF2 and TEC are smaller at low latitudes than at middle latitudes; at the middle latitudes (>40°), the eclipse effect decreases with increasing latitude. In addition, the simulated results show the change in electron temperature at the heights of above 300 km of low latitudes is much smaller than that at the same heights of middle latitudes. This is due to the smaller decrease in photoelectron production rate at its conjugate low heights. 5. By analyzing the observed data during the October 3, 2005 solar eclipse, I find some significant disturbances in the conjugate region of the eclipse region, including a decrease in Te, an increase in foF2 and TEC, and an uprising in hmF2. I also simulated the ionosphere behavior during this eclipse using a mid-low latitude ionospheric model. The simulations reproduce the measured ionospheric disturbances mentioned above in the conjugated hemisphere. The simulations show that the great loss of arriving photoelectron heat from the eclipse region is the principal driving source for the disturbances in the conjugate hemisphere.

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矿山开发造成的生态环境问题是一个世界性的问题,国内外许多学者对此表现出浓厚的兴趣。除矿山开发直接导致的植被破坏和耕地侵蚀等外,研究者更重视有害物质(特别是重金属)释放而导致的环境问题,特别是表生条件下矿山废弃物(矿山尾砂)的堆积,在一系列地球化学因素的作用下:如矿山尾砂的矿物成分 参考、堆积时间、厚度、气候条件及微生物(Rachel,2002)等发生风化作用,从而导致酸性矿山废水(AMD)的产生。蓄纳高浓度的重金属元素,其排放小仅对溪流、河流、湖泊水质及其沉积物产生负而影响,而且有降低土壤环境质量状况的威胁(Barbara Hohn,2005)。 贵州省赫章县是我国著名的土法炼锌集散地,地处贵州西北部,辖内煤炭资源丰富,境内的榨子厂、猫猫厂、天桥铅、锌矿(氧化矿)为“土法炼锌”提供了丰富的原料。其土法炼锌已有300多年的历史,至2000年,已有1000多个土法炼锌“马槽炉”的规模。炼锌中产生的黑色烟尘不仅使周围山坡寸草不生,山坡上、河道边到处倾倒着废渣,而且使许多早作地荒耕。本文试图以该地的土法炼锌为研究对象,探讨土法炼锌中产生的烟尘和废弃物对附近土壤和沉积物的环境影响。 1.1矿山开发中的生态环境影响 矿山的开采在很大程度上改变了矿山原有的环境。矿山开采耗费大量的土地资源,开采后破坏的土地,丧失原有的自然生态系统;废弃物堆置场是周围环境的严重污染源。矿山按其产品性质分类,有冶金矿山(黑色金属、有色金属、稀土元素、放射性元素等)和非金属矿山(煤矿、石料、陶土等);按其开采方式分类,有露天开采矿山和地下开采矿山。不同性质的矿山和不同的开采方式,其对生态环境破坏的过程和特征有很大差异。 矿山开采引起的生态破坏,主要由以下三个过程导致:(1)开采活动对土地的直接破坏,如露天开采会直接毁坏地表土层和植被,地下开采会导致地层塌陷,从而引起土地和植被的破坏:(2)矿山开采过程中的废弃物(如尾矿、矸石等) 需要大面积的堆置场地,从而导致大量占用土地和对堆置场原有生态系统的破坏;(3)矿山废弃物中的毒性成分,可通过径流和大气飘尘,影响周围的土地、水域和大气质量(Ivanova,2001)。 在生态系统层次上,上述三个过程对采矿地区生态的破坏具有三个特征:(1)景观破坏,主要指对地貌的影响;(2)环境质量退化,对所在地区土质、水质,甚至大气质量的影响;(3)生物多样性退化,对原有生物群落的摧毁,及对当地现有生物群落的严重破坏甚至摧毁。 