The influence of perception of forgetting and gender, ethnicity, and closeness on likelihood of caregiving

As life expectancy increases, the population of older adults is increasing rapidly. The caregiving of older parents by adult children has become a normative experience. Much of the gerontological literature has examined the caregiving experience, particularly in terms of the stresses involved. However, research is only beginning to examine the factors which motivate adult children to begin caregiving. The research described here examined how an elderly parent's memory behavior might influence caregiving decisions. In addition, gender, ethnicity, and parent-adult child closeness were examined to explore how these individual difference variables might influence those caregiving decisions.^ Participants read one of two vignettes describing a social visit with an elderly widow (target). In the vignette, the elderly target experiences several instances of forgetting. The vignettes depicted forgetting behavior established in pilot work as normal or serious. The normal forgetting vignette did not arouse concern and the serious forgetting vignette did arouse concern when the middle-aged participants imagined their mothers in the role of the vignette target. Participants rated their likelihood of engaging in eight caregiving behaviors if their mothers behaved like the vignette target. They also rated their closeness with their own mothers.^ Multivariate analyses of variance indicated main effects for vignette type, gender, ethnicity, and attachment. The likelihood of caregiving was higher when forgetting was more serious and when participants were female, Hispanic, and were highly attached to their mothers. Interaction effects showed that gender differences decreased with increased seriousness of forgetting, and ethnic differences were only significant for the normal forgetting condition.^ Multiple regression analyses indicated that attachment was the most significant predictor of likelihood of caregiving. Gender and ethnicity predicted specific caregiving behaviors. Females were more likely to engage in phoning and cooking, and Hispanics were more likely to engage in visiting and suggesting mother move in. ^

An investigation of the relationship between maltreatment and alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems in African -American and Hispanic adolescent girls

Maltreatment experienced in childhood or adolescence is a known risk factor for later problem alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) use (Bailey & McCloskey, 2005; Shin, Edwards, Heeren, 2009). A growing body of empirical work has found significant associations between adolescent girls’ AOD use and maltreatment experiences. However, questions remain as to how this relation unfolds with African-American and Hispanic adolescent girls. Guided by four relational models that have been proposed in the literature, this study examined the links between maltreatment, trauma symptoms, and alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) problems in a sample of 170 African-American and Hispanic adolescent girls who were participants in a school-based AOD use intervention. Results of this study revealed that maltreatment experiences (physical and emotional abuse) were positively related to trauma symptoms, which were positively related to AOD problem severity, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependency, drug abuse, and drug dependency. Perceived discrimination moderated this relation between sexual abuse and trauma symptoms, such that more perceived discrimination resulted in a stronger effect of sexual abuse on trauma symptoms. Ethnic identity moderated the relation between sexual abuse and AOD problem severity, such that ethnic identity demonstrated protective properties in the relation between sexual abuse and AOD problem severity. My research adds to extant knowledge on the relation between maltreatment and AOD use in adolescent girls and suggests the importance of developing interventions targeting maltreatment and AOD use concurrently.

Caractéristiques communes, facteurs de risque et facteurs de protection chez les adolescents auteurs d’abus sexuels

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des Études Supérieures des arts et sciences, Département de criminologie, en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise (M. Sc.) en criminologie, option intervention

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Maltreatment and Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) Use Among African-American and Hispanic Adolescent Girls

Maltreatment experienced in childhood or adolescence is a known risk factor for later problem alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) use (Bailey & McCloskey, 2005; Shin, Edwards, Heeren, 2009). A growing body of empirical work has found significant associations between adolescent girls’ AOD use and maltreatment experiences. However, questions remain as to how this relation unfolds with African-American and Hispanic adolescent girls. Guided by four relational models that have been proposed in the literature, this study examined the links between maltreatment, trauma symptoms, and alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) problems in a sample of 170 African-American and Hispanic adolescent girls who were participants in a school-based AOD use intervention. Results of this study revealed that maltreatment experiences (physical and emotional abuse) were positively related to trauma symptoms, which were positively related to AOD problem severity, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependency, drug abuse, and drug dependency. Perceived discrimination moderated this relation between sexual abuse and trauma symptoms, such that more perceived discrimination resulted in a stronger effect of sexual abuse on trauma symptoms. Ethnic identity moderated the relation between sexual abuse and AOD problem severity, such that ethnic identity demonstrated protective properties in the relation between sexual abuse and AOD problem severity. My research adds to extant knowledge on the relation between maltreatment and AOD use in adolescent girls and suggests the importance of developing interventions targeting maltreatment and AOD use concurrently.

