La teocrazia : crisi e trasformazione di un modello politico nell'Europa del XVIII secolo

Ma recherche porte sur la crise et les diverses transformations subies par la théocratie en tant que modèle politique en Europe dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Mon attention se concentre sur la remise en question de la valeur normative, à savoir sacrée, que ce modèle avait acquis au cours du XVIe et du XVIIe siècle, et sur sa transformation en un modèle universel et «négatif» au cours de la première partie du XVIIIe siècle. L'analyse du modèle théocratique n'a pas fait, jusqu'à présent, l'objet de nombreuses études de la part des historiens de la pensée politique moderne. Il est resté au centre de la réflexion d'autres domaines d'études. Seulement, depuis les années 1990, certaines études historiographiques ont montré l'existence, au cours des XVIe et XVIIe siècles, d'un grand intérêt autour de la normatività du modèle théocratique. L'analyse portait sur une série de traités relatifs à l'utilisation politique de la théocratie juive, c'est-à-dire le gouvernement de l'ancien Israël ou respublica Hebraeorum, telle qu'elle était décrite dans le texte sacré. La limite de ces études est cependant d'avoir analysé seulement « l'âge d'or » de cette littérature, à savoir les XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Ils ont identifié dans le Tractatus Theo logico -Poäücus de Spinoza le déclin de l'intérêt européen pour ce modèle politique. Ma recherche vise à mettre en évidence l'évolution de la façon de considérer la théocratie en tant que. modèle politique en Europe au XVIIIe siècle, dans le but de démontrer que le Tractatus Theologico- Poäticus n'a pas signé son déclin définitif en Europe en soulignant comment le débat politique de cette époque a été caractérisé par un fort intérêt politique pour la théocratie. En particulier mon analyse porte sur trois moments différents. La première partie de mon étude concerne la remise en question de la valeur positive et normative du modèle, théocratique juif à travers son historicisation. A cet effet, je me concentre sur trois figures emblématiques, à savoir Giambattista Vico, John Toland et Jacques Basnage en démontrant comment ce trois auteurs, chacun de leur côté, ont contribué au renversement de l'image classique de la respublica Hebraeorum. Dans un deuxième temps mon étude analyse la phase de radicalisation de ces changements au milieu du XVIIIe siècle et, en particulier, dans les ouvrages de Nicolas Antoine Boulanger, les Recherches sur l'origine du despotisme oriental (1761) et l'Antiquité dévoilée par ses usags (1765). Boulanger fut le premier à fournir une explication de la naissance des différentes formes de gouvernements politiques et des différentes religions en se référant à de grandes catastrophes géologiques, notamment le Déluge. La théocratie s'explique ainsi par un millénarisme aigu suite à l'expérience catastrophique de l'inondation. Le modèle décrite par Boulanger se distingue clairement de celui de la littérature, précédente. La théocratie subit un déplacement sémantique de modèle politique associé à l'histoire juive avec une connotation «positive» à un modèle universel à connotation totalement la «négative». Dans cette transition, qui s'est produite de manière progressive entre le XVIIe et le XVIIIe siècle, le modèle biblique perd sa principale caractéristique, à savoir sa sacralité. La troisième et dernière partie de cette étude est une brève description de l'héritage du modèle théocratique dans XEncyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. En particulier, l'analyse se concentre sur l'article «Théocratie» et l'article «OEconomie politique». Ma recherche vise à montrer les éléments en commun de ces deux articles avec les ouvrages de Boulanger. Ces deux contributions sont présentées dans mon travail comme un moyen de transmission de la pensée de Boulanger dans l'Encyclopedie.

Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): nova técnica para avaliação do coração fetal

As malformações cardíacas são as mais freqüentes anomalias congênitas ao nascimento, entretanto, a sua detecção pré-natal pela ultra-sonografia convencional permanece baixa. As ultra-sonografias de terceira e quarta dimensões surgiram no início da década de 90, apresentando grandes aplicações em obstetrícia, principalmente nos casos de diagnósticos duvidosos à ultra-sonografia bidimensional. O spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) representa grande avanço na área de ultra-som de quarta dimensão; constitui-se em um software acoplado ao aparelho Voluson 730 Expert, que permite a aquisição volumétrica do coração fetal e suas conexões vasculares. As análises volumétricas são realizadas nos modos multiplanar e de renderização, podendo-se também utilizar o Doppler. Apresenta, como grandes vantagens, a aquisição rápida e a possibilidade de análise posterior por especialistas em ecocardiografia fetal. Pode ser aplicada para a pesquisa de quaisquer cardiopatias congênitas, pois permite a aquisição de qualquer plano, diferentemente do ultra-som bidimensional. Sua principal desvantagem está relacionada aos movimentos fetais. A maior difusão do método pode permitir um aumento na detecção de malformações cardíacas, pois possibilita ao ultra-sonografista geral encaminhar, via Internet, os volumes para a análise por especialistas em ecocardiografia fetal.

