Diferenças de gênero sobre expectativas do uso de álcool

CONTEXTO: Estudos indicam que expectativas sobre o uso de álcool podem contribuir para o início e a manutenção do consumo da droga e modular de forma diferente o comportamento do beber de homens e de mulheres. OBJETIVOS: Descrever e analisar diferenças de gênero sobre expectativas relacionadas ao uso de álcool em artigos da literatura indexada. MÉTODOS: Foram pesquisados artigos empíricos originais no período de 2000 a 2011 nos indexadores PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs e PsycInfo. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 32 estudos, sendo apenas dois de origem latino-americana. Expectativa de facilitação social foi a mais observada para ambos os gêneros. Homens apresentaram maior diversidade de expectativas sobre os efeitos do uso de álcool. Intervenções baseadas na redução de expectativas positivas parecem mais eficazes entre os homens. CONCLUSÃO: Expectativas são um importante fator de risco para o uso de álcool, independentemente do gênero. A consideração das diferenças de gênero sobre expectativas pode beneficiar o manejo clínico de problemas associados ao consumo de álcool e direcionar ações preventivas para o risco de abuso e dependência.

Teses e dissertações sobre gênero e desempenho escolar no Brasil (1993 - 2007): um estado da arte

Resultado de levantamento exaustivo - que localizou 71 estudos - das teses e das dissertações produzidas no Brasil, entre 1993 e 2007, sobre as diferenças de desempenho escolar entre os sexos, este artigo enfoca 21 trabalhos cujos achados nos pareceram mais relevantes. São pesquisas predominantemente qualitativas e que abordam, principalmente, as séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas em diferentes regiões do País, tanto em áreas urbanas como rurais. Permitem afirmar alguma homogeneidade na cultura escolar, em especial nessas séries, no que tange às opiniões das professoras, reafirmando diferenças de comportamento entre meninos e meninas e atribuindo essas diferenças à socialização familiar. São escassas as pesquisas que incorporam as falas das crianças e escassos os estudos sobre as camadas médias. Do ponto de vista teórico, poucas pesquisas articulam o gênero a outros determinantes sociais e raras demonstram uma apreensão complexa das relações de gênero no campo simbólico, para além da interação homem- mulher.

Motivos de participación de los estudiantes universitarios en actividades físico-deportivas

[ES] El objetivo del presente artículo es contribuir al análisis de los motivos de participación de los estudiantes universitarios en la práctica físico-deportiva. También se pretende establecer diferencias por género y conocer dónde practican deporte los universitarios alicantinos.

Well-being, distress and health status in a population of adolescent students

The present work explores the psychosocial issues emerging from a large cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and psychosocial correlates of hyperandrogenism in a population of Italian high school students. Participants were 1804 adolescents, aged between 15 and 19 years, who volunteered to fill in a package of self-report questionnaires (including the Psychosocial Index, the Symptom Questionnaire and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being scales for the assessment of psychological aspects) and undergo a comprehensive physical examination. Significant gender differences were found with regard to psychological distress, with females reporting higher scores compared with males, but not on well-being dimensions. The relationships of well-being to distress were found to be complex. Although inversely associated, well-being and ill-being appeared to be distinct domains of mental functioning. The evaluation of the moderating effects of well-being in the association between stress and psychological distress indicated that well-being may act as a protective factor, contributing to less pronounced psychological distress as stress levels increased. Higher rates of somatic complaints were found among current smokers. However, substance use (i.e., smoking and drug use) was also found to be positively associated with some well-being dimensions. A considerable number of participants were found to present with disordered eating symptoms, particularly females, and associated higher stress levels and lower quality of life. Sport activities were found to favourably affect psychological health. As to clinical signs of hyperandrogenism, a significant impairment in psychosocial functioning was found among females, whereas no effects on psychological measures could be detected among males. Subgroups of adolescents with distinct clinical and psychological characteristics could be identified by means of cluster analysis. The present study provides new insights into better understanding of the complex relationships between well-being, distress and health status in the adolescent population, with important clinical implications.

L'intelligenza emotiva in età evolutiva

Emotional Intelligence (EI) has increasingly gained widespread popularity amongst both lay people and scientists in a wide range of contexts and across several research areas. In spite of rigorous inquiry into its applications in educational, social, health and clinical settings, substantial disagreement exists regarding the definition of EI, with respect to both terminology and operationalizations. Actually, there is a consensus about a conceptual distinction between Trait EI, or trait emotional self-efficacy (Petrides & Furnham, 2001), and Ability EI, or cognitive-emotional ability (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). Trait EI is measured via self-report questionnaires, whereas Ability EI is assessed via maximum performance tests. Moreover, EI is the broadest of the emotional constructs, and it subsumes various constructs, as Emotional Awareness (Lane & Schwartz, 1987). To date, EI research has focused primarily on adults, with fewer studies conducted with child samples. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of different models of EI in childhood and early adolescence (N = 670; 353 females; Mage= 10.25 years ; SD = 1.57). In addition, a further goal is to evaluate the relationship of each construct with personality, non verbal cognitive intelligence, school performance, peer relationships, and affective disorders (anxiety and depression). Results shows significant correlations between Trait EI and Emotional Awareness, whereas Trait and Ability EI appear as independent constructs. We also found significant positive associations between age and Ablity EI and Emotional Awareness (although with add of verbal productivity), while gender differences emerged in favour of females in all EI-related measures. The results provide evidence that Trait EI is partially determined by all of the Big Five personality dimensions, but independent of cognitive ability. Finally, the present study highlights the role of EI on social interactions, school performance and, especially, a negative relationship between Trait EI and psychopathology.

Analisi della relazione tra temperamento, stati psicobiosociali e variabili psicofisiche rispetto ai diversi compiti e strategie metodologiche

L’attività fisica produce effetti benefici a livello mentale (Biddle et al.,2004) e sembra agire sull’emozione modificando attitudini e motivazioni verso la pratica motoria (Digelidis et al., 2003) a partire da sensazioni come il piacere o la noia del fare (Spray et al., 1999). Da questi presupposti il progetto che comprendeva l’analisi di due studi volti a verificare gli effetti dell’attività motoria e sportiva in ambito scolastico, sui comportamenti di adattamento sociale e self efficacy dei bambini. Un terzo studio, di analisi qualitativa, in ambito calcistico, per verificare correlazioni tra orientamento motivazionale genitoriale e comportamenti di adattamento sociale dei figli. Gli strumenti di rilevazione dei livelli di adattamento sociale (Caprara et al, 1992) e self efficacy (Colella, 2008), sono stati somministrati prima e dopo il trattamento delle relative attività motorie mentre, l’orientamento motivazionale dei genitori (Borgogni et al, 2004) è stato rilevato una volta e confrontato con l’adattamento sociale dei figli. Il modulatore del primo studio, l’attività ad alto contenuto emotivo o aggressivo, ha mostrato variazioni significative (p<.05) nei livelli di aggressività fisica-verbale e di comportamento pro sociale tra i 2 gruppi, confermando la letteratura sull’argomento (Pellegrini, in Storch e Roth, 2005; Vaughn, 2005; Tappern e Boulton, 2005). Il modulatore del secondo studio, rappresentato dal giocosport rugby, sempre realizzato nelle ore curricolari di educazione fisica, ha evidenziato differenze significative (p<.05) nell’aumentata self efficacy da parte del gruppo sperimentale, con effetto preponderante sulle femmine rispetto ai maschi. Il terzo studio, descrittivo, ha evidenziato la correlazione tra orientamento motivazionale dei genitori e instabilità emotiva dei figli in risposta a profili genitoriali tendenti alla leadership o al successo nell’ambito lavorativo. I risultati evidenziati mostrano effetti significativi (p<.05), successivi al trattamento, sui comportamenti di adattamento sociale, aggressivo e sulla self efficacy a conferma, della letteratura, sull’importanza di determinate esperienze motorie in età scolare.

Valutazione affettiva del setting odontoiatrico in età evolutiva

Lo studio si pone l'obiettivo di approfondire il tema della valutazione affettiva del setting odontoiatrico in età evolutiva indagando se possa essere modulata da fattori quali: differenze di genere, specifici quadri patologici (Displasia Ectodermica e Patologie Sistemiche Croniche) responsabili di pregresse esperienze odontoiatriche e/o ospedalizzazioni; stato affettivo del bambino, stato affettivo del genitore. Materiali e metodi Studio 1. 85 soggetti [39 (19 maschi e 20 femmine) affetti da PSC e 46 (26 maschi e 20 femmine) soggetti sani] (range di età: 5-14 anni). Sono stati somministrati: un compito di valutazione immagini con 36 immagini (12 a contenuto piacevole, 12 neutro e 12 spiacevole) dallo IAPS e 12 immagini a contenuto odontoiatrico e dei questionari (MCDASf, CFSS-DS, TAD). Studio 2. 45 soggetti (19 maschi affetti da EDs e 26 maschi sani) (range di età: 5-14 anni). Sono stati somministrati: il compito di valutazione immagini precedentemente descritto e i questionari (MCDASf, CFSS-DS, TAD). Studio 3. 104 bambini (64 maschi and 40 femmine) (range di età: 5-14 anni) e uno dei genitori (19 padri and 69 madri). Sono stati somministrati i questionari MCDASf, CFSS-DS, TAD ai bambini e FDPQ, STAI-Y1, Y2-BDI-II ai genitori. Risultati: il contesto odontoiatrico ha una caratterizzazione affettiva distinta rispetto a contesti piacevoli, spiacevoli o neutri; specifici quadri patologici (EDs e PSC) non sembrano modulare il tipo di valutazione affettiva del contesto odontoiatrico; le femmine, attribuiscono al contesto odontoiatrico una valenza significativamente più spiacevole e una maggiore attivazione emotiva rispetto ai maschi; la paura del dolore odontoiatrico del genitore ha una correlazione con l’ansia dei bambini. Conclusione: è importante che l’odontoiatra consideri che la risposta emotiva delle bambine può essere caratterizzata da vissuti di paura con tendenza a comportamenti di allontanamento e valuti se la figura genitoriale rappresenta una risorsa o un elemento disturbante nella corso della seduta stessa.

Trait emotional intelligence: Evidence from italian adolescents and adults

Emotional intelligence (EI) represents an attribute of contemporary attractiveness for the scientific psychology community. Of particular interest for the present thesis are the conundrum related to the representation of this construct conceptualized as a trait (i.e., trait EI), which are in turn reflected in the current lack of agreement upon its constituent elements, posing significant challenges to research and clinical progress. Trait EI is defined as an umbrella personality-alike construct reflecting emotion-related dispositions and self-perceptions. The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) was chosen as main measure, given its strong theoretical and psychometrical basis, including superior predictive validity when compared to other trait EI measures. Studies 1 and 2 aimed at validating the Italian 153-items forms of the TEIQue devoted to adolescents and adults. Analyses were done to investigate the structure of the questionnaire, its internal consistencies and gender differences at the facets, factor, and global level of both versions. Despite some low reliabilities, results from Studies 1 and 2 confirm the four-factor structure of the TEIQue. Study 3 investigated the utility of trait EI in a sample of adolescents over internalizing conditions (i.e., symptoms of anxiety and depression) and academic performance (grades at math and Italian language/literacy). Beyond trait EI, concurrent effects of demographic variables, higher order personality dimensions and non-verbal cognitive ability were controlled for. Study 4a and Study 4b addressed analogue research questions, through a meta-analysis and new data in on adults. In the latter case, effects of demographics, emotion regulation strategies, and the Big Five were controlled. Overall, these studies showed the incremental utility of the TEIQue in different domains beyond relevant predictors. Analyses performed at the level of the four-TEIQue factors consistently indicated that its predictive effects were mainly due to the factor Well-Being. Findings are discussed with reference to potential implication for theory and practice.

Beeinflusst Stereotype Threat die Leseleistung von Jungen?

