Is there still a role for intraoperative enteroscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding?

BACKGROUND: in 21st century, endoscopic study of the small intestine has undergone a revolution with capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted enteroscopy. The difficulties and morbidity associated with intraoperative enteroscopy, the gold-standard in the 20th century, made this technique to be relegated to a second level. AIMS: evaluate the actual role and assess the diagnostic and therapeutic value of intraoperative enteroscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: we conducted a retrospective study of 19 patients (11 males; mean age: 66.5 ± 15.3 years) submitted to 21 IOE procedures for obscure GI bleeding. Capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy had been performed in 10 and 5 patients, respectively. RESULTS: with intraoperative enteroscopy a small bowel bleeding lesion was identified in 79% of patients and a gastrointestinal bleeding lesion in 94%. Small bowel findings included: angiodysplasia (n = 6), ulcers (n = 4), small bowel Dieulafoy´s lesion (n = 2), bleeding from anastomotic vessels (n = 1), multiple cavernous hemangiomas (n = 1) and bleeding ectopic jejunal varices (n = 1). Agreement between capsule endoscopy and intraoperative enteroscopy was 70%. Endoscopic and/or surgical treatment was used in 77.8% of the patients with a positive finding on intraoperative enteroscopy, with a rebleeding rate of 21.4% in a mean 21-month follow-up period. Procedure-related mortality and postoperative complications have been 5 and 21%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: intraoperative enteroscopy remains a valuable tool in selected patients with obscure GI bleeding, achieving a high diagnostic yield and allowing an endoscopic and/or surgical treatment in most of them. However, as an invasive procedure with relevant mortality and morbidity, a precise indication for its use is indispensable.

Urgent capsule endoscopy is useful in severe obscure-overt gastrointestinal bleeding

AIM: With capsule endoscopy (CE) it is possible to examine the entire small bowel. The present study assessed the diagnostic yield of CE in severe obscure-overt gastrointestinal bleeding (OOGIB). METHODS: During a 3-year period, 15 capsule examinations (4.5% of all CE in a single institution) were carried out in 15 patients (11 men; mean age 69.9 +/- 20.1 years) with severe ongoing bleeding, defined as persistent melena and/or hematochezia, with hemodynamic instability and the need for significant red blood cell transfusion. CE was carried out after non-diagnostic standard upper and lower endoscopy. The mean time from admission until CE was 4.1 +/- 4.4 days (0-15 days). RESULTS: CE revealed active bleeding in seven patients and signs of recent bleeding in four. Etiology of bleeding was correctly diagnosed in 11 patients (73.3%) (portal hypertension enteropathy, three patients; subepithelial ulcerated lesion, two patients; angiodysplasia, two patients; jejunal ulcer with visible vessel, one patient; multiple small bowel ulcers, one patient; jejunal tumor, one patient; jejunal mucosa irregularity with adherent clot, one patient). One patient (6.7%) had active bleeding but no visible lesion. As a consequence of the capsule findings, specific therapeutic measures were undertaken in 11 patients (73.3%) with five managed conservatively, four endoscopically and two surgically. Two patients experienced bleeding recurrence. One of them, with a probable small bowel tumor, refused any other interventions. CONCLUSIONS: CE is useful in patients with severe OOGIB by providing positive findings in the majority of patients, with subsequent impact on therapeutic procedures.

Effect of time and diet change on the bacterial community structure throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in faeces of the northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus

A significant gap, in not only peramelid nutritional physiology but marsupial nutrition as a whole, is the lack of information relating to microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract. This research is a preliminary investigation that will provide a baseline for comparisons among peramelids. The high degree of 16S rRNA gene clones identified in this research that are closely related to culturable bacteria suggests that additional research will enable a more complete description of the gastrointestinal bacteria of I. macrourus. Most identifiable clones belonged to Clostridium and Ruminococcus. This research has confirmed that the hindgut of I. macrourus, the caecum, proximal colon and distal colon, are the main sites for microbial activity.