Body Image in Eating Disorders: The Influence of Exposure to Virtual-Reality Environments.

The aim of this article was to study the effect of virtual-reality exposure to situations that are emotionally significant for patients with eating disorders (ED) on the stability of body-image distortion and body-image dissatisfaction. A total of 85 ED patients and 108 non-ED students were randomly exposed to four experimental virtual environments: a kitchen with low-calorie food, a kitchen with high-calorie food, a restaurant with low-calorie food, and a restaurant with high-calorie food. In the interval between the presentation of each situation, body-image distortion and body-image dissatisfaction were assessed. Several 2 x 2 x 2 repeated measures analyses of variance (high-calorie vs. low-calorie food x presence vs. absence of people x ED group vs. control group) showed that ED participants had significantly higher levels of body-image distortion and body dissatisfaction after eating high-calorie food than after eating low-calorie food, while control participants reported a similar body image in all situations. The results suggest that body-image distortion and body-image dissatisfaction show both trait and state features. On the one hand, ED patients show a general predisposition to overestimate their body size and to feel more dissatisfied with their body image than controls. On the other hand, these body-image disturbances fluctuate when participants are exposed to virtual situations that are emotionally relevant for them.

Image quality in CT: From physical measurements to model observers.

Evaluation of image quality (IQ) in Computed Tomography (CT) is important to ensure that diagnostic questions are correctly answered, whilst keeping radiation dose to the patient as low as is reasonably possible. The assessment of individual aspects of IQ is already a key component of routine quality control of medical x-ray devices. These values together with standard dose indicators can be used to give rise to 'figures of merit' (FOM) to characterise the dose efficiency of the CT scanners operating in certain modes. The demand for clinically relevant IQ characterisation has naturally increased with the development of CT technology (detectors efficiency, image reconstruction and processing), resulting in the adaptation and evolution of assessment methods. The purpose of this review is to present the spectrum of various methods that have been used to characterise image quality in CT: from objective measurements of physical parameters to clinically task-based approaches (i.e. model observer (MO) approach) including pure human observer approach. When combined together with a dose indicator, a generalised dose efficiency index can be explored in a framework of system and patient dose optimisation. We will focus on the IQ methodologies that are required for dealing with standard reconstruction, but also for iterative reconstruction algorithms. With this concept the previously used FOM will be presented with a proposal to update them in order to make them relevant and up to date with technological progress. The MO that objectively assesses IQ for clinically relevant tasks represents the most promising method in terms of radiologist sensitivity performance and therefore of most relevance in the clinical environment.

Optimization of Radiation Dose and Image Quality in Musculoskeletal CT: Emphasis on Iterative Reconstruction Techniques (Part 1).

Computed tomography (CT) is a modality of choice for the study of the musculoskeletal system for various indications including the study of bone, calcifications, internal derangements of joints (with CT arthrography), as well as periprosthetic complications. However, CT remains intrinsically limited by the fact that it exposes patients to ionizing radiation. Scanning protocols need to be optimized to achieve diagnostic image quality at the lowest radiation dose possible. In this optimization process, the radiologist needs to be familiar with the parameters used to quantify radiation dose and image quality. CT imaging of the musculoskeletal system has certain specificities including the focus on high-contrast objects (i.e., in CT of bone or CT arthrography). These characteristics need to be taken into account when defining a strategy to optimize dose and when choosing the best combination of scanning parameters. In the first part of this review, we present the parameters used for the evaluation and quantification of radiation dose and image quality. In the second part, we discuss different strategies to optimize radiation dose and image quality at CT, with a focus on the musculoskeletal system and the use of novel iterative reconstruction techniques.

Optimization of Radiation Dose and Image Quality in Musculoskeletal CT: Emphasis on Iterative Reconstruction Techniques (Part 2).