通常,金属矿山引起的环境质量退化以及由此导致的生物多样性退化要比非金属矿山更严重;露天开采的矿山引起的景观破坏和生物多样性退化,要比地下开采的矿山更严重。矿山开发的生态环境影响突出表现在以下几下方面: 1土地的占用与破坏 矿山开采后,将会产出大量的废石、排土和尾砂,例如露天开采1吨矿石通常削离5-10 t覆盖的岩土,堆存它们将需占用大量的土地。据报道美国的明尼苏达州北部,由于大型露天磁铁矿近半世纪的大量开采,致使当地土壤质地退化,如不进行有效的治理将有沙漠化的危险(Othman,1996)。矿区的建设也将不可避免地改变地形、自然景观和植被状况等。土地破坏的后果是:水土流失加剧,淤塞污染水体,增加扬尘,严重影响生态环境。另外,尾矿坝、废石堆场设置不当或管理不严,会造成严重的滑坡或泥石流事故,使大面积的土地受到破坏,造成水体污染,危及人身和财产的安全。 2水体污染 矿山开采后的废石堆成尾矿库若不妥善处理,可能会成为地下水污染源。废矿堆、尾矿库长期处在氧化、风蚀、溶滤过程中,其中的有毒矿物成份或有害物质可以随水转入地下、地表水体和农田、土壤之中,造成地下、地表水体受到化学污染。 采矿工业用水远远小于选矿工业的用水量,但不论是采矿还是选矿,若不注意处理其废水,会造成严重的后果。据报道,由于采矿对水体的污染,使美国长达20600km的水域和449个天然和人工湖泊不再适于养鱼(Antonio Simonetti,2000);在国内也不乏其例,如攀枝花选矿厂(曾清如,1997)有部分尾矿废水排入金沙江,对其造成长期的严重污染。又如东鞍山矿(张宝贵,2002)由于外排废水中含有大量的细粒级悬浮物,使杨柳河的河水呈红色,不仅妨碍水生生物的生长,还影响农业灌溉,成为鞍山地区的一大公害。此外开采硫化矿床时,由于伴生的低品位黄铁矿,在自然堆放过程中,经风化、雨水浸蚀可产生有害酸性水。在我国冶金矿山中因酸性水污染造成的危害是十分严重的,如南山铁矿(许步信,1996)的酸性水波及周围1万hm2农田和渔业生产,多年来共赔偿农业损失费累计约百万元。此外,各金属矿山的外排水中浮悬药剂的污染、硝基苯的污染以及其它重金属的污染也屡见不鲜(Sastre,2002)。 井巷开掘、矿床排水疏干所形成的降压漏斗的水力影响半径有时可达数十公里,可能造成区域性水文环境的破坏,使农牧业缺水受损。另外,疏干碳酸盐围岩含水层之后,其岩溶和溶洞会成为地面塌陷下沉,地面设施被破坏的隐患;而当塌陷区或井巷地表贮水体存在水力的沟通时,则会酿成淹没矿井的重大事故;当岩层疏干影响的设计计划不周时,还可导致露天边坡、台阶的滑动和变形,从而出现相应的灾害后果(李小玉,2004) 3大气污染 在矿山生产中,氧化、风蚀作用可使废石堆场、尾矿库形成一个周期性的尘暴源。此外矿石破碎、筛分和选矿等工序也是主要尘源。矿山对大气的污染还包括公路运输过程中形成的大量扬尘。粉尘污染是冶金矿山生产过程中的一种主要污染类型。在我国,由于矿山粉尘污染而使矿区农牧业受害的情况较多。矿山开发引起的环境生态问题是全球性的问题,越来越受到科学界的关注,己成为环境地球化学研究的一个重要领域。随着对矿产资源需求的不断扩大,矿山废物的排放量大幅度增加,环境生态的恢复难度也在不断增大,因此,在科学界关注的同时,政府也要采取一定的措施来给予支持和提供方便(王文,2003)。 1.2矿区重金属污染研究 1.2.1重金属概念及环境化学行为 通常把密度大于5的金属称为重金属,如隔、铬、铜、镍、铅、锌等,砷虽然不属于金属,但由于对环境的影响与重金属类似,通常也称其为重金属。矿产开采过程中所引起的环境问题较多,特别是土壤的重金属污染(Ahmed,1998)。有害重金属通过各种途径进入土壤,不易随水淋溶,微生物难以降解,植物对其有明显的生物富集作用,影响农作物的品质和产量。土壤污染有较长的潜伏期,具有隐蔽性、不可逆性、普遍性、表聚性等特征(Isabelle,2001) 重金属是一类典型的环境污染物,在自然条件下,除了局部范围重金属含量较高之外,一般土壤中有害重金属含量都小于构成污染的临界值。由于受人类生产活动的影响,例如,农业增产措施如农药、化肥的不断使用,加之工业废水、废气、城市生活垃圾、污水及污泥与畜禽粪便等排入环境,都不断污染土壤,使重金属等在环境中的积累不断积聚。特别是最近几十年来,由于土壤环境中污染物含量不断提高,重金属污染问题已经引起学术界、政府和公众的广泛关注。 1.2.2环境中重金属的来源 重金属可以通过废水、废渣的排放,空气悬浮物的携带与运输,水体中的细微尾矿砂颗粒物的运移,食物链的传递等不同途径来引起环境的污染。污染源有以下几个方面: 工业污染源,尤其是基础工业,特别是采矿和冶炼业是向环境中释放重金属的主要污染源。如20世纪60年代,在日本的富山县神通川流域,由于铅锌冶炼厂排放的含锅废水污染水稻田,居民长期食用含偏稻米和饮用含锅水而造成锅中毒,锅进入人体后破坏人体的骨骼系统,使骨质变脆易折,也就是所谓的“骨痛病(Lorenzo,2000)。 