Ein durchgängiger Befund internationaler Schulleistungsvergleichsstudien bezieht sich auf die niedrigere Lesekompetenz von Jungen im Vergleich zu Mädchen (OECD, 2010). Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, zu prüfen, welchen Einfluss negative Stereotype – im Sinne der Stereotype Threat-Theorie (Steele & Aronson, 1995) – auf die Leseleistung von Jungen haben. Basierend auf Befunden aus der Lese- und Stereotype Threat-Forschung wurde ein Mediator-Moderator-Modell des Stereotype Threat-Effekts (vgl. Schmader, Johns & Forbes, 2008) auf die Leseleistung von Jungen abgeleitet und überprüft. Um diese Fragestellungen zu beantworten, wurden zwei quasiexperimentelle Untersuchungen mit Schülern achter und neunter Klassen durchgeführt. An der ersten Untersuchung nahmen insgesamt 167 Schüler (n = 69 Jungen, n = 98 Mädchen) zweier Gymnasien in privater Trägerschaft teil. Um die Fragestellungen an einer weniger selektiven Stichprobe untersuchen zu können, erfolgte eine zweite Untersuchung mit Schülern (N = 441) öffentlicher Schulen und verschiedener Schulformen, wobei der Fokus ausschließlich auf den männlichen Schülern (n = 188 Jungen; n = 122 Gymnasiasten, n = 66 Realschüler plus) lag. Für beide Experimente kann zusammenfassend festgehalten werden, dass sich, entgegen der Erwartungen, kein leistungsmindernder Stereotype Threat-Effekt auf die Leseleistung von Jungen zeigte. Ferner konnten keine signifikante Mediatoren und Moderatoren eines leistungsmindernden Stereotype Threat-Effekts auf die Leseleistung von Jungen identifiziert werden. Ziel zukünftiger Forschung muss sein, den Einfluss negativer Stereotype auf die Leistungen männlicher Probanden im Sinne von Mitgliedern dominanter Gruppen zu untersuchen. Besonderes Augenmerk sollte auf die stereotypisierte Fähigkeitsdomäne gelegt werden. Weiterhin ist wichtig, der Frage nach zugrunde liegenden Prozessen und Voraussetzungen für das Erleben von Stereotype Threat nachzugehen. Studien weisen darauf hin, dass unterschiedlich stigmatisierte Gruppen unterschiedlich auf Stereotype Threat reagieren. Daher sollte der Fokus zukünftiger Forschung darauf liegen, die Prozesse und Voraussetzungen näher zu untersuchen, die für Mitglieder sonst positiv stereotypisierter Gruppen in solchen Situationen zum Tragen kommen.

Influence of optic flow on postural control

The study of optic flow on postural control may explain how self-motion perception contributes to postural stability in young males and females and how such function changes in the old falls risk population. Study I: The aim was to examine the optic flow effect on postural control in young people (n=24), using stabilometry and surface-electromyography. Subjects viewed expansion and contraction optic flow stimuli which were presented full field, in the foveral or in the peripheral visual field. Results showed that optic flow stimulation causes an asymmetry in postural balance and a different lateralization of postural control in men and women. Gender differences evoked by optic flow were found both in the muscle activity and in the prevalent direction of oscillation. The COP spatial variability was reduced during the view of peripheral stimuli which evoked a clustered prevalent direction of oscillation, while foveal and random stimuli induced non-distributed directions. Study II was aimed at investigating the age-related mechanisms of postural stability during the view of optic flow stimuli in young (n=17) and old (n=19) people, using stabilometry and kinematic. Results showed that old people showed a greater effort to maintain posture during the view of optic flow stimuli than the young. Elderly seems to use the head stabilization on trunk strategy. Visual stimuli evoke an excitatory input on postural muscles, but the stimulus structure produces different postural effects. Peripheral optic flow stabilizes postural sway, while random and foveal stimuli provoke larger sway variability similar to those evoked in baseline. Postural control uses different mechanisms within each leg to produce the appropriate postural response to interact with extrapersonal environment. Ageing reduce the effortlessness to stabilize posture during optic flow, suggesting a neuronal processing decline associated with difficulty integrating multi-sensory information of self-motion perception and increasing risk of falls.

The association between extra-curricular sport participation and social anxiety symptoms in children

Social anxiety is a common psychological complaint that can have a significant and long-term negative impact on a child’s social and cognitive development. In the current study, the relationship between sport participation and social anxiety symptoms was investigated. Swiss primary school children (N = 201), parents, and teachers provided information about the children’s social anxiety symptoms, classroom behavior, and sport involvement. Gender differences were observed on social anxiety scores, where girls tended to report higher social anxiety symptoms, as well as on sport activity, where boys engaged in more sport involvement. MANCOVAs with gender as covariant showed no differences in social anxiety symptoms between children involved in an extracurricular sport and those not engaged in sport participation. Nevertheless, children engaged in team sports displayed fewer physical social anxiety symptoms than children involved in individual sports.

An empirical examination of the integration of causal attribution and social learning theories in achievement situations

Using path analysis, the present investigation sought to clarify possible operational linkages among constructs from social learning and attribution theories within the context of a self-esteem system. Subjects were 300 undergraduate university students who completed a measure of self-esteem and indicated expectancies for success and minimal goal levels for an experimental task. After completing the task and receiving feedback about their performance, subjects completed causal attribution and self-esteem questionnaires. Results revealed gender differences in the degree and strength of the proposed relations, but not in the mean levels of the variables studied. Results suggested that the integration of social learning and attribution theories within a single conceptual model provides a better understanding of students' behaviors and self-esteem in achievement situations.

Determination of hemispheric dominance with mental rotation using functional transcranial Doppler sonography and FMRI

the aim of this study was to investigate specific activation patterns and potential gender differences during mental rotation and to investigate whether functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) lateralize hemispheric dominance concordantly.

Health-Related Quality of Life is Associated with Positive Affect in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Entering Cardiac Rehabilitation

Health-related quality of life (QoL) is an important and widely used outcome measure in cardiac populations. We examined the relationship between positive affect and health-related quality of life, controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, clinical variables and negative affect. We further investigated the role of gender in this relationship given the well-known gender differences in cardiovascular health. We enrolled 746 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) before they entered outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. All patients completed the Global Mood Scale and the SF-36 Health Survey. Positive affect was independently associated with mental (p < .001) and physical QoL (p < .001) after controlling for control variables. Gender moderated the relationship between positive affect and physical QoL (p = .009) but not mental QoL (p = .60). Positive affect was positively associated with physical QoL in men (p < .001) but not in women (p = .44). The health-related QoL of patients with CHD is associated with a person's level of positive affect.

Collapse of telomere homeostasis in hematopoietic cells caused by heterozygous mutations in telomerase genes

Telomerase activity is readily detectable in extracts from human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, but appears unable to maintain telomere length with proliferation in vitro and with age in vivo. We performed a detailed study of the telomere length by flow FISH analysis in leukocytes from 835 healthy individuals and 60 individuals with reduced telomerase activity. Healthy individuals showed a broad range in average telomere length in granulocytes and lymphocytes at any given age. The average telomere length declined with age at a rate that differed between age-specific breakpoints and between cell types. Gender differences between leukocyte telomere lengths were observed for all cell subsets studied; interestingly, this trend could already be detected at birth. Heterozygous carriers for mutations in either the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) or the telomerase RNA template (hTERC) gene displayed striking and comparable telomere length deficits. Further, non-carrier relatives of such heterozygous individuals had somewhat shorter leukocyte telomere lengths than expected; this difference was most profound for granulocytes. Failure to maintain telomere homeostasis as a result of partial telomerase deficiency is thought to trigger cell senescence or cell death, eventually causing tissue failure syndromes. Our data are consistent with these statements and suggest that the likelihood of similar processes occurring in normal individuals increases with age. Our work highlights the essential role of telomerase in the hematopoietic system and supports the notion that telomerase levels in hematopoietic cells, while limiting and unable to prevent overall telomere shortening, are nevertheless crucial to maintain telomere homeostasis with age.