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma: comparison of fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as adjunct diagnostic modalities

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm of intermediate biologic potential and uncertain differentiation, most often arising in the extremities of children and young adults. Although it has characteristic histologic features of a lymphoid cuff surrounding nodules of ovoid cells with blood-filled cystic cavities, diagnosis is often difficult due to its morphologic heterogeneity and lack of specific immunoprofile. Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma is associated with recurrent chromosomal translocations, leading to characteristic EWSR1-CREB1, EWSR1-ATF1, and, rarely, FUS-ATF1 gene fusions; fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), detecting EWSR1 or FUS rearrangements, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1 fusion transcripts have become routine ancillary tools. We present a large comparative series of FISH and RT-PCR for AFH. Seventeen neoplasms (from 16 patients) histologically diagnosed as AFH were assessed for EWSR1 rearrangements or EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1 fusion transcripts. All 17 were positive for either FISH or RT-PCR or both. Of 16, 14 (87.5%) had detectable EWSR1-CREB1 or EWSR1-ATF1 fusion transcripts by RT-PCR, whereas 13 (76.5%) of 17 had positive EWSR1 rearrangement with FISH. All 13 of 13 non-AFH control neoplasms failed to show EWSR1-CREB1 or EWSR1-ATF1 fusion transcripts, whereas EWSR1 rearrangement was present in 2 of these 13 cases (which were histopathologically myoepithelial neoplasms). This study shows that EWSR1-CREB1 or EWSR1-ATF1 fusions predominate in AFH (supporting previous reports that FUS rearrangement is rare in AFH) and that RT-PCR has a comparable detection rate to FISH for AFH. Importantly, cases of AFH can be missed if RT-PCR is not performed in conjunction with FISH, and RT-PCR has the added advantage of specificity, which is crucial, as EWSR1 rearrangements are present in a variety of neoplasms in the histologic differential diagnosis of AFH, that differ in behavior and treatment.

Low frequency of the TEL/AML1 fusion gene in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Spain.

We report on a series of Spanish patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in whom the t(12;21) [TEL/AML1] translocation could not be identified with two sensitive techniques: reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). 101 cases were analysed: 38 children (29 B-cell precursor; nine T-cell precursor) and 63 adults (48 B-cell precursor; 15 T-cell precursor). Specific RT-PCR to amplify the TEL/AML1 fusion transcript was negative in all 101 cases. Moreover, all 38 paediatric samples were also negative by interphase FISH analysis for the presence of the TEL/AML1 fusion. These results suggest the existence of geographic/race variations in the genotype of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).

Future trends in cystic fibrosis demography in 34 European countries

Median survival has increased in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) during the past six decades, which has led to an increased number of adults with CF. The future impact of changes in CF demographics has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to estimate the number of children and adults with CF in 34 European countries by 2025. Data were obtained from the European Cystic Fibrosis Society Patient Registry. Population forecasts were performed for countries that have extensive CF population coverage and at least 4 years of longitudinal data by modelling future entering and exiting flows in registry cohorts. For the other countries, population projections were performed based on assumptions from knowledge of current CF epidemiology. Western European countries' forecasts indicate that an increase in the overall number of CF patients by 2025, by approximately 50%, corresponds to an increase by 20% and by 75% in children and adults, respectively. In Eastern European countries the projections suggest a predominant increase in the CF child population, although the CF adult population would also increase.It was concluded that a large increase in the adult CF population is expected in the next decade. A significant increase in adult CF services throughout Europe is urgently required.

