Expression des cofacteurs de transcription associés au SRF dans le muscle lisse respiratoire équin

L’hyperplasie et l’hypertrophie contribuent à l'augmentation de la masse de muscle lisse bronchique observée dans le souffle. Les cellules musculaires lisses (CML) présentent deux phénotypes; prolifératif ou contractile. Le serum response factor (SRF), un facteur de transcription impliqué dans l’activation de nombreux gènes, contribuerait à cette modulation phénotypique. Notamment, lorsqu'associé au cofacteur Elk-1, un phénotype prolifératif serait observé, alors qu'en présence de la myocardine (MYOCD) il y aurait induction d'un profil contractile. Récemment, il a été démontré que SRF est surexprimé dans les voies périphériques chez les chevaux atteints du souffle suite à une exposition antigénique. Cette étude vise à caractériser l'expression protéique et génique de SRF, Elk-1 et MYOCD dans les CML des voies respiratoires centrales et périphériques chez des chevaux atteints du souffle et des chevaux contrôles. L'évaluation de l’expression protéique de SRF, Elk-1 et MYOCD s’est effectuée par immunodétection sur des tissus provenant de biopsies thoracoscopiques ou endobronchiques, et ce, avant, à 1 et 30 jours du défi antigénique. L'expression génique a été étudiée par qPCR sur du muscle lisse disséqué de la trachée, et des bronches, ainsi que sur des voies respiratoires intermédiaires et périphériques. Les expressions génique et protéique de MYOCD sont augmentées uniquement dans les voies périphériques. L’expression génique de SRF et Elk-1 varient dans les voies centrales alors que le taux de protéines demeure stable. En conclusion, SRF et MYOCD pourraient être impliquées dans l’hypertrophie des voies respiratoires périphériques dans le souffle alors que l’hyperplasie ne semble pas être activée par Elk-1.

Caractérisation de stratégies stimulant l’immunité cellulaire par l’étude de la présentation antigénique d’une nanoparticule vaccinale et du blocage d’un mécanisme d’immunosuppression

Il existe plusieurs défis au développement d’une thérapie visant à stimuler l’immunité cellulaire. Dans la prévention contre certains virus et en immunothérapie du cancer, l’induction de lymphocytes T spécifiques est cependant primordiale. Dans la première partie de l’étude, nous avons porté notre attention sur la compréhension de la présentation croisée par le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe I (CMH I) médiée par des particules pseudo-virales (VLP) composées de la protéine de surface de potexvirus à laquelle nous avons ajouté un épitope de la protéine M1 du virus de l’influenza ou un épitope de la protéine gp100 du mélanome. Cette VLP se caractérise par sa capacité à stimuler, sans l’aide d’adjuvant, le système immunitaire et de présenter de façon croisée l’épitope inséré dans sa protéine de surface et ce, indépendamment de l’activité du protéasome. Nous avons, tout d’abord, comparé les propriétés de présentation antigénique croisée des VLP formées du virus de la mosaïque de la malva (MaMV) à celles des VLP du virus de la mosaïque de la papaye (PapMV). Les résultats confirment que ces propriétés sont partagées par plusieurs membres de la famille des potexvirus malgré des divergences de séquences (Hanafi et al. Vaccine 2010). De plus, nous avons procédé à des expériences pour préciser le mécanisme menant à la présentation de l’épitope inséré dans les VLP de PapMV. Les résultats nous confirment une voie vacuolaire dépendante de l’activité de la cathepsine S et de l’acidification des lysosomes pour l’apprêtement antigénique. L’induction de l’autophagie par les VLP semble également nécessaire à la présentation croisée par les VLP de PapMV. Nous avons donc établi un nouveau mécanisme de présentation croisée vacuolaire dépendant de l’autophagie (Hanafi et al. soumis Autophagy). En second lieu, en immunothérapie du cancer, il est aussi important de contrôler les mécanismes d’évasion immunitaire mis en branle par la tumeur. Nous avons spécifiquement étudié l’enzyme immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO) (revue de la littérature dans les tumeurs humaines; Hanafi et al. Clin. Can. Res 2011) et son inhibition dans les cellules tumorales. Pour ce faire, nous avons tenté d’inhiber son expression par la fludarabine, agent chimiothérapeutique précédemment étudié pour son activité inhibitrice de l’activation de STAT1 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 1). Étonnamment, nos résultats ont montré l’inhibition d’IDO dans les cellules tumorales par la fludarabine, indépendamment de l’inhibition de la phosphorylation de STAT1. Nous avons démontré que le mécanisme d’action dépendait plutôt de l’induction de la dégradation d’IDO par le protéasome (Hanafi et al. PlosOne 2014). Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont donc portés autant sur la compréhension d’une nouvelle plateforme de vaccination pouvant médier l’activation de lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques et sur le contrôle d’une immunosuppression établie par les cellules tumorales pour évader au système immunitaire. Ces deux grandes stratégies sont à considérer en immunothérapie du cancer et la combinaison avec d’autres thérapies déjà existantes pourra permettre une meilleure réponse clinique.