Computed tomography (CT) is a modality of choice for the study of the musculoskeletal system for various indications including the study of bone, calcifications, internal derangements of joints (with CT arthrography), as well as periprosthetic complications. However, CT remains intrinsically limited by the fact that it exposes patients to ionizing radiation. Scanning protocols need to be optimized to achieve diagnostic image quality at the lowest radiation dose possible. In this optimization process, the radiologist needs to be familiar with the parameters used to quantify radiation dose and image quality. CT imaging of the musculoskeletal system has certain specificities including the focus on high-contrast objects (i.e., in CT of bone or CT arthrography). These characteristics need to be taken into account when defining a strategy to optimize dose and when choosing the best combination of scanning parameters. In the first part of this review, we present the parameters used for the evaluation and quantification of radiation dose and image quality. In the second part, we discuss different strategies to optimize radiation dose and image quality of CT, with a focus on the musculoskeletal system and the use of novel iterative reconstruction techniques.

Prospective motion correction with FID-triggered image navigators

In this work, we propose a method for prospective motion correction in MRI using a novel image navigator module, which is triggered by a free induction decay (FID) navigator. Only when motion occurs, the image navigator is run and new positional information is obtained through image registration. The image navigator was specifically designed to match the impact on the magnetization and the acoustic noise of the host sequence. This detection-correction scheme was implemented for an MP-RAGE sequence and 5 healthy volunteers were scanned at 3T while performing various head movements. The correction performance was demonstrated through automated brain segmentation and an image quality index whose results are sensitive to motion artifacts.

Managing induced tourism image : relational patterns and the life cycle

The tourism image is an element that conditions the competitiveness of tourism destinations by making them stand out in the minds of tourists. In this context, marketers of tourism destinations endeavour to create an induced image based on their identity and distinctive characteristics.A number of authors have also recognized the complexity of tourism destinations and the need for coordination and cooperation among all tourism agents, in order to supply a satisfactory tourist product and be competitive in the tourism market. Therefore, tourism agents at the destination need to develop and integrate strategic marketing plans.The aim of this paper is to determine how cities of similar cultures use their resources with the purpose of developing a distinctive induced tourism image to attract tourists and the extent of coordination and cooperation among the various tourism agents of a destination in the process of induced image creation.In order to accomplish these aims, a comparative analysis of the induced image of two cultural cities is presented, Girona (Spain) and Perpignan (France). The induced image is assessed through the content analysis of promotional brochures and the extent of cooperation with in-depth interviews of the main tourism agents of these destinations.Despite the similarities of both cities in terms of tourism resources, results show the use of different attributes to configure the induced image of each destination, as well as a different configuration of the network of tourism agents that participate in the process of induced image creation

Image guided critical screw placement precision in the cervical spine : important or incidental? : results of a series of 91 consecutive cases using OVEM

Study design: A retrospective study of image guided cervical implant placement precision. Objective: To describe a simple and precise classification of cervical critical screw placement. Summary of Background Data: "Critical" screw placement is defined as implant insertion into a bone corridor which is surrounded circumferentially by neurovascular structures. While the use of image guidance has improved accuracy, there is currently no classification which provides sufficient precision to assess the navigation success of critical cervical screw placement. Methods: Based on postoperative clinical evaluation and CT imaging, the orthogonal view evaluation method (OVEM) is used to classify screw accuracy into grade I (no cortical breach), grade la (screw thread cortical breach), grade II (internal diameter cortical breach) and grade III (major cortical breach causing neural or vascular injury). Grades II and III are considered to be navigation failures, after accounting for bone corridor / screw mismatch (minimal diameter of targeted bone corridor being smaller than an outer screw diameter). Results: A total of 276 screws from 91 patients were classified into grade I (64.9%), grade la (18.1%), and grade II (17.0%). No grade III screw was observed. The overall rate of navigation failure was 13%. Multiple logistic regression indicated that navigational failure was significantly associated with the level of instrumentation and the navigation system used. Navigational failure was rare (1.6%) when the margin around the screw in the bone corridor was larger than 1.5 mm. Conclusions: OVEM evaluation appears to be a useful tool to assess the precision of critical screw placement in the cervical spine. The OVEM validity and reliability need to be addressed. Further correlation with clinical outcomes will be addressed in future studies.