Adverse Childhood Life Events and Postpartum Psychosis in Bipolar Disorder

Background Women with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of postpartum psychosis. Adverse childhood life events have been associated with depression in the postpartum period, but have been little studied in relation to postpartum psychosis. In this study we investigated whether adverse childhood life events are associated with postpartum psychosis in a large sample of women with bipolar I disorder. Methods Participants were 432 parous women with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder recruited into the Bipolar Disorder Research Network (www.BDRN.org). Diagnoses and lifetime psychopathology, including perinatal episodes, were obtained via a semi-structured interview (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; Wing et al., 1990) and case-notes. Adverse childhood life events were assessed via self-report and case-notes, and compared between women with postpartum psychosis (n=208) and those without a lifetime history of perinatal mood episodes (n=224). Results There was no significant difference in the rate of any adverse childhood life event, including childhood sexual abuse, or in the total number of adverse childhood life events between women who experienced postpartum psychosis and those without a lifetime history of perinatal mood episodes, even after controlling for demographic and clinical differences between the groups. Limitations Adverse childhood life events were assessed in adulthood and therefore may be subject to recall errors. Conclusions We found no evidence for an association between adverse childhood life events and the occurrence of postpartum psychosis. Our data suggest that, unlike postpartum depression, childhood adversity does not play a significant role in the triggering of postpartum psychosis in women with bipolar disorder.

Understanding the Patient Experience Through the Power of Film: a Mixed Method Qualitative Research Study

Background For decades film has proved to be a powerful form of communication. Whether produced as entertainment, art or documentary, films have the capacity to inform and move us. Films are a highly attractive teaching instrument and an appropriate teaching method in health education. It is a valuable tool for studying situations most transcendental to human beings such as pain, disease and death. Objectives The objectives were to determine how this helps students engage with their role as health care professionals; to determine how they view the personal experience of illness, disease, disability or death; and to determine how this may impact upon their provision of patient care. Design, Setting and Participants The project was underpinned by the film selection determined by considerate review, intensive scrutiny, contemplation and discourse by the research team. 7 films were selected, ranging from animation; foreign, documentary, biopic and Hollywood drama. Each film was shown discretely, in an acoustic lecture theatre projected onto a large screen to pre-registration student nurses (adult, child and mental health) across each year of study from different cohorts (n = 49). Method A mixed qualitative method approach consisted of audio-recorded 5-minute reactions post film screening; coded questionnaires; and focus group. Findings were drawn from the impact of the films through thematic analysis of data sets and subjective text condensation categorised as: new insights looking through patient eyes; evoking emotion in student nurses; spiritual care; going to the moves to learn about the patient experience; self discovery through films; using films to link theory to practice. Results Deeper learning through film as a powerful medium was identified in meeting the objectives of the study. Integration of film into pre registration curriculum, pedagogy, teaching and learning is recommended. Conclusion The teaching potential of film stems from the visual process linked to human emotion and experience. Its impact has the power to not only help in learning the values that underpin nursing, but also for respecting the patient experience of disease, disability, death and its reality.

Les représentations queer au cinéma. L’abus sexuel au masculin et son incidence sur l’identifé et la sexualité des personnages de "La mauvaise éducation" (2004) de Pedro Almodovar et "Mysterious Skin" (2004) de Gregg Araki

Cette étude propose l’analyse de représentations queer dans le cinéma des années 2000. Plus précisément, elle porte sur la façon dont l’abus sexuel au masculin est représenté dans deux films produits en 2004, soit La mauvaise éducation (La mala educación), du réalisateur espagnol Pedro Almodovar, et Mysterious Skin, du réalisateur étatsunien Gregg Araki. À l’aide de la réflexion contenue dans Ça arrive aussi aux garçons : l’abus sexuel au masculin du sociologue Michel Dorais, l’objectif vise à démontrer comment cet événement traumatique influence de manière significative la construction identitaire et sexuelle des personnages principaux. De manière plus générale, ce mémoire positionne ces deux réalisateurs dans la grande et riche lignée du cinéma queer, qui met en scène des désirs hors norme et des identités sexuelles alternatives. Le premier chapitre porte sur les théories queer et ses diverses manifestations au grand écran. Il permet par la suite de réunir Almódovar et Araki dans une même étude et de souligner la pertinence de cette réunion. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse, à l’aide d’analyses d’extraits significatifs des films, à la façon dont chacun met en scène l’abus sexuel au masculin et comment cet événement se présente dans la vie des protagonistes. Le dernier chapitre se penche sur la construction identitaire et sexuelle des personnages principaux, afin de mieux comprendre l’incidence de l’abus sexuel. Jumelée aux travaux de Judith Butler, l’approche queer sera donc mise de l’avant dans cette étude qui se montre d’emblée attentive, d’un point de vue cinématographique, aux notions de sexe, de genre et de désir, et ce, à travers l’analyse de plusieurs extraits filmiques et d’éléments à la fois narratifs et structurels particulièrement significatifs quant à la représentation de l’abus sexuel au masculin.

A Cultural Approach to a Canadian Tragedy: The Indian Residential Schools as a Sacred Enterprise

For over a century, the Canadian state funded a church-run system of residential schools designed to assimilate Aboriginal children into Euro-Canadian culture. In addition to the problems associated with its ethnocentric philosophy, the school system was also characterised by terrible health conditions and physical and sexual abuse of the students was widespread. Recently, the schools have been the object of the most successful struggle for redress in Canadian history. One particularly puzzling aspect about the school system is that it persisted for so long, despite that many of its failings were known very early in its operation. In this article, this puzzle is addressed via a cultural analysis of a political struggle over the residential schools that occurred within Canadian Anglicanism at the outset of the twentieth century. The article concludes that the meaning of the school system as a sacred enterprise contributed to its persistence.

Mística y seducción : el affaire Cadière-Girard y el triunfo de la racionalidad ilustrada en Thérèse philosophe

[en] This article aims at examining the theoretic and literary models of sexuality offered in the libertine novel Thérèse philosophe, focusing on its representation of the Cadière-Girard affair. During this scandalous trial that took place in the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence in 1731, Jean-Baptiste Girard (Jesuit priest) was accused by Marie-Catherine Cadière (penitent) of sorcery and sexual abuse, while he claimed these charges were calumnies. We seek to show the development of a rationalist, demystifying, scientific perspective on this affair, characteristic of Enlightenment in the eighteenth century, which tended to neutralize and obliterate charismatic religiosity. [fr] Cet article a pour but d’examiner les modèles théoriques et littéraires de la sexualité offerts par le roman libertin Thérèse philosophe, en se concentrant sur la façon dont l’affaire Cadière-Girard y est représentée. Pendant ce procès judiciaire qui a eu lieu au Parlement d’Aix-en-Provence en 1731, Jean-Baptiste Girard (père jésuite) a été accusé par Marie-Catherine Cadière (pénitente) de sorcellerie et abus, ayant reçu elle-même une dénonciation pour calomnies. On cherche à montrer le développement, autour de cette affaire, d’une perspective rationaliste, démystifiante et scientifique, propre des Lumières au XVIIIe siècle, à partir de laquelle la religiosité charismatique se neutralise au point de l’oblitération.

Abordagem à prática de estratégias de interação adulto-criança no contexto pré-escolar

Relatório de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Paula Frassinetti para obtenção do grau de Mestre em educação Pré-Escolar

Täterstrategien und Opferkognitionen bei sexuellem Missbrauch. Eine pädagogische Lektüre gegenwartsliterarischer Texte

Der Artikel untersucht anhand dreier exemplarisch ausgewählter Romane, inwieweit die Erzählerfunktionen zur Entlarvung und Verrätselung von Täterstrategien angesichts des Vorwurfs sexuellen Missbrauchs oder zu deren verzerrter Wahrnehmung beitragen. Er zeigt diejenigen ästhetischen Signaturen auf, die verschiedene Fokalisierungen der Reflexionen des Täterhandelns ermöglichen und knüpft an pädagogische Traditionen der Reflexionen literarischer Texte an, die klassische pädagogische Denkweisen provoziert, indem sie diese mit einem strukturalistischen Ansatz kontrastiert und sich darum bemüht, präskriptive pädagogische Ansätze zur Rekonstruktion von und Intervention in Täterstrategien um neue Fragestellungen und Erkenntnisinteresse zu bereichern. Das Interesse der Pädagogik an der gelingenden Prävention wird mit literarischen Modellen des negativen Gelingens der angewandten Täterstrategien konfrontiert. Mit Norbert Niemanns Roman „Schule der Gewalt“, Jakob Arjounis Roman „Hausaufgaben“ und Margaux Fragosos autobiographischem Roman „Tiger, Tiger“ werden drei Texte analysiert, die ein Täterhandeln und dessen Reflexion nicht nur unterschiedlichen perspektivieren und fokalisieren, sondern auch mit der ästhetischen Tradition eines am Genuss und der Raffinesse des gelingenden Missbrauchs brechenden Anleitungs-Diskurses in literarischen Texten brechen. Eine besondere Eigenschaft aller drei Texte ist zudem in der Parallelisierung schulischer und privater Missbrauchserfahrungen und der zugehörigen sozialen Räume zu sehen. (Orig.)