Extensive characterization of Campylobacter jejuni chicken isolates to uncover genes involved in the ability to compete for gut colonization

Background: Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for human foodborne enteritis. This bacterium is a remarkable colonizer of the chicken gut, with some strains outcompeting others for colonization. To better understand this phenomenon, the objective of this study was to extensively characterize the phenotypic performance of C. jejuni chicken strains and associate their gut colonizing ability with specific genes. Results: C. jejuni isolates (n = 45) previously analyzed for the presence of chicken colonization associated genes were further characterized for phenotypic properties influencing colonization: autoagglutination and chemotaxis as well as adhesion to and invasion of primary chicken caecal cells. This allowed strains to be ranked according to their in vitro performance. After their in vitro capacity to outcompete was demonstrated in vivo, strains were then typed by comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF). In vitro phenotypical properties displayed a linear variability among the tested strains. Strains possessing higher scores for phenotypical properties were able to outcompete others during chicken colonization trials. When the gene content of strains was compared, some were associated with different phenotypical scores and thus with different outcompeting capacities. Use of CGF profiles showed an extensive genetic variability among the studied strains and suggested that the outcompeting capacity is not predictable by CGF profile. Conclusion: This study revealed a wide array of phenotypes present in C. jejuni strains, even though they were all recovered from chicken caecum. Each strain was classified according to its in vitro competitive potential and its capacity to compete for chicken gut colonization was associated with specific genes. This study also exposed the disparity existing between genetic typing and phenotypical behavior of C. jejuni strains.

Prevalence et caracterisation de Staphylococcus aureus resistant a la methicilline d'origine aviaire au Quebec

Le Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline (SARM) est un enjeu majeur en santé publique. Il est responsable d’une grande variété d’infections. Les “Livestock Associated-MRSA” (LA-MRSA) sont des SARM ayant comme origine les animaux de production tels le porc ou la volaille. Ils constituent un risque de transmission à l’humain via la chaîne alimentaire. Les LA-MRSA peuvent former du biofilm ce qui augmente leur tolérance aux stress environnementaux. Le biofilm est partiellement régulé par le système Agr. Il n’existe aucune donnée sur les ‘LA-MRSA’ d’origine aviaire au Québec. Les objectifs de ce projet étaient : (i) de déterminer la prévalence de ces SARM dans la viande de poulet et le poulet à griller de la province de Québec et (ii) de caractériser les isolats retrouvés. La collecte d’échantillons s’est effectuée dans 43 épiceries (309 cuisses et pilons de poulet) et dans deux abattoirs (échantillons nasaux et fécaux de 200 poulets) de la Montérégie. La prévalence de SARM a été évaluée à 1.29% (IC 95%: 0.35-3.28) et 0% dans la viande et les oiseaux respectivement. Les isolats testés se sont révélés résistants aux bêta-lactamines (n=15), à la tétracycline (n=10), à l’oxytétracycline (n=10), à la spectinomycine (n=10) et à la tobramycine (n=1). Le typage a révélé deux clones différents (ST398-V, n=10; et ST8-IVa ’USA300’, n=5). La présence de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques (blaZ, blaR, blaI, erm(A), lnu(A), aad(D), fosB, tet(K), tet(L) et spc) ainsi que plusieurs gènes codant pour l’évasion du système immunitaire (IEC), la production de toxines ou encore pour la production de biofilm ont aussi été détectés. Une forte production de biofilm a été observée pour la majorité des isolats (n=11) à l’exception de certains isolats ST398. Le taux d’expression du système Agr n’a révélé aucune différence particulière entre les SARM testés. Pour conclure, nos données indiquent une faible prévalence de SARM chez la volaille et la viande de poulet. Les isolats ont été catégorisés en deux génotypes, dont un portant plus de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques (ST398) et l’autre possédant plus de gènes de virulence (ST8).