Evaluation of alpha-synuclein immunohistochemical methods for the detection of Lewy-type synucleinopathy in gastrointestinal biopsies

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Sensitivity and specificity of the Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire in diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Introduction: Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire (GSFQ) is a questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnosis, with a version in Spanish language, not yet compared to an objective test. Aims: To establish GSFQ diagnostic performance against 24-hour pH monitoring carried out in two tertiary care hospitals. Methods: Consecutive adult patients with typical GERD symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation) referred for pH monitoring fulfilled the GSFQ (score range 0-30, proportional to probability of GERD). Diagnosis of GERD was established when acid exposure time in distal esophagus was superior to 4.5% or symptom association probability was greater than 95%. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated and best cut-off score determined, with corresponding sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LR) (95% confidence interval for each). Results: One hundred and fifty-two patients were included (59.9% women, age 47.9 ± 13.9; 97.4% heartburn; 71.3% regurgitation). pH monitoring was abnormal in 65.8%. Mean GSFQ score was 11.2 ± 6. Area under ROC was 56.5% (47.0-65.9%). Optimal cut-off score was 13 or greater: sensitivity 40% (30.3-50.3%), specificity 71.2% (56.9-82.9%), positive LR 1.39 (0.85-2.26) and negative LR 0.84 (0.67-1.07). Exclusion of questions 1 and 3 of the original GSFQ, easily interpreted as referred to dyspepsia and not GERD, improved only marginally the diagnostic performance: AUROC 59.1%. Conclusion: The GSFQ does not predict results of pH monitoring in patients with typical symptoms in a tertiary care setting.

Importancia de la nutrición perioperatoria en pacientes sometidos a cirugía gastrointestinal mayor electiva en el Hospital General del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social en el periodo de enero a diciembre del 2013 version 2.0

Desde el inicio de los estudios acerca de la nutrición perioperatoria en pacientes sometidos a cirugía gastrointestinal mayor, ya sea por patología benigna o maligna; se evidenció un vínculo entre la malnutrición y su asociación a las complicaciones trans y posquirúrgicas, es por eso que se realiza este estudio con el fin de determinar la relación coexistente entre un mal estado nutricional y las complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico no aleatorio. La población en estudio fueron los pacientes con cirugías mayores gastrointestinales electivas del Hospital General del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social de enero – diciembre 2013, se realizaron 133 cirugías de las cuales solo 49 fueron incluidas, estudiadas con intervalo de confianza de 99% y error muestral de 0.01. Resultados: Se obtuvo una frecuencia de 11 casos de complicaciones postquirúrgicas de los 49 casos, entre las cuales se encuentran 3 casos con fugas de anastomosis, 2 dehiscencias de herida operatoria, 2 sangrados y/o hematomas, 2 complicaciones médicas, 1 infección de sitio quirúrgico y 1 caso de disrupción transquirúrgica de la vía biliar. De estos casos 6 presentaban hipoalbuminemia, 7 presentaban recuento bajo de linfocitos; 8 presentaban una valoración global subjetiva subóptima. Discusión: en este estudio se puede inferir que debe haber un protocolo de manejo nutricional del paciente sometido a cirugía gastrointestinal mayor electiva y así poder desde el inicio del manejo de paciente, tratar integralmente desde el punto de vista nutricional. Así como estadificar el estado nutricional, y apoyarse con datos bioquímicos de laboratorio que confirmen una buena nutrición antes de ser sometido a este tipo de cirugías. Esto con el afán de cumplir los estándares nutricionales internacionales.

Alterações da sinalização purinérgica gastrointestinal na Diabetes

A dismotilidade entérica é uma complicação a longo prazo da Diabetes mellitus (DM) que causa desconforto significativo em 76% dos pacientes diabéticos. Sabendo que as purinas estão envolvidas na neuromodulação colinérgica e que no SNC de animais diabéticos foram encontradas alterações na expressão de recetores purinérgicos, decidimos investigar se na dismotilidade diabética a neuromodulação purinérgica se encontra preservada. O modelo animal escolhido de diabetes tipo I resultou da administração de estreptozotocina (STZ, 55 mg/kg, IP) a ratazanas (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar). Este modelo STZ provou ser adequado para o estudo, apresentando 2 semanas após a indução polidipsia, poliúria, polifagia, hiperglicemia e um atraso da motilidade gastrointestinal. A caraterização morfológica macroscópica dos animais STZ revelou um aumento significativo do cego e do intestino. Funcionalmente, estudos preliminares indicam que as contrações espontâneas do íleo dos animais STZ perdem ritmicidade e apresentam maior amplitude que as dos animais controlo de uma forma insensível à TTX, sugerindo o comprometimento das ICC. Paralelamente, estudos imagiológicos revelaram uma perda neuronal mioentérica, principalmente de neurónios nitrérgicos, sendo os colinérgicos preservados. Contudo, a resposta muscular do íleo de animais diabéticos à acetilcolina (ACh) foi inferior à dos controlos, estando a libertação de ACh modulada pela adenosina modificada. Verificou-se que a inibição promovida pelos recetores A1 se mantinha, mas que se perdia a facilitação mediada pela ativação de recetores A2A, cuja imunorreatividade também se encontrava diminuída. Curiosamente, apesar do catabolismo do ATP e dos seus metabolitos estar aumentado nos animais STZ, não se verificou um aumento dos níveis extracelulares de adenosina. Nos animais diabéticos a adenosina é rapidamente desaminada e recaptada por transportadores de nucleósidos, com principal relevância para os concentrativos, sendo os equilibrativos responsáveis pelo transporte da adenosina em animais controlo. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese sugerem que a dismotilidade diabética pode dever-se à perda da atividade nitrérgica, das ICC e da neuromodulação purinérgica mediada por recetores A2A, comprometendo assim a libertação de ACh e consequentemente a motilidade GI.