生活污染源,主要是生活垃圾,其中含有的重金属能渗到土壤中,影响到地表水和地下水的质量,生活废水中的有机物可以吸收重金属,用这些水灌溉也可导致土壤污染。 农业污染源,主要来自厩肥、污泥、化肥、农药等,有害成分为其释放的重金属,污染物质主要集中于表层或耕层,它的分布比较广泛。污染物的种类和污染的轻重程度与土地的利用方式和耕作制度有关。 交通污染源,主要为含铅汽油的使用,使机动车排放的尾气污染大气。 自然污染源,土壤母质中的重金属本身含量高,还有火山喷发造成的土壤污染。 就矿区来说,以工业污染源为主,其它次之。 1.2.3环境中重金属的危害 尾矿、矿渣是采矿区土壤重金属的主要来源之一。当这些矿山固体垃圾从地下搬运到地表后,由于所处环境的改变,在自然条件下,极易发生风化作用(物理、化学和生物作用),使大量有毒有害的重金属元素释放出来进入到土壤和水体中,给采矿区及周围环境带来严重的污染。 在雨水等的作用下,地下水和地表水都会受到不同程度的重金属污染。目前世界上受高砷饮水危害的国家和地区包括孟加拉国、印度恒河流域、阿根廷、智利、墨西哥、泰国、美国和中国的台湾、内蒙、山西部分地区。孟加拉国受砷危害人口有35-77百万人,占该国总人口(125百万)的一大半,几十年来联合国投入了大量财力物力进行治理,但收效甚微(Kovalchuk,1996)。有300多年开采历史的我国湖南石门雄黄矿,发生了严重的砷污染,河水砷含量达0.5-14.5 mg•L-1,居民头发砷含量为0.972-2.459ug•L-1。以河水为饮用水源的居民的砷暴露水平达到甚至超过国内外重大慢性砷中毒案例的暴露水平。 有毒气体的排放无疑会直接污染大气。如1996年玻利维亚波托西的波尔科矿山的一座铅锌尾矿坝倒塌,致使大约235,000 t有毒尾矿泥浆(包括砷、氰化物、铅和锌等有害成分)排入皮科马约河的一条支流阿瓜卡斯蒂利亚河中,导致饮用该河水和食用该河水中鱼的3名儿童死亡,其毒性影响到800km的巴拉圭一阿根廷的查科(salomons,1995)。另外,巴西亚马逊河流域附近,约17000km,的大范围金矿开采过程中,汞作为重要提金试剂,易形成合金金齐汞,直接释放进入大气,且向大气的释放量远比向河流和土壤的释放量高,占总释放量的65%-83%( salomons,1995),对人体危害十分严重。西班牙某重金属冶炼厂尾砂坝的倒塌,使得随后的土地开发过程中大气可吸入颗粒中铜和锰的含量增加了17~36%和59一70%(Querol,2000)。 重金属在土壤中的聚集引起的危害更为严重。其进入土壤后,一方面可在植物体中累积,并通过食物链最终转移到人体内,危害人群健康,致畸致癌;另一方面,还可能导致地下水污染,超过一定限度就会危害生态系统,如上述所说的水体和大气的污染。由于重金属污染的范围广,持续时间长,又不易在生物物质循环和能量交换中分解,所以污染土壤的修复与治理迫在眉睫,也是科学界比较关注的问题之一。就世界范围来看,全世界每年平均排放汞115万t,锰1500万t,铜340万t,铅500万t,镍100万(Jane vacalet,1999)。据估计,我国仅重金属污染的耕地面积就达2000万ha,约占耕地总面积的115 ,每年因土壤污染而减产粮食1000万t;另外还有1200万t粮食重金属超标,二者的直接经济损失达200多亿元(陈同斌,1999)。在金属成矿区周围的自然扩散区域内,环境中一般含有较高浓度的重金属,加上开矿过程中的废矿水和尾矿砂,常造成严重的重金属污染问题。据报道,湖南省郴县东坡铅锌矿自然扩散晕区域内的环境污染是以铅、锌、镉、砷为主的多金属污染复合体,水体内的细微尾矿砂颗粒物是重金属的主要迁移载体,且该区域内作物中的铅、镉残留很高(曾清如,1994)。 土壤中重金属的超标同时也会使农作物和其它生物受到危害。杨居荣(1992)发现耐福的甜菜与胡萝卜在对营养元素的吸收上呈现两种不同的特征,即耐镐的甜菜往往对钙、镁、锌、铁元素的吸收量大,而胡萝卜则相反。土壤中锌/锅比例增大可显著地降低菠菜含镉量(宋菲,1996)。己有证据表明,铜矿的冶炼可以增加周围农业系统中的铜含量,使冶炼厂周围紫花首稽和柏树叶片中的铜含量明显增加。华南某矿区周围农田土壤中锌含量达690~4000 mg.kg-1;华北某污灌区土壤中锌含量超过1500 mg•kg-1,长期施用污泥的土壤中锌含量达370-470 mg•kg-1,受汞污染的面积达3.2 × 104 ha,每年生产汞米1.95×105吨。沈阳张士灌区和江西大余县等地区的粮食己经遭受严重的锡污染,其含镉量己经超过诱发“痛痛病”的标准。龙育堂等(1994)研究芝麻对稻田汞净化效果,结果表明:土壤含汞量在5-130 mg•kg-1,范围内,汞对芝麻产量和品质仍未造成显著影响;改种芝麻,土壤汞的年净化率高达41%,土壤的自净恢复年限比种植水稻缩短。食物链中重金属的高度富集最终将威胁到人类健康。

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¿Cómo es la trayectoria seguida por un jugador de fútbol desde que empieza a dar sus primeros pasos con el balón hasta que alcanza el rendimiento que le permita competir en la liga profesional de fútbol?, ¿cómo ocurre en el baloncesto o en el balonmano? Son muchos los factores que influirán sin duda alguna en dicho proceso. Entre dichos factores, en los últimos años, se ha considerado de forma detenida la influencia de la “practica deliberada” en el desarrollo del deportista. Sin embargo, son varios los autores y estudios que explican que no solo influye dicha practica, sino que también es muy importante la influencia del “juego deliberado”, bien en el mismo deporte, bien en otras especialidades deportivas, y que ambos tipos de practica son compatibles formando un continuum en el tiempo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el estado de la arte en torno a este debate, en el ámbito de los deportes colectivos, analizando si en los deportes colectivos los deportistas se especializan al principio en un solo deporte o bien si practican varias disciplinas deportivas para finalmente dedicarse exclusivamente a un deporte. Los resultados apuntan a que no existe un único camino en el desarrollo del deportista, y que razones de carácter social y cultural son las que realmente condicionan dicho proceso

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The technical efficiency in volleyball is closely related to the ability to perform displacements or jump (1). Therefore, it is necessary that precise, individualized, and localized evaluation of the muscles frequently involved in volleyball practice be studied (2,3). The aim of this study was to analyze the neuromuscular changes of the knee musculature in professional volleyball players using Tensiomyography (TMG) and jump tests.

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The purpose of this study is to compare the 4-year biochemical disease-free survival (BDFS) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) staged according to multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) versus intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) ≥76 Gy ± hormonal therapy (HT).

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Gohm, Rolf; Dey, S., 'Characteristic function for ergodic tuples', Integral Equations and Operator Theory 58(1) pp.43-63 RAE2008

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In this paper, we propose a new class of Concurrency Control Algorithms that is especially suited for real-time database applications. Our approach relies on the use of (potentially) redundant computations to ensure that serializable schedules are found and executed as early as possible, thus, increasing the chances of a timely commitment of transactions with strict timing constraints. Due to its nature, we term our concurrency control algorithms Speculative. The aforementioned description encompasses many algorithms that we call collectively Speculative Concurrency Control (SCC) algorithms. SCC algorithms combine the advantages of both Pessimistic and Optimistic Concurrency Control (PCC and OCC) algorithms, while avoiding their disadvantages. On the one hand, SCC resembles PCC in that conflicts are detected as early as possible, thus making alternative schedules available in a timely fashion in case they are needed. On the other hand, SCC resembles OCC in that it allows conflicting transactions to proceed concurrently, thus avoiding unnecessary delays that may jeopardize their timely commitment.

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With the increased use of "Virtual Machines" (VMs) as vehicles that isolate applications running on the same host, it is necessary to devise techniques that enable multiple VMs to share underlying resources both fairly and efficiently. To that end, one common approach is to deploy complex resource management techniques in the hosting infrastructure. Alternately, in this paper, we advocate the use of self-adaptation in the VMs themselves based on feedback about resource usage and availability. Consequently, we define a "Friendly" VM (FVM) to be a virtual machine that adjusts its demand for system resources, so that they are both efficiently and fairly allocated to competing FVMs. Such properties are ensured using one of many provably convergent control rules, such as AIMD. By adopting this distributed application-based approach to resource management, it is not necessary to make assumptions about the underlying resources nor about the requirements of FVMs competing for these resources. To demonstrate the elegance and simplicity of our approach, we present a prototype implementation of our FVM framework in User-Mode Linux (UML)-an implementation that consists of less than 500 lines of code changes to UML. We present an analytic, control-theoretic model of FVM adaptation, which establishes convergence and fairness properties. These properties are also backed up with experimental results using our prototype FVM implementation.