Biochemical and molecular investigations on Salmonella serovars from seafood

The present investigation was envisaged to determine the prevalence and identify the different Salmonella serovar in seafood from Cochin area. Though, the distribution of Salmonella serovars in different seafood samples of Cochin has been well documented, the present attempt was made to identify the different Salmonella serovars and determine its prevalence in various seafoods. First pan of this investigation involved the isolation and identification of Salmonella strains with the help of different conventional culture methods. The identified isolates were used for the further investigation i.e. serotyping, this provides the information about the prevalent serovars in seafood. The prevalent Salmonella strains have been further characterized based on the utilization of different sugars and amino acids, to identify the different biovar of a serovar.A major research gap was observed in molecular characterization of Salmonella in seafood. Though, previous investigations reported the large number of Salmonella serovars from food sources in India, yet, very few work has been reported regarding genetic characterization of Salmonella serovars associated with food. Second part of this thesis deals with different molecular fingerprint profiles of the Salmonella serovars from seafood. Various molecular typing methods such as plasmid profiling, characterization of virulence genes, PFGE, PCR- ribotyping, and ERIC—PCR have been used for the genetic characterization of Salmonella serovars.The conventional culture methods are mainly used for the identification of Salmonella in seafood and most of the investigations from India and abroad showed the usage of culture method for detection of Salmonella in seafood. Hence, development of indigenous, rapid molecular method is most desirable for screening of Salmonella in large number of seafood samples at a shorter time period. Final part of this study attempted to develop alternative, rapid molecular detection method for the detection of Salmonella in seafood. Rapid eight—hour PCR assay has been developed for detection of Salmonella in seafood. The performance of three different methods viz., culture, ELISA and PCR assays were evaluated for detection of Salmonella in seafood and the results were statistically analyzed. Presence of Salmonella cells in food and enviromnental has been reported low in number, hence, more sensitive method for enumeration of Salmonella in food sample need to be developed. A quantitative realtime PCR has been developed for detection of Salmonella in seafood. This method would be useful for quantitative detection of Salmonella in seafood.

Detection and diversity of pathogenic Vibrio from Fiji

Here we investigate the diversity of pathogenic Vibrio species in marine environments close to Suva, Fiji. We use four distinct yet complementary analyses – biochemical testing, phylogenetic analyses, metagenomic analyses and molecular typing – to provide some preliminary insights into the diversity of vibrios in this region. Taken together our analyses confirmed the presence of nine Vibrio species, including three of the most important disease-causing vibrios (i.e. V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus), in Fijian marine environments. Furthermore, since toxigenic V. parahaemolyticus are present on fish for consumption we suggest these bacteria represent a potential public health risk. Our results from Illumina short read sequencing are encouraging in the context of microbial profiling and biomonitoring. They suggest this approach may offer an efficient and costeffective method for studying the dynamics of microbial diversity in marine environments over time.

Evidence Of A Bacilliform Virus Causing Outbreaks Of Whitespot Disease In Penaeus Monodon H. Milne Edwards In India

Whitespot virus could be experimentally transmitted from infected Penoeus monodon to P. in.dicus and repeatedly passed on through several batches of apparently healthy J'. in dieas. During these passages, white spots first disappeared before subsequently reappearing, Electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of oblong-shaped, fully-assembled virus towards the periphery and virus in paracrystalline arrnys towards the center of the hypertrophied nuclei. The virus isolated here is referred to as whitespot syndrome baculovirus (WSBV) until more is known of its antigenic .md genomic rclatodnc..s to isolates from other countries

Analytical Study of Typographical Errors in OPACS and Corrective Measures

The present study is an attempt to highlight the problem of typographical errors in OPACS. The errors made while typing catalogue entries as well as importing bibliographical records from other libraries exist unnoticed by librarians resulting the non-retrieval of available records and affecting the quality of OPACs. This paper follows previous research on the topic mainly by Jeffrey Beall and Terry Ballard. The word “management” was chosen from the list of likely to be misspelled words identified by previous research. It was found that the word is wrongly entered in several forms in local, national and international OPACs justifying the observations of Ballard that typos occur in almost everywhere. Though there are lots of corrective measures proposed and are in use, the study asserts the fact that human effort is needed to get rid of the problem. The paper is also an invitation to the library professionals and system designers to construct a strategy to solve the issue