Ovarian sertoli-leydig cell tumour with heterologous elements of gastrointestinal type associated with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein level: an unusual case and literature review

Here we describe the case of a 19-year-old woman with a poorly differentiated ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor and an elevated serum alphafetoprotein level. The patient presented with diffuse abdominal pain and bloating. Physical examination, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right ovarian tumor that was histopathologically diagnosed as a poorly differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with heterologous elements. Her alpha-fetoprotein serum level was undetectable after tumor resection. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors are rare sex cord-stromal tumors that account for 0.5% of all ovarian neoplasms. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors tend to be unilateral and occur in women under 30 years of age. Although they are the most common virilizing tumor of the ovary, about 60% are endocrineinactive tumors. Elevated serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein are rarely associated with Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, with only approximately 30 such cases previously reported in the literature. The differential diagnosis should include common alpha-fetoprotein-producing ovarian entities such as germ cell tumors, as well as other non-germ cell tumors that have been rarely reported to produce this tumor marker.

Comparing concentration Methods: parasitrap® versus Kato-Katz for studying the prevalence of Helminths in Bengo province, Angola.

Background: Helminth intestinal parasitoses are responsible for high levels of child mortality and morbidity. Hence, the capacity to diagnose these parasitoses and consequently ensure due treatment represents a factor of great importance. Objectives: The main objective of this study involves comparing two methods of concentration, parasitrap and Kato-Katz, for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses in faecal samples. Methods: Sample processing made recourse to two different concentration Methods: the commercial parasitrap® method and the Kato-Katz method. Results: We correspondingly collected a total of 610 stool samples from pre-school and school age children. The results demonstrate the incidence of helminth parasites in 32.8% or 32.3% of the sample collected depending on whether the concentration method applied was either the parasitrap method or the Kato-Katz method. We detected a relatively high percentage of samples testing positive for two or more species of helminth parasites. We would highlight that in searching for larvae the Kato-Katz method does not prove as appropriate as the parasitrap method. Conclusion: Both techniques prove easily applicable even in field working conditions and returning mutually agreeing results. This study concludes in favour of the need for deworming programs and greater public awareness among the rural populations of Angola.

Endoscopic band ligation without resection in selected patients for small and superficial upper gastrointestinal tract lesions

Background and aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic band ligation (EBL) in carefully selected patients who would benefit from this method of resection. Methods: Patients with early upper gastrointestinal and small (< 15 mm) lesions treated with EBL (Duette® Multi-Band Mucosectomy) were prospectively recruited and retrospectively analyzed between 2010 and 2015. All cases were discussed in a multidisciplinary cancer committee and it was concluded that, owing to patient conditions, surgery was not possible and that not conducting histology would not change the clinical management. A first endoscopic control with biopsies was planned at 4-8 weeks. If there was no persistence of the lesion, new controls were programmed at 6 and 12 months. Results: The group (n = 12) included 5 esophagus lesions (adenosquamous carcinoma, n = 1; carcinoma squamous, n = 2; adenocarcinoma, n = 2); 4 gastric lesions (high grade dysplasia, n = 1; adenocarcinoma, n = 2; neuroendocrine tumor [NET], n = 1), and 3 duodenal lesions (NETs) (n = 3). The mean tumor diameter was 9.6 ± 2.8 mm (range 4-15). Only one minor adverse event was described. At first follow-up (4-8 weeks), there was 91.6% and 75% of endoscopic and histological remission, respectively. At 6-month follow-up there was 70% of both endoscopic remission and negative biopsies. And at 12 months, there was 100% and 75% of endoscopic and histological remission, respectively. Persisting lesions were T1 cancers. The median follow-up was 30.6 months. Conclusion: EBL without resection is an easy and safe technique that should be considered in patients with multiple morbidities and small superficial UGI lesions.

Gastrointestinal parasite screening in pet reptiles in the area of Perth, Western Australia

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária