A new micro-machined millimeter-wave and terahertz snap-together rectangular waveguide technology

A novel technique for micro-machining millimeter and submillimeter-wave rectangular waveguide components is reported. These are fabricated in two halves which simply snap together, utilizing locating pins and holes, and are physically robust, and cheap, and easy to manufacture. In addition, S-parameter measurements on these structures are reported for the first time and display lower loss than previously reported micro-machined rectangular waveguides.

A micro-level simulation for the prediction of intention and behaviour

In this contribution we aim at anchoring Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) simulations in actual models of human psychology. More specifically, we apply unidirectional ABM to social psychological models using low level agents (i.e., intra-individual) to examine whether they generate better predictions, in comparison to standard statistical approaches, concerning the intentions of performing a behavior and the behavior. Moreover, this contribution tests to what extent the predictive validity of models of attitude such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) or Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB) depends on the assumption that peoples’ decisions and actions are purely rational. Simulations were therefore run by considering different deviations from rationality of the agents with a trembling hand method. Two data sets concerning respectively the consumption of soft drinks and physical activity were used. Three key findings emerged from the simulations. First, compared to standard statistical approach the agent-based simulation generally improves the prediction of behavior from intention. Second, the improvement in prediction is inversely proportional to the complexity of the underlying theoretical model. Finally, the introduction of varying degrees of deviation from rationality in agents’ behavior can lead to an improvement in the goodness of fit of the simulations. By demonstrating the potential of ABM as a complementary perspective to evaluating social psychological models, this contribution underlines the necessity of better defining agents in terms of psychological processes before examining higher levels such as the interactions between individuals.

Protease-activated receptor 2 mediates eosinophil infiltration and hyperreactivity in allergic inflammation of the airway

Trypsin and mast cell tryptase can signal to epithelial cells, myocytes, and nerve fibers of the respiratory tract by cleaving proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Since tryptase inhibitors are under development to treat asthma, a precise understanding of the contribution of PAR2 to airway inflammation is required. We examined the role of PAR2 in allergic inflammation of the airway by comparing OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice lacking or overexpressing PAR2. In wild-type mice, immunoreactive PAR2 was detected in airway epithelial cells and myocytes, and intranasal administration of a PAR2 agonist stimulated macrophage infiltration into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. OVA challenge of immunized wild-type mice stimulated infiltration of leukocytes into bronchoalveolar lavage and induced airway hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine. Compared with wild-type animals, eosinophil infiltration was inhibited by 73% in mice lacking PAR2 and increased by 88% in mice overexpressing PAR2. Similarly, compared with wild-type animals, airway hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine (40 micro g/ml) was diminished 38% in mice lacking PAR2 and increased by 52% in mice overexpressing PAR2. PAR2 deletion also reduced IgE levels to OVA sensitization by 4-fold compared with those of wild-type animals. Thus, PAR2 contributes to the development of immunity and to allergic inflammation of the airway. Our results support the proposal that tryptase inhibitors and PAR2 antagonists may be useful therapies for inflammatory airway disease.

GPVI and CLEC-2

The glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-FcR gamma-chain complex initiates powerful activation of platelets by the subendothelial matrix proteins collagen and laminin, which are exposed following vessel damage. Initiation of platelet activation is through an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2), following engagement by its endogenous ligand, podoplanin, also mediates powerful platelet activation through Src and Syk kinases, but regulates Syk through a novel dimerization mechanism via a single YxxL motif known as a hemITAM. This chapter compares the signaling pathways of both receptors and their role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets are also increasingly implicated in processes beyond hemostasis and thrombosis. One such process is the efficient separation of the lymphatic and blood vasculatures, which is dependent on CLEC-2-mediated platelet activation.

Tetragonal-cubic phase boundary in nanocrystalline ZrO(2)-Y(2)O(3) solid solutions synthesized by gel-combustion

By means of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD) and Raman spectroscopy, we have detected, in a series of nanocrystalline and compositionally homogeneous ZrO(2)-Y(2)O(3) solid solutions, the presence at room temperature of three different phases depending on Y(2)O(3) content, namely two tetragonal forms and the cubic phase. The studied materials, with average crystallite sizes within the range 7-10 nm, were synthesized by a nitrate-citrate gel-combustion process. The crystal structure of these phases was also investigated by SXPD. The results presented here indicate that the studied nanocrystalline ZrO(2)-Y(2)O(3) solid solutions exhibit the same phases reported in the literature for compositionally homogeneous materials containing larger (micro)crystals. The compositional boundaries between both tetragonal forms and between tetragonal and cubic phases were also determined. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Raman spectroscopy analysis of structural photoinduced changes in GeS(2) + Ga(2)O(3) thin films

Photoexpansion and photobleaching effects have been observed in amorphous GeS(2) + Ga(2)O(3) (GGSO) thin films, when their surfaces were exposed to UV light. The photoinduced changes on the surface of the samples are indications that the structure has been changed as a result of photoexcitation. In this paper, micro-Raman, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and backscattering electrons (BSE) microscopy were the techniques used to identify the origin of these effects. Raman spectra revealed that these phenomena are a consequence of the Ge-S bonds` breakdown and the formation of new Ge-O bonds, with an increase of the modes associated with Ge-O-Ge bonds and mixed oxysulphide tetrahedral units (S-Ge-O). The chemical composition measured by EDX and BSE microscopy images indicated that the irradiated area is oxygen rich. So, the present paper provides fundamental insights into the influence of the oxygen within the glass matrix on the considered photoinduced effects. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

N3-Dye-Induced Visible Laser Anatase-to-Rutile Phase Transition on Mesoporous TiO(2) Films

Titanium dioxide has been extensively used in photocatalysis and dye-sensitized solar cells, where control of the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation may allow the realization of more efficient devices exploiting the synergic effects at anatase/rutile interfaces. Thus, a systematic study showing the proof of concept of a dye-induced morphological transition and an anatase-to-rutile transition based on visible laser (532 nm) and nano/micro patterning of mesoporous anatase (Degussa P25 TiO(2)) films is described for the first time using a confocal Raman microscope. At low laser intensities, only the bleaching of the adsorbed N3 dye was observed. However, high enough temperatures to promote melting/densification processes and create a deep hole at the focus and an extensive phase transformation in the surrounding material were achieved using Is laser pulses of 25-41 mW/cm(2), in resonance with the MLCT band. The dye was shown to play a key role, being responsible for the absorption and efficient conversion of the laser light into heat. As a matter of fact, the dye is photothermally decomposed to amorphous carbon or to gaseous species (CO(x), NO(x), and H(2)O) under a N(2) or O(2) atmosphere, respectively.

Micro/nanostructured carbon composite modified with a hybrid redox mediator and enzymes as a glucose biosensor

A carbon micro/nanostructured composite based on cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) grown onto a carbon felt has been found to be an efficient matrix for enzyme immobilization and chemical signal transduction. The obtained CSCNT/felt was modified with a copper hexacyanoferrate/polypyrrole (CuHCNFe/Ppy) hybrid mediator, and the resulting composite electrode was applied to H(2)O(2) detection, achieving a sensitivity of 194 +/- 15 mu A mmol(-1) L. The results showed that the CSCNT/felt matrix significantly increased the sensitivity of CuHCNFe/Ppy-based sensors compared to those prepared on a felt unrecovered by CSCNTs. Our data revealed that the improved sensitivity of the as-prepared CuHCNFe/Ppy-CSCNT/felt composite electrode can be attributed to the electronic interactions taking place among the CuHCNFe nanocrystals, Ppy layer and CSCNTs. In addition, the presence of CSCNTs also seemed to favor the dispersion of CuHCNFe nanocrystals over the Ppy matrix, even though the CSCNTs were buried under the conducting polymer layer. The CSCNT/felt matrix also enabled the preparation of a glucose biosensor whose sensitivity could be tuned as a function of the number of glucose oxidase (GOx) layers deposited through a Layer-by-Layer technique with an sensitivity of 11 +/- 2 mu A mmol(-1) L achieved at 15 poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride)/GOx bilayers. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A contribuição dos relacionamentos interorganizacionais no processo de aprendizagem em gestão empresarial: Um estudo em micro e pequenas empresas do Polo Design Center

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Administração no Programa de Mestrado em Administração da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul.

Problemas das micro e pequenas empresas : um estudo junto aos clientes do balcão SEBRAE/sede Porto Alegre

O presente estudo identifica os problemas que as empresas clientes do Balcão SEBRAE–Sede/Porto Alegre enfrentaram no momento da abertura da empresa e quais problemas de gerenciamento estão enfrentando no momento atual. O método aplicado foi o “Survey” baseado na coleta de dados primários (em campo) por meio de questionários estruturados aplicados a uma amostra não-probabilística, através de entrevista pessoal, elaborada com o intuito de obter o grau de concordância dos empresários com os problemas apresentados na abertura da empresa e no momento atual. Os dados foram coletados em uma amostra de 106 empresas, correspondendo a 36,4% da população estudada. Os resultados identificam o empresário com um nível de formação bastante elevado, na sua maioria com nível superior completo e com especialização. Mais de 50% das empresas têm mais de 5 anos de existência, são da área de prestação de serviços e a maioria possui até 9 funcionários. Os respondentes na sua maioria têm mais de 30 anos e são homens. Os resultados identificaram ainda que nas empresas com até 3 anos de existência e naquelas cujos empresários têm curso superior esses concordam que enfrentaram problemas no momento da abertura da empresa. Os resultados apontaram como sendo a principal preocupação do empresário nesse momento a organização das atividades administrativo - financeiras. As áreas que o empresário encontra maiores dificuldades no gerenciamento da empresa, no momento atual, são a área de Administrativo - financeira e de Mercado. Foram identificados problemas gerenciais em todas as áreas pesquisadas, dos quais relacionamos alguns: quanto a consolidação dos controles de resultados e incentivo a inovação; a obtenção de recursos para capital de giro e para financiar o crescimento das empresas; no controle de qualidade das suas empresas; no recrutamento e seleção de pessoal; no desenvolvimento de relatórios e sistemas de controles gerenciais e quanto a informações sobre indicadores de resultado. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa concluímos que as empresas estão enfrentando problemas identificados por Greiner apud Padula, referentes às fases de sobrevivência e de sucesso e/ou de decolagem. A média das concordâncias das respostas indicam que muitas vezes as empresas estão na Fase 2, em algumas áreas, como por exemplo, administrativo - -financeira e na Fase 3, como na área de mercado, em algumas questões. Palavras-chave: micro e pequenas empresas; problemas gerenciais; abertura de empresa; gestão de micro e pequenas empresa.

Web 2.0, dilemmas 1.0: essay on an evolving market

Today the Internet is entwined into our everyday society. From the beginning days in 1980 to today, the Internet has been evolving. The creator of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, envisioned that the Internet would be a system with everything connected to everything. The web today is changing with new applications arriving from outside the previous channels of the megalithic software companies. Thousands of individual developers are creating micro-applications to enhance the earlier framework of the web. This revolution has been coined "Web 2.0". Many observers today are skeptical that Web 2.0 is really a revolution at all, but maybe is just a continuation of Berners-Lee's original concept. This paper examines, based on a critical literature review, the discussions taking place regarding Web 2.0.

Composição dos ácidos graxos séricos em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 e microalbuminúria

A hipercolesterolemia é um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da nefropatia diabética em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2). Têm sido descritas alterações na composição dos ácidos graxos (aumento na proporção de ácidos graxos saturados e monoinsaturados e redução da família n-6) em pacientes com DM2 e hiperlipidemia. No entanto, a composição de ácidos graxos nas lipoproteínas de pacientes DM2, particularmente naqueles com microalbuminúria, não é conhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a composição dos ácidos graxos séricos nas frações fosfolipídeos, triglicerídeos e ésteres de colesterol, e o perfil lipídico sérico de pacientes DM2 micro- e normoalbuminúricos. Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle com 72 pacientes DM2: 37 normoalbuminúricos (excreção urinária de albumina [EUA] < 20μg/min: imunoturbidimetria) e 35 microalbuminúricos (EUA entre 20 e 200μg/min). Os pacientes receberam orientação nutricional de acordo com as recomendações da Associação Americana de Diabete e foram acompanhados por 4 semanas. Após este período foi analisada a composição dos ácidos graxos nas frações fosfolipídeo, triglicerídeo e ésteres de colesterol, determinada por cromatografia gasosa. O colesterol total e triglicerídeos séricos foram dosados por método enzimático colorimétrico; o colesterol HDL e frações HDL2 e HDL3 por dupla precipitação com heparina, MnCl2 e sulfato de dextran; a apolipoproteína B por imunoturbidimetria; e o colesterol LDL foi calculado pela fórmula de Friedewald. A aderência à orientação da dieta foi avaliada por registro alimentar com pesagem de alimentos e dosagem de uréia urinária de 24h (método cinético) para cálculo da ingestão protéica. Nos pacientes microalbuminúricos, a proporção de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados na fração triglicerídeo (24,8 ± 11,0%) foi menor do que nos pacientes normoalbuminúricos (34,1 ± 11,3%; P = 0,001), principalmente na família n-6 (21,7 ± 10,5 vs. 31,4 ± 11,5%; P < 0,001). Pacientes com microalbuminúria também apresentaram níveis maiores de ácidos graxos saturados na fração triglicerídeo (43,4 ± 18,0%, vs. 34,7 ± 13,1%; P = 0,022). Feita a regressão logística múltipla, somente a proporção de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados na fração triglicerídeo permaneceu significativa quando associada com microalbuminúria (OR = 0,92; 95% IC = 0,85-0,98; P = 0,019). Na fração ésteres de colesterol, os pacientes microalbuminúricos apresentaram menor proporção de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 (3,44 ± 3,39% vs. 5,98 ± 6,56%; P = 0,044). Não se observou diferença na composição de ácidos graxos na fração fosfolipídeo entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Os níveis de colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicerídeos e apolipoproteína B não foram diferentes entre os pacientes normo- e microalbuminúricos. Pacientes com DM2 e microalbuminúria apresentam níveis menores de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, principalmente na família n-6 na fração triglicerídeo. Esta associação pode representar um fator de risco para a doença cardiovascular e pode contribuir para a progressão da nefropatia diabética.