Analytical Study of Typographical Errors in OPACS and Corrective Measures

The present study is an attempt to highlight the problem of typographical errors in OPACS. The errors made while typing catalogue entries as well as importing bibliographical records from other libraries exist unnoticed by librarians resulting the non-retrieval of available records and affecting the quality of OPACs. This paper follows previous research on the topic mainly by Jeffrey Beall and Terry Ballard. The word “management” was chosen from the list of likely to be misspelled words identified by previous research. It was found that the word is wrongly entered in several forms in local, national and international OPACs justifying the observations of Ballard that typos occur in almost everywhere. Though there are lots of corrective measures proposed and are in use, the study asserts the fact that human effort is needed to get rid of the problem. The paper is also an invitation to the library professionals and system designers to construct a strategy to solve the issue

Characterization and Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus from Marine environments

The genus Vibrioof the family Vibrionaceae are Gram negative, oxidasepositive, rod- or curved- rodshaped facultative anaerobes, widespread in marine and estuarine environments. Vibrio species are opportunistic human pathogens responsible for diarrhoeal disease, gastroenteritis, septicaemia and wound infections and are also pathogens of aquatic organisms, causing infections to crustaceans, bivalves and fishes. In the present study, marine environmental samples like seafood and water and sediment samples from aquafarms and mangroves were screened for the presence of Vibrio species. Of the134 isolates obtained from the various samples, 45 were segregated to the genus Vibrio on the basis of phenotypic characterization.like Gram staining, oxidase test, MoF test and salinity tolerance. Partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis was utilized for species level identification of the isolates and the strains were identified as V. cholerae(N=21), V. vulnificus(N=18), V. parahaemolyticus(N=3), V. alginolyticus (N=2) and V. azureus (N=1). The genetic relatedness and variations among the 45 Vibrio isolates were elucidated based on 16S rDNA sequences. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates was based on their response to 12 biochemical tests namely Voges-Proskauers’s (VP test), arginine dihydrolase , tolerance to 3% NaCl test, ONPG test that detects β-galactosidase activity, and tests for utilization of citrate, ornithine, mannitol, arabinose, sucrose, glucose, salicin and cellobiose. The isolates exhibited diverse biochemical patterns, some specific for the species and others indicative of their environmental source.Antibiogram for the isolates was determined subsequent to testing their susceptibility to 12 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Varying degrees of resistance to gentamycin (2.22%), ampicillin(62.22%), nalidixic acid (4.44%), vancomycin (86.66), cefixime (17.77%), rifampicin (20%), tetracycline (42.22%) and chloramphenicol (2.22%) was exhibited. All the isolates were susceptible to streptomycin, co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim and azithromycin. Isolates from all the three marine environments exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, with high MAR index value. The molecular typing methods such as ERIC PCR and BOX PCR revealed intraspecies relatedness and genetic heterogeneity within the environmental isolatesof V. cholerae and V. vulnificus. The 21 strains of V. choleraewere serogroupedas non O1/ non O139 by screening for the presence O1rfb and O139 rfb marker genes by PCR. The virulence/virulence associated genes namely ctxA, ctxB, ace, VPI, hlyA, ompU, rtxA, toxR, zot, nagst, tcpA, nin and nanwere screened in V. cholerae and V. vulnificusstrains.The V. vulnificusstrains were also screened for three species specific genes viz., cps, vvhand viu. In V. cholerae strains, the virulence associated genes like VPI, hlyA, rtxA, ompU and toxR were confirmed by PCR. All the isolates, except for strain BTOS6, harbored at least one or a combination of the tested genes and V. choleraestrain BTPR5 isolated from prawn hosted the highest number of virulence associated genes. Among the V. vulnificusstrains, only 3 virulence genes, VPI, toxR and cps, were confirmed out of the 16 tested and only 7 of the isolates had these genes in one or more combinations. Strain BTPS6 from aquafarm and strain BTVE4 from mangrove samples yielded positive amplification for the three genes. The toxRgene from 9 strains of V. choleraeand 3 strains of V. vulnificus were cloned and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide and the amino acid sequences. Multiple sequence alignment of the nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of the environmental strains of V. choleraerevealed that the toxRgene in the environmental strains are 100% homologous to themselves and to the V. choleraetoxR gene sequence available in the Genbank database. The 3 strains of V. vulnificus displayed high nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity among themselves and to the sequences of V. cholerae and V. harveyi obtained from the GenBank database, but exhibited only 72% homology to the sequences of its close relative V. vulnificus. Structure prediction of the ToxR protein of Vibrio cholerae strain BTMA5 was by PHYRE2 software. The deduced amino acid sequence showed maximum resemblance with the structure of DNA-binding domain of response regulator2 from Escherichia coli k-12 Template based homology modelling in PHYRE2 successfully modelled the predicted protein and its secondary structure based on protein data bank (PDB) template c3zq7A. The pathogenicity studies were performed using the nematode Caenorhabditiselegansas a model system. The assessment of pathogenicity of environmental strain of V. choleraewas conducted with E. coli strain OP50 as the food source in control plates, environmental V. cholerae strain BTOS6, negative for all tested virulence genes, to check for the suitability of Vibrio sp. as a food source for the nematode;V. cholerae Co 366 ElTor, a clinical pathogenic strain and V. cholerae strain BTPR5 from seafood (Prawn) and positive for the tested virulence genes like VPI, hlyA, ompU,rtxA and toxR. It was found that V. cholerae strain BTOS6 could serve as a food source in place of E. coli strain OP50 but behavioral aberrations like sluggish movement and lawn avoidance and morphological abnormalities like pharyngeal and intestinal distensions and bagging were exhibited by the worms fed on V. cholerae Co 366 ElTor strain and environmental BTPR5 indicating their pathogenicity to the nematode. Assessment of pathogenicity of the environmental strains of V. vulnificus was performed with V. vulnificus strain BTPS6 which tested positive for 3 virulence genes, namely, cps, toxRand VPI, and V. vulnificus strain BTMM7 that did not possess any of the tested virulence genes. A reduction was observed in the life span of worms fed on environmental strain of V. vulnificusBTMM7 rather than on the ordinary laboratory food source, E. coli OP50. Behavioral abnormalities like sluggish movement, lawn avoidance and bagging were also observed in the worms fed with strain BTPS6, but the pharynx and the intestine were intact. The presence of multi drug resistant environmental Vibrio strainsthat constitute a major reservoir of diverse virulence genes are to be dealt with caution as they play a decisive role in pathogenicity and horizontal gene transfer in the marine environments.

Differential induction, isolation, physicochemical and molecular characterization of temperate phages of environmental Vibrio cholerae as evidence of phage mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer

The resurgence of the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae, the causative organism of epidemic cholera, remains a major health problem in many developing countries like India. The southern Indian state of Kerala is endemic to cholera. The outbreaks of cholera follow a seasonal pattern in regions of endemicity. Marine aquaculture settings and mangrove environments of Kerala serve as reservoirs for V. cholerae. The non-O1/non-O139 environmental isolates of V. cholerae with incomplete ‘virulence casette’ are to be dealt with caution as they constitute a major reservoir of diverse virulence genes in the marine environment and play a crucial role in pathogenicity and horizontal gene transfer. The genes coding cholera toxin are borne on, and can be infectiously transmitted by CTXΦ, a filamentous lysogenic vibriophages. Temperate phages can provide crucial virulence and fitness factors affecting cell metabolism, bacterial adhesion, colonization, immunity, antibiotic resistance and serum resistance. The present study was an attempt to screen the marine environments like aquafarms and mangroves of coastal areas of Alappuzha and Cochin, Kerala for the presence of lysogenic V. cholerae, to study their pathogenicity and also gene transfer potential. Phenotypic and molecular methods were used for identification of isolates as V. cholerae. The thirty one isolates which were Gram negative, oxidase positive, fermentative, with or without gas production on MOF media and which showed yellow coloured colonies on TCBS (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile salt Sucrose) agar were segregated as vibrios. Twenty two environmental V. cholerae strains of both O1 and non- O1/non-O139 serogroups on induction with mitomycin C showed the presence of lysogenic phages. They produced characteristic turbid plaques in double agar overlay assay using the indicator strain V. cholerae El Tor MAK 757. PCR based molecular typing with primers targeting specific conserved sequences in the bacterial genome, demonstrated genetic diversity among these lysogen containing non-O1 V. cholerae . Polymerase chain reaction was also employed as a rapid screening method to verify the presence of 9 virulence genes namely, ctxA, ctxB, ace, hlyA, toxR, zot,tcpA, ninT and nanH, using gene specific primers. The presence of tcpA gene in ALPVC3 was alarming, as it indicates the possibility of an epidemic by accepting the cholera. Differential induction studies used ΦALPVC3, ΦALPVC11, ΦALPVC12 and ΦEKM14, underlining the possibility of prophage induction in natural ecosystems, due to abiotic factors like antibiotics, pollutants, temperature and UV. The efficiency of induction of prophages varied considerably in response to the different induction agents. The growth curve of lysogenic V. cholerae used in the study drastically varied in the presence of strong prophage inducers like antibiotics and UV. Bacterial cell lysis was directly proportional to increase in phage number due to induction. Morphological characterization of vibriophages by Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed hexagonal heads for all the four phages. Vibriophage ΦALPVC3 exhibited isometric and contractile tails characteristic of family Myoviridae, while phages ΦALPVC11 and ΦALPVC12 demonstrated the typical hexagonal head and non-contractile tail of family Siphoviridae. ΦEKM14, the podophage was distinguished by short non-contractile tail and icosahedral head. This work demonstrated that environmental parameters can influence the viability and cell adsorption rates of V. cholerae phages. Adsorption studies showed 100% adsorption of ΦALPVC3 ΦALPVC11, ΦALPVC12 and ΦEKM14 after 25, 30, 40 and 35 minutes respectively. Exposure to high temperatures ranging from 50ºC to 100ºC drastically reduced phage viability. The optimum concentration of NaCl required for survival of vibriophages except ΦEKM14 was 0.5 M and that for ΦEKM14 was 1M NaCl. Survival of phage particles was maximum at pH 7-8. V. cholerae is assumed to have existed long before their human host and so the pathogenic clones may have evolved from aquatic forms which later colonized the human intestine by progressive acquisition of genes. This is supported by the fact that the vast majority of V. cholerae strains are still part of the natural aquatic environment. CTXΦ has played a critical role in the evolution of the pathogenicity of V. cholerae as it can transmit the ctxAB gene. The unusual transformation of V. cholerae strains associated with epidemics and the emergence of V. cholera O139 demonstrates the evolutionary success of the organism in attaining greater fitness. Genetic changes in pathogenic V. cholerae constitute a natural process for developing immunity within an endemically infected population. The alternative hosts and lysogenic environmental V. cholerae strains may potentially act as cofactors in promoting cholera phage ‘‘blooms’’ within aquatic environments, thereby influencing transmission of phage sensitive, pathogenic V. cholerae strains by aquatic vehicles. Differential induction of the phages is a clear indication of the impact of environmental pollution and global changes on phage induction. The development of molecular biology techniques offered an accessible gateway for investigating the molecular events leading to genetic diversity in the marine environment. Using nucleic acids as targets, the methods of fingerprinting like ERIC PCR and BOX PCR, revealed that the marine environment harbours potentially pathogenic group of bacteria with genetic diversity. The distribution of virulence associated genes in the environmental isolates of V. cholerae provides tangible material for further investigation. Nucleotide and protein sequence analysis alongwith protein structure prediction aids in better understanding of the variation inalleles of same gene in different ecological niche and its impact on the protein structure for attaining greater fitness of pathogens. The evidences of the co-evolution of virulence genes in toxigenic V. cholerae O1 from different lineages of environmental non-O1 strains is alarming. Transduction studies would indicate that the phenomenon of acquisition of these virulence genes by lateral gene transfer, although rare, is not quite uncommon amongst non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and it has a key role in diversification. All these considerations justify the need for an integrated approach towards the development of an effective surveillance system to monitor evolution of V. cholerae strains with epidemic potential. Results presented in this study, if considered together with the mechanism proposed as above, would strongly suggest that the bacteriophage also intervenes as a variable in shaping the cholera bacterium, which cannot be ignored and hinting at imminent future epidemics.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus des Klinikums Kassel der Jahre 1999 bis 2004

Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert erstmals einen umfassenden Überblick über die molekulare Epidemiologie von Methicillin resistenten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) eines nordhessischen Krankenhauses inklusive seines Umfeldes und deren Entwicklung in einem Zeitraum von fünf Jahren. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist, dass die MRSA-Stämme hierfür nicht nur anhand ihrer SCCmec-Region (staphylococcal cassette chromosome) typisiert wurden, sondern eine weitergehende Charakterisierung auf Grund der Bestimmung des Vorkommens von Antibiotikaresistenz- und Toxingenen, sowie Plasmiden erfolgte. Dabei wurde ein neuer SCCmec-Typ entdeckt und charakterisiert und weitere noch unbekannte SCCmec-Elemente beschrieben. Bei der Charakterisierung der MRSA-Kollektive konnten bzgl. aller untersuchten Eigenschaften im Laufe der Zeit signifikante Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Am deutlichsten waren diese Unterschiede zwischen dem ältesten Kollektiv aus 1999 und allen nachfolgenden Kollektiven. Die Kollektive aus 2001, 2002, 2003 und 2004 zeigten untereinander größere Ähnlichkeiten, aber dennoch gleichzeitig eine tendenziell divergente Entwicklung einzelner Eigenschaften. Besonders auffallend war das dominante Auftreten von SCCmecIV mit 63-87% der Isolate eines Kollektivs ab 2001, gegenüber 16% in 1999. Weiterhin erfolgte eine markante Veränderung im Vorkommen einzelner Antibiotikaresistenzgene von 1999 bis 2004. So waren aacA-aphD und ermA bei MRSA aus 1999 mit 84% bzw. 90% deutlich häufiger als in allen Kollektiven der folgenden Jahre (aacA-aphD: max. 32%, ermA: max. 40%). Wohingegen ermC ein stets zunehmendes Vorkommen von 3% auf 67% über den Untersuchungszeitraum zeigte. Unkontinuierliches aber statistisch relevant vermehrtes Auftreten von tetM konnte bei Isolaten aus 1999 (40%) und 2004 (74%) nachgewiesen werden. Auch bei Toxingenen zeigten sich deutliche Unterschiede in der zeitlichen Verteilung. Ab 2001 zeigten alle Isolate wesentlich höhere Anteile an sec, seg und sei verglichen mit den MRSA aus 1999. So konnte sec im Kollektiv aus 1999 gar nicht nachgewiesen werden, in denen der Folgejahre mit 54-77%. Die Werte für seg und sei stiegen von 48% bzw. 41% in 1999 kontinuierlich auf über 90% in 2004. Die Häufigkeit von MRSA sowohl mit mehreren Resistenzgenen als auch die mit mehreren Toxingenen nahm im Laufe der Zeit zu und korrelierte mit dem Vorkommen von Plasmiden. Bezüglich seiner Korrelation mit den vorkommenden Plasmiden zeigte SCCmecIV im Erhebungszeitraum besonders deutlich eine Veränderung. So nahm über den Zeitraum der Beobachtung die Anzahl der Stämme die zusätzlich zu einem großen Plasmid ein weiteres kleines Plasmid besaßen signifikant zu. Auch beim Vergleich der SCCmec-Typen der MRSA-Isolate konnten Unterschiede bzgl. aller weiteren untersuchten Eigenschaften dargestellt werden. So zeigten z.B. alle SCCmecIIIA das sea-Gen, während dies bei allen anderen in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten SCCmec-Typen nur vereinzelt vorkam. SCCmecII-Stämme wiesen sowohl die meisten Antibiotikaresistenz- als auch Toxingene auf. Es wurde ferner gezeigt, dass Stämme mit vielen Resistenzgenen auch eine hohe Anzahl Toxingene besaßen und dies im Zusammenhang mit einem erhöhten Plasmidgehalt stehen könnte. Aus den MRSA-Kollektiven isolierte Plasmide konnten aufgrund von Restriktionsanalysen als verwandt zu β-Laktamase-Plasmiden des Grundtyps pI524 und pI258 beschrieben werden. Der in vorliegender Arbeit gezeigte Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl von direct repeat units (dru) in der Hypervariablen Region (HVR) und dem SCCmec-Typ half den Unterschied zwischen SCCmecIV und SCCmecIVA, sowie die Sonderstellung des in vorliegender Arbeit erstmalig beschriebenen SCCmecIA/II darzustellen. Nicht alle Isolate konnten einem bekannten SCCmec-Typ zugeordnet werden, es handelt sich bei diesen Ausnahmen um weitere noch unbekannte und hier erstmalig beschriebene SCCmec-Typen. Aufgrund der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte ein neuer SCCmec-Typ definiert werden, namentlich der Typ SCCmecIA/II, der seit 1999 in der Region gehäuft vorkommt Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigten somit, dass die Epidemiologie von MRSA der Region Nordhessen trotz bestehender Gemeinsamkeiten zur MRSA-Situation in ganz Deutschland auch Besonderheiten aufweist. Diese nun zu kennen kann einen Beitrag zur gezielten Verbesserung bisheriger Maßnahmen zur Ausbreitungskontrolle von MRSA in der nordhessischen Region leisten.

“Unmixing” Tissue Gene Expression Signatures from Tumor Biopsies

Emergent molecular measurement methods, such as DNA microarray, qRTPCR, and many others, offer tremendous promise for the personalized treatment of cancer. These technologies measure the amount of specific proteins, RNA, DNA or other molecular targets from tumor specimens with the goal of “fingerprinting” individual cancers. Tumor specimens are heterogeneous; an individual specimen typically contains unknown amounts of multiple tissues types. Thus, the measured molecular concentrations result from an unknown mixture of tissue types, and must be normalized to account for the composition of the mixture. For example, a breast tumor biopsy may contain normal, dysplastic and cancerous epithelial cells, as well as stromal components (fatty and connective tissue) and blood and lymphatic vessels. Our diagnostic interest focuses solely on the dysplastic and cancerous epithelial cells. The remaining tissue components serve to “contaminate” the signal of interest. The proportion of each of the tissue components changes as a function of patient characteristics (e.g., age), and varies spatially across the tumor region. Because each of the tissue components produces a different molecular signature, and the amount of each tissue type is specimen dependent, we must estimate the tissue composition of the specimen, and adjust the molecular signal for this composition. Using the idea of a chemical mass balance, we consider the total measured concentrations to be a weighted sum of the individual tissue signatures, where weights are determined by the relative amounts of the different tissue types. We develop a compositional source apportionment model to estimate the relative amounts of tissue components in a tumor specimen. We then use these estimates to infer the tissuespecific concentrations of key molecular targets for sub-typing individual tumors. We anticipate these specific measurements will greatly improve our ability to discriminate between different classes of tumors, and allow more precise matching of each patient to the appropriate treatment

Relación costo beneficio de plaquetas estándar versus plaquetas por aféresis en el Banco de Sangre de la Clínica Colsanitas

Se realizó un estudio costo beneficio para el tratamiento de trombocitopenias en pacientes con discrasias sanguíneas, comparando dos hemoderivados sanguíneos: las plaquetas estándar y plaquetas por aféresis. El estudio se realizó en el Banco de Sangre de la Clínica Colsanitas S.A, con información obtenida sobre pacientes que fueron transfundidos con dichos componentes durante los años 2009 al 2010. Ambos hemoderivados presentaron un nivel de respuesta terapéutica adecuado; se evidenció que los pacientes transfundidos con plaquetas por aféresis, requirieron ser transfundidos menos veces a comparación del grupo transfundido con plaquetas estándar, representando una ventaja respecto a la exposición antigénica de hemoderivados transfundidos, a la necesidad de requerir transfusiones próximas y en el costo del tratamiento para la Entidad hospitalaria. Surge la necesidad de continuar con estudios prospectivos en los Servicios Transfusionales y Bancos de Sangre, como la determinación por inmuno-genética de la aloinmunización HLA, desarrollo HPA, frente a la exposición antigénica que permita evidenciar el desenlace clínico, gestionar los riesgos inherentes a la transfusión y promover la producción de determinado hemoderivado.

Screen capture on the Mac

You can capture an image of your entire screen by typing Command-Shift-3. Typing Command-Shift-4 lets you choose a specific part of your screen. Region capture - you can change how the region selection area changes by using the following keys - note that you can release the original keys once the crosshairs appears, as long as you’ve started dragging your mouse, and you keep the mouse button down. • Space Bar: Press and hold the Space Bar, and the size of the current region is then locked and can be dragged around the screen. As long as you hold the Space Bar down, the region’s size is locked and it can be dragged about. • Shift: Press and hold the Shift key, and one side of the region will be locked, based on which way you then move the mouse. For instance, if you press and hold Shift, and then move your mouse down, you’ll only be able to resize the region vertically; the horizontal size will be fixed. Move the mouse left or right, and you can resize the region horizontally while holding the vertical size fixed. • Option: Press and hold Option while dragging your region, and you’ll change the way the region grows as you drag. By default, your region is anchored at the upper left corner; when you press Option, the anchor point is moved to the center of the current region, and it expands in all directions from that point. For more